History of Architecture (Test Two)

Gothic Architecture:

Rib vault held up the pointed arches. the pointed arches made the buildings taller. Due to the buttress and the flying buttress they could have larger windows.

Maderno

1556 - 1629

Dome

An arch that is in radial form.

Narthex

Front Porch

Rococo Architecture: Characteristics

-Arabesque - Silver or gold highlights with white or pastel backgrounds -Floral and nature -playful and ornate

French Baroque: Versailles: Gardens

-France, 1661 -There are canals and lakes for mock naval battles. -Some of the gardens are bigger than cities -The king doesn't want to see the peasants -Developed a Ha Ha wall so that he could not see the peasants but could still have views. -It allows a visual seamless plane that is not. -Baroque

Republican Rome: Wall Painting Styles

1) Style One a. Textural details and patterns as details on the wall b. They would recreate things, like rich materials and stones. 2)Style Two i. Architectural elements and some decorative floral or vegetable items. i. Fresco ii. Command over nature 3) Style Three i. The most unique. ii. Represented life-sized figures that were telling stories and in the act of doing something iii. Command over body 4) Style Four i. they are merged together in someway ii. The images are smaller than in style three. 1. More conservative

Republican Rome: House of Venus in the Shell (House of Vettii)

1. Pompeii, Italy, ca. 63-79 AD 2. This is a place to sit in the living room and exchange stories and entertain each other. They would have discussions about the gods. 3. There is a courtyard and an atrium a. Atrium is an open courtyard. i. Reception area and would collect water and would be able to use this in the aqueducts. 4. Walled off from the street with all of the privacies behind it. 5. Lived around the courtyard.

St. Foy

1050 - 1130 Early Romanesque Conques, France Rather than having 2 side aisles, so you can walk around the entire perimeter Ambulatory For them this was important for the pilgrimage The church was used for worship in the town and the visitors used the ambulatory to see the relics so they did not disturb the ceremony if they did not wish to participate. Squinches support the crossing lantern. Placement of the altar at the crossing is modern.

San Miniato al Monte

1062 - 90, Florence, Italy Early Romanesque Basilica shape The arches are flattened They created a false higher ceiling There is an organization of clarity of shapes and proportions of the building are spectacular This influences the Renaissance due to the perfect squares and circles. Marble veneer and Geometric pattern Arch and Column Motifs Wooden Roofs

Pisa Cathedral

1089 - 1272 Pisa, Italy Early Romanesque: Lombard Architecture is how the Italians define Romanesque architecture Basilica shape The church is the focus Double ambulatory Baptistery came later Romanesque arches. The height is only available because of the pointed arch Coffer ceiling Side aisles Marble Arches and Columns Galleries Oval Dome and raised on squinches and and shallow pendentives. Wooden Trusses.

Michelangelo

1475 - 1546 (Mannerism)

Romano

1499 - 1546 (Mannerism)

Palladio

1508 - 1580 (Mannerism)

Late Renaissance: Mannerism

1575 - 1590 Characteristics: -Elongated -Precarious -Collapsed Perspective -Irrational - Anti- Humanism - Anti - Classical

Baroque

1590 - 1750 Characteristics: -Irregular -Emotional - Anti - Humanism - Ornamental -Complex - Anti - Classical

Bernini

1598 - 1680

Borromini

1599 - 1667

Guarini

1624 - 1683

Great Stupa

250 BCE- 205 CE There are four gates and they have bent-axis entries that create a swastika, perhaps linked to ancient sun symbols. Openings correspond with the to the cardinal directions. Stairs on the south side lead to the elevated circumambulation path used by the priests. Carved figures representing Buddhist legends.

Theater, Epidauros

350 - 2nd century Greece Every Greek city had a theater that could accommodate a good proportion of the population, as attending dramatic performances was encouraged to promote civic values. The ring of seats closest to the orchestra had backings and they were for the dignitaries. Total capacity was 14,000 seats Acoustical design so that everyone could here from the stage at a normal talking decibel.

Proplaea

467 BCE Greece Part of the Acropolis The Proplaea defined the entrance to the Acropolis and had become and architectural device for marking the transition from profane to scared space and for the controlling views towards the Erectheion and the Parthenon.

Temple of Hera: Paestum

550 BCE Ancient Greek One of the earliest examples of the Doric Order. Unusual for having an odd number of columns across the short side, placing a column in the center where one would expect an intercolumnar space for central, axial entry. The front only consists of 9 columns with entasis, capitals with flattened echinus profiles, and substantial abacus clocks, all supporting the entablature.

