history midterm study guide

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) The French and Indian War was fought between the French and British. ... During the French and Indian War, the British hoped to stop French expansion on the American continent. Both countries fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The British received help from the Iroquois nation. Ended with Treaty of Paris 1763 and Britain gained all of France's land, essentially removing France from North America.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. Penn came to America in 1682, and established Pennsylvania in 1681 from a land grant from England.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled in Massachusetts Bay. 1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area.

Battles of Trenton and Princeton

American victories at Trenton and Princeton were important because they ruined British plans for a quick end to the war and gave the Americans confidence they could stand up to British regulars in battle. It also encouraged people to enlist in the Continental Army. occurred in 1776 and 1777

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, people, ideas, and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. Major things like diseases, crops, and plants were traded. This happened due to Columbus coming to the Americas and opening that ability for trade. Began around the 1400s-1500s.

Aztecs

Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City. Also known as Tenocha, They were a tribe known for crops, a big one being maize, and hunting. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century were also known for being fierce and unforgiving.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place from 1675 to 1676. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley. It was the first rebellion in the North American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part.

Tenochtitlán

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. The population in 1519 was estimated to be about 400,000 people, the largest residential concentration in Mesoamerican history. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. this was the city that Hernan Cortes took over when he conquered the Aztec empire. this city met its demise in 1519 but had been founded in the 1320s.

provincial, proprietary, or charter colonies

Charter colonies were governed by joint stock companies, which received charters from the king and enjoyed quite a bit of self-government. Proprietary colonies were granted by the king to a proprietor or head of a proprietary family, who owned the colony by title and governed it as he saw fit.

Common Sense

Common Sense written in 1776 was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason their is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.

Battle of Saratoga 1777

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution. Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. Boosted colonial moral and gained them more respect.

Whiskey Rebellion 1794

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Federalist Papers

Federalist papers, formally The Federalist, series of 85 essays on the proposed new Constitution of the United States and on the nature of republican government, published between 1787 and 1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in an effort to persuade New York state voters to support ratification.

George Whitefield

George Whitefield, together with John Wesley and Charles Wesley, founded the Methodist movement. An Anglican evangelist and the leader of Calvinistic Methodists, he was the most popular preacher of the Great Awakening in America. His words were a major part of the First Great Awakening. The First Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept through the American colonies in the 1740s.

James Madison

He is credited with the name "Father of the Constitution" for being the primary auther of the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Wrote the Federalist Papers in 1788.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. came to Jamestown in 1610.

indentured servant

Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years, usually was 4-7 years. The contract, called an "indenture", may be entered voluntarily for eventual compensation or debt repayment, or it may be imposed as a judicial punishment. there were indentured servants in the early settlements of America in the early 1600s.

Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards was an early American philosopher and minister who was involved in the 18th century religious revival known as the Great Awakening. His sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God warned sinners that they were going to Hell unless they repented and asked Christ for mercy. and oversaw some of the first revivals in 1733-35 at his church in Northampton, Massachusetts. His theological work gave rise to a distinct school of theology known as the New England theology.

King George III

King George the third was the king of England in the 1770's. Though he was a good man he was not a good ruler. He lost all of the 13 American colonies and caused America to start to gain its freedom. Orchestrated all the taxes and military presence that jump started the revolution.

Loyalist

Loyalists were colonist loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution. Loyalists constituted about one-third of the population of the American colonies during that conflict. Loyalists were most numerous in the South, New York, and Pennsylvania.

mercantilism

Mercantilism is an economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy. It promotes imperialism, tariffs, and subsidies on traded goods to achieve that goal. Mercantilism was a popular economic philosophy in the 17th and 18th centuries. In this system, the British colonies were moneymakers for the mother country. They put limits on what goods the colonies could produce, whose ships they could use, and most importantly, with whom they could trade.

