History Final Group 1

Amenhotep I

2nd Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty and ruled 20 years. He was the son of Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari. His brother was Ahmose.

Hatshepsut

5th Pharaoh of 18th dynasty. Officially she ruled with Thutmose III. Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, Thutmose III's father. She is generally regarded as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmose I and his primary wife Ahmes. Her husband Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a secondary wife named Mutneferet, who carried the title King's daughter and was probably a child of Ahmose I. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter named Neferure. Thutmose II fathered Thutmose III with Iset, a secondary wife.

Ankhesenpaton/ Ankhesenamun

Ankhesenamun (ˁnḫ-s-n-imn, "Her Life Is of Amun"; c. 1348 - after 1322 BC) was a queen of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Born as Ankhesenpaaten, she was the third of six known daughters of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten and his Great Royal Wife Nefertiti, and became the Great Royal Wife of her half-brother Tutankhamun.[1] The change in her name reflects the changes in Ancient Egyptian religion during her lifetime after her father's death. Her youth is well documented in the ancient reliefs and paintings of the reign of her parents. Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun shared the same father but Tut's mother has recently been established by genetic evidence as one of Akhenaten's sisters, a daughter (so far unidentified) of Amenhotep III.

Ahhenaten

Great city built by Ahkenaten to woship Aten.

Amenhotep IV

He changed his name to Ahkenaten after his 5th year ruling. He was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who abandoned traditional Egyptian polytheism and introduced worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic or henotheistic. Akhenaten tried to bring about a departure from traditional religion, yet in the end it would not be accepted. After his death, traditional religious practice was gradually restored, and when some dozen years later rulers without clear rights of succession from the Eighteenth Dynasty founded a new dynasty, they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors, referring to Akhenaten himself as "the enemy".

Eye/ Aye

He held the throne of Egypt for a brief four-year period although he was a close advisor to two and perhaps three of the pharaohs who ruled before him and was said to be the power behind the throne during Tutankhamun's reign.

Zahi Hawass

He is an Egyptian archaeologist, an Egyptologist, and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs. He has also worked at archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, the Western Desert, and the Upper Nile Valley.

Ahmose I

He was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. He was a member of the Theban royal house, the son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty, King Kamose.

Amenhotep III

He was also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent. He was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. He ruled Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC after his father Thutmose IV died. Amenhotep III was the son of Thutmose by a minor wife Mutemwiya. His reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity and artistic splendour, when Egypt reached the peak of its artistic and international power. His son initially ruled as Amenhotep IV, but later changed his own royal name to Akhenaten.

Senenmut

He was an 18th dynasty ancient Egyptian architect and government official. His name translates as "mother's brother". He was one of Hatshepsut's officials. He looked after her daughter, Neferure. He was probably Hatshepsut's lover.

James Henry Breasted

He was an American archaeologist and historian. After completing his PhD at the University of Berlin in 1894, he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago. In 1901 he became director of the Haskell Oriental Museum at the University of Chicago, where he continued to concentrate on Egypt. In 1905 Breasted was promoted to professor, and was the first chair in Egyptology and Oriental History in the United States. In 1919 he became the founder of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago.

Howard Carter

He was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world famous after discovering the intact tomb of 14th-century BC pharaoh Tutankhamun in November 1922.

Amenhotep, son of Hapu

He was an architect, a priest, a scribe, and a public official, who held a number of offices under Amenhotep III. After his death, his reputation grew and he was revered for his teachings and as a philosopher. He was also revered as a healer and eventually worshipped as a god of healing, like his predecessor Imhotep. There are several statues of him as a scribe, portraying him as a young man and as an older man.

Thutmose IV

He was the 8th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. His most celebrated accomplishment was the restoration of the Sphinx at Giza and subsequent commission of the Dream Stele. According to the account on the Dream Stele, while the young prince was out on a hunting trip, he stopped to rest under the head of the Sphinx, which was buried up to the neck in sand. He soon fell asleep and had a dream in which the Sphinx told him that if he cleared away the sand and restored it he would become the next Pharaoh. After completing the restoration of the Sphinx, he placed a carved stone tablet, now known as the Dream Stele, between the two paws of the Sphinx.The restoration of the Sphinx, and the text of the Dream Stele would then be a piece of propaganda on his part, meant to bestow legitimacy upon his unexpected kingship (because he ruled instead of his older brother.)

Thutmose II

He was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He built some minor monuments and initiated at least two minor campaigns but did little else during his rule and was probably strongly influenced by his wife, Hatshepsut. He fathered Thutmose III and Neferure.

Harmhab

He was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from either 1319 BC to late 1292 BC, or 1306 to late 1292 BC although he was not related to the preceding royal family and is believed to have been of common birth

Amenhotep II

He was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. Amenhotep inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria; however, he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cessation of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC.

Thutmose III

He was the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. During the first twenty-two years of Thutmose's reign he was co-regent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut, who was named the pharaoh.

Thutmose I

He was the third Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. He was given the throne after the death of the previous king Amenhotep I. He fathered Hatshepsut and Thutmose II.

Valley of the Kings

It is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom

Byblos

It is one of the cities suggested as the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world and the site has been continuously inhabited since 5000 BC. It was the site of an Egyptian colony, but they later favored Tyre and Sidon instead.

The Hebrew Exodus

It tells of the enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt following the death of Joseph, their departure under the leadership of Moses, the revelations at Sinai, and their wanderings in the wilderness up to the borders of Canaan.

Hiram of Tyre

King of Tyre. Grew Tyre into one of the most important phoenecian cities.

Hymn to the Aton

Longest form of one of the poems written to the god Aten. Attributed to Ahkenaten.