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans. Cahokia was the biggest, most cosmopolitan city north of Mexico. Cahokia was known for its huge mounds that extended for six miles with over 120 mounds, but only 70 mounds remain today. Having become a major population centre around AD1050, by 1350 it was largely abandoned by its people. Explorer, Hernan De Soto didn't reach it until 1540.

John Locke

Often credited as a founder of modern "liberal" thought, Locke pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution that proved essential to both the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution that followed. John Locke refuted the theory of the divine right of kings and argued that all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and propertyand that rulers who fail to protect those rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary. Influential in late 1600s and did most work in Europe.

Lord Dunmore

On November 14, 1775, Virginia's Royal Governor Lord Dunmore published this proclamation in Williamsburg that freed "all indented Servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) ... that are able and willing to bear Arms" for the King.

Quakers

Originally called, "The Religious Society of Friends," Quakers were English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. Quaker missionaries arrived in North America in the mid-1650s. They were called quakers because they would "quake" when the spirit would move through them.

Stamp Act of 1765

Parliament's first direct tax on the American colonies, this act, like those passed in 1764, was enacted to raise money for Britain. It taxed newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, broadsides, legal documents, dice, and playing cards. The American colonies were upset with the British because they put a tax on stamps in the colonies so the British can get out of debt from the French and Indian War and still provide the army with weapons and tools. So to help them get their money back they charged a tax on all of the American colonists. DIRECT TAX

Pontiac's Rebellion

Pontiac's War was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of American Indians dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War. Warriors from numerous tribes joined in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. Pontiac's Rebellion was initially successful and American Indians captured most of the British forts in the area. However, they were never able to capture Fort Pitt or Fort Detroit and the rebellion against British rule gradually collapsed by the end of 1764.

Republican motherhood

Republican motherhood was the ideology representing women's roles in the time before, during, and after the American Revolution. It was the idea that daughters and mother should be taught to uphold ideas of Republicanism. They would pass their Republican values to further generations. This allowed some women, mostly northern, to get educations.

Shays' Rebellion 1786

Shay's Rebellion brought a massive change to the government. It replaced the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution. Then rebellion showed that the Articles were too weak and gave too much power to the individual colonies. The cause was a collection of taxes on land to pay off war debts, which hurt farmers

Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. took down the capital city of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlán. Cortes was believed to have been a God when he entered the Aztec empire, which helped Cortes gain trust and take over the empire. He enslaved much of the native population, and many of the indigenous people were wiped out from European diseases such as smallpox.

Bank of the United States

The Bank of the United States was first chartered by the US Congress on February 25, 1791 after being proposed by Alexander Hamilton. The purpose for the bank was to handle the financial needs and requirments of the new central government of the newly formed United States. Centralize the money for the new country.

Boston Massacre 1770

The Boston Massacre was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston. It was really an accident and the radicals tried to use propaganda and turn something small into something big. The British soldiers were accused of Murder and manslaughter. 5 people were killed and 3 people were injured.

Boston Tea Party 1773

The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that occurred on December 16, 1773, at Griffin's Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing "taxation without representation," dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the harbor. Done by the Sons of Liberty.

Coercive Acts 1774

The Coercive Acts of 1774, known as the Intolerable Acts in the American colonies, were a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party .1. Closed Boston port 2. Established a government run by the British in Boston 3. Made citizens have to house and take care of soldiers 4. British officials had their trials in England, not the colonies

Constitutional Convention 1787

The Constitutional Convention took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The point of the event was to decide how America was going to be governed. The purpose was to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation and redesign government.

First Continental Congress 1774

The First Continental Congress was a meeting by the colonies in response to the intolerable acts that the British had enforced. Occurred in Philadelphia. The Congress's major accomplishment was agreeing to a new non-importation agreement.

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement came at a time when the idea of secular rationalism was being emphasized, and passion for religion had grown stale. The result was a renewed dedication toward religion. It also caused an emergence in black Protestantism, religious toleration, an emphasis on inner experience, and denominationalism.

Powhatan Confederacy

The Powhatan Confederacy (c. 1570-1646 or 1677) was a political, social, and martial entity of over thirty Algonquian-speaking Native American tribes of the region of modern-day Virginia, Maryland, and part of North Carolina, USA formed under the leadership of Wahunsenacah Chief Powhatan. They were also among the first Indians to have to deal with European colonists settling in their land. The Powhatan Confederacy is a good example of how Indians reacted to colonists and how the colonists reacted.

Second Continental Congress 1775

The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the 13 colonies that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after the American Revolutionary War had begun. Second Continental Congress acted as the national government, and governed the colonies during war.The Second Congress managed the colonial war effort, financing the war with borrowed funds and without the support of taxes; states were asked to contribute men, supplies, and funds. Dealt with the issue of whether to seek reconciliation or get independence.

Sugar Act of 1764

The Sugar Act of 1764 lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling. Parliament, desiring revenue from its North American colonies, passed the first law specifically aimed at raising colonial money for the Crown. The act increased duties on non-British goods shipped to the colonies. Colonies did not like this because they needed molasses to make their goods. INDIRECT TAX

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

Declaration of Independence 1776

The United States Declaration of Independence is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776. The Declaration of Independence was the formal proclamation that the colonies would now be an independent country separate from Great Britain.

Consumer Revolution

The consumer revolution refers to the period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. It raises the standard of living, but landed many in debt.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in East Virginia in 1607. this colony had contact with the Powhatan Indians, who helped at times to keep the colonists alive. Colonist John Rolfe brought the seeds of sweeter tobacco to Jamestown in 1610, and from this microscopic item came the first major crop of the English Atlantic trade.

headright system

The headright system referred to a grant of land, usually 50 acres, given to settlers in the 13 colonies. The system was used mainly in Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Maryland. ... It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. this system was created in 1618.

homespun

The homespun movement was started in 1767 by Quakers in Boston, Massachusetts, to encourage the purchase of goods, especially apparel, manufactured in the American Colonies. The movement was created in response to the British Townshend Acts of 1767 and 1768, in the early stages of the American Revolution.

Battle of Yorktown 1781

The outcome in Yorktown, Virginia marked the conclusion of the last major battle of the American Revolution and the start of a new nation's independence. It also cemented Washington's reputation as a great leader and eventual election as first president of the United States. The siege virtually ended military operations in the American Revolution.

Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine was a passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. Paine had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his book were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year.

3/5 Compromise of 1787

Three-fifths compromise, compromise agreement between delegates at the United States Constitutional Convention (1787) that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Townshend Acts of 1767

To help pay the expenses involved in governing the American colonies they placed an indirect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea, all of which had to be imported from Britain. In response to new taxes, the colonies again decided to discourage the purchase of British imports.

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. Taught people that things can be different and you can challenge the norm.

tobacco

a preparation of the nicotine-rich leaves of an American plant, which are cured by a process of drying and fermentation for smoking or chewing. this is the crop that saved Jamestown when brought to colonies in the 1610s. first cash crop of the colonies to be put into trade.

joint-stock companies

an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business. There are records of joint-stock companies being formed in Europe as early as the 13th century. However, they appear to have multiplied beginning in the 16th century, when adventurous investors began speculating about opportunities to be found in the New World.

Articles of Confederation

created in the late 1770s but ratified in 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

Battles of Lexington and Concord 1775

first battles of the American Revolution "shot heard 'round the world" - The start of the American Revolution. These battles were fought in Massachuttes.

matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother, or more societal importance is put on the mothers side of the family. lots of Native American tribes were matrilineal, which is very different from the Europeans who came over from a patrilineal society.

Bill of Rights 1791

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship. this was pushed to be created so some states would ratify the Constitution.

kinship

the state of being related to others. kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies. often formed through blood or marriage.

Proclamation of 1763

was a British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide. Decreed on October 7, 1763, the Proclamation Line prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War. Did not want more conflict with the Natives on this land.