Tuya and Yuya

Parents of Queen Tiye. Both mummies were very well preserved, and while Tuya looks egyptian, Yuya's features look Aryan, suggesting that he could be a foreigner.

Smenkhkare and Meritaten

Pharaoh and his royal wife. He had a short rule right before Ahkenaten, but it was during the Amarna period, when Ahkenaten was enforcing his religious views.

Nefertiti

Royal wife of Ahkenaten. Ruled during one of the richest periods for Egypt. Her bust is one of the most copied works of ancient egypt.

Ahmose-Nefertari

She was a Queen of Egypt. She was a daughter of Seqenenre Tao II and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and the great royal wife of pharaoh, Ahmose I.

cedars of lebannon

The trees were used by the Phoenicians for building commercial and military ships, as well as houses, palaces, and temples. The ancient Egyptians used its resin in mummification, and its sawdust has been found in the tombs of Egyptian Pharaohs. The Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh designates the cedar groves of Lebanon as the dwelling of the gods to which Gilgamesh, the hero, ventured.

Colossi of Memnon

These are two massive stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. For the past 3400 years they have stood in the Theban necropolis, across the River Nile from the modern city of Luxor. They are the only remains of the ancient temple of King Amenhotep III.

Amarna Letters

They archive, on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom.

The Sea Peoples

They were a wave of seafaring raiders and settlers thought to have originated from either western Anatolia or southern Europe, specifically a region of the Aegean Sea,who sailed around the eastern Mediterranean and invaded Anatolia, Syria, Canaan, Cyprus, and Egypt toward the end of the Bronze Age. The term is used by modern scholars to refer to nine groups of people. The identity of the Sea Peoples has remained enigmatic and modern scholars have only the scattered records of ancient civilizations and archaeological analysis to inform them.

Migiddo

This is a tell in northern Israel near Kibbutz Megiddo, about 30 km south-east of Haifa. It is important because Thutmose III waged war upon the city in 1478 BC against kadesh. The battle is described in detail in the hieroglyphics found on the walls of his temple in Upper Egypt.

Punt

This was an Egyptian trading partner known for producing and exporting gold, aromatic resins, blackwood, ebony, ivory, and wild animals.

Queen Tiye

Tiye was the daughter of Yuya and Tjuyu. She became the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III. She was the mother of Akhenaten and grandmother of Tutankhamun.

Royal Cache of Mummies: DB 320

Tomb is located next to Deir el-Bahri, in the Theban Necropolis, opposite modern Luxor contained an extraordinary cache of mummified remains and funeral equipment of more than 50 kings, queens, royals and various nobility.The tomb is thought to have initially been the last resting place of High Priest of Amun Pinedjem II, his wife Nesikhons and other close family members. Pinudjem II died around 969 BC in a time of decline of the Egyptian kingdom. In this time the mummies from former dynasties were vulnerable to grave robbery and were moved here to protect the remains of these royal personages.

Abu Simbel

Two massive rock temples. The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BC, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari, to commemorate his alleged victory at the Battle of Kadesh. However, the complex was relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir. The relocation of the temples was necessary to avoid their being submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser, the massive artificial water reservoir formed after the building of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River.

Hugo Winckler

a German archaeologist and historian who uncovered the capital of the Hittite Empire at Boğazkale, Turkey.

The Harem Conspiracy

a plot to murder the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III. The principal figure behind the plot was one of the pharaoh's secondary wives, Tiye, who hoped to put her son Pentawere on the throne instead of the heir Ramesses IV. The plan was organized by the court official Pebekkamen. The plot was apparently successful in causing the death of the pharaoh, but failed in its main objective of establishing Pentawere on the throne. In the aftermath, the leading conspirators were convicted and executed.

Ramses II

also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire.

The Hittites

an Anatolian people who established an empire at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC.

sabatino moscati

an Italian archaeologist and linguist known for his work on Phoenician and Punic civilizations. In 1954 he became Professor of Semitic Philology at the University of Rome where he established the Institute of Studies of the Near East.

Israel Stela

an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah The text is largely an account of Merneptah's victory over the Libyans and their allies, but the last 3 of the 28 lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, then part of Egypt's imperial possessions. While alternative translations have been put forward, the majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs on Line 27 as "Israel", such that it represents the first documented instance of the name Israel in the historical record, and the only mention in Ancient Egypt.

dan

bryan's roommate and my neighbor

Tyrian Purple

imperial dye, is a bromine-containing reddish-purple natural dye. It is a secretion produced by one or more species of predatory sea snails in the family Muricidae, rock snails originally known by the name Murex.

Suppiluliumas

king of the Hittites. He achieved fame as a great warrior and statesman, successfully challenging the then-dominant Egyptian empire for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates.

Deir al-Bahari

literally meaning, "The Northern Monastery") is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. This is a part of the Theban Necropolis. The first monument built at the site was the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh dynasty. It was constructed during the 15th century BC. The focal point is Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.

Ramses I

the founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's 19th dynasty

Merenptah

the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

bryan

the love of my life

Land of Goshen

the place in Egypt given to the Hebrews by the pharaoh of Joseph, and the land from which they later left Egypt at the time of the Exodus. It was located in the eastern Delta.

Ramses III

the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt.

Boghazkoy/ Hattusas

the site of a major Hittite capital called Hattusas, in what is now Turke/ and the capital city of the Hittites

Battle of Kadesh

took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, in what is now Syria. Afterwards, first international peace treaty was drawn up.

Seti I

was a pharaoh of the New Kingdom Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II.

Tutankhaton/ Tutankhamon

was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. He is popularly referred to as King Tut. Not a very memorable reign, but a very well preserved tomb.

Pi- Ramses

was the new capital built by the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Pharaoh Ramesses II at Qantir, near the old site of Avaris.