Groin Vault

A barrel vault that has been crossed with another in a "T" shape.

Sphinx

A man - headed lion 187 feet long 66 feet high Carved in situ our of a natural rock ledge Next to Khafre's Pyramid

Plans of St. Sernin Cathedral, St. Foy and St. James

All three of these churches are located along the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela, and they share common traits, including aisles linking to an ambulatory and so providing a continuous path for pilgrims to access relics in the chapels.

Basilica, Vinvenza

Andrea Palladio 1549 Two levels of arches conceal the medieval vaults of the old basilica or town hall. The two story arcade was added as a face life and contains Doric and Ionic Columns Construction was based on Roman groin-vaulting Dominating element was the repeated unit of three openings, the central on arched, with two flanking smaller ones.

Villa Americo - Capra (Villa Rotunda)

Andrea Palladio 1566 - 70

Parthenon

Athens, Greece 448 - 432 BCE The building is set so that the viewer is looks up to it and sees two sides at once. The Doric Order that is used is elongated and almost Iconic in slenderness. The cella of the Parthenon was one of the largest interiors built in Classical Greece. It was intended to provide a proper setting for an enormous cult statue.

Acropolis

Athens, Greece 479 BCE Had been a religious, political, and military sanctuary since Mycenaean times.

Early Romanesque: St. Ambrogio

Atrium and seperate camponiles

Entasis

Change in the column diameter. Seen on the Temple of Hera.

Early Romanesque: Philibert Cathedralansverse Barrel Vaults in the Name

Chaples off ambulatory Transverse Barrel Vaults in the Nave

Hagia Sophia

Constantinople 532 - 37 CE Slightly smaller dome than the pantheon Buttresses around the base of the dome was added after earthquake damage. Four minarets were added when the church was converted to a mosque. There are massive arches the support the great dome. The dome is made of brick , which accounts for its thinness. Pendentives transform the square bay defined by the piers into a circle from which the dome springs Multiple levels of windows that illuminate the interior.

St. Michael's

Early Romanesque: Double ended Basilica with wooden roof. a) Same rules of the basilica shape i) There is an addition on the back, a larger apse and there are columns added. b) Roman architecture requires a lot of heavy walls and narrow windows. i) If you poke too many holes in the wall it will crumble due to the weight (1) This is why the stones on the inside are white, to reflect the little light that comes in.

Pyramids, Giza

Egypt 2550-2460 Khufu's pyramid (Largest), Khafre's Pyramid, Menkaure's Pyramid, and three much smaller pyramids in the foreground. This is a trio of pyramids. Most of the stone in the pyramid is limestone. Sphinx is located north of the causeway leading to Khafre's Pyramid.

Plan of the Tempietto

Dontano Bramante Rome, Italy 1502 Renaissance Circular plan King Ferdinand was his client Erect a monument atop the spot where St. peter was believed to have been martyred and adjacent to S. Pietro.

Plan of St. Peter's

Dontano Bramante Rome, Italy 1505 Trying to outdo the Roman Ancestors Dome structure that was more ambitious The piers seemed to be insufficient for the projected dome.

Hagia Sophia (1)

Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine: a. Instanbul, Turkey, 532-537 CA b. Centrally organized and domed mosque c. It was built as a Christian church and is now a mosque. d. When first built, it did not have the minnerets. e. The dome is perforated to bring in more light to the space. f. The space between the square columns g. Squinch - fills the structural gap so that the dome doesn't collapse. h. Pendentive- curving the base that the dome sits upon. i. In the main space it used the pendentive

Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne

Early Medieval: a) Aachen, Germany b) Centralized plan, dome, basilica shape again (turned on itself) c) Charlemagne - he pulls together city states that have been lost from the Roman Empire and names it Roman Empire 2.0 d) He made this church for his accomplishments and as a place for government e) Reviving traditions of ancient Rome. i) Tri partype and skinnier arches.

Urnes Stave Church

Early Medieval: a) Urnes, Norway b) This is the oldest of all of the buildings c) Long, elongated doorways d) The gripping beast is on the doorways as a decoration and is the décor that was on the Viking ships e) They did not want to let go of their Viking gods. f) There is an ambulatory on the outside for pilgrams g) There are little holes in the walls that represent the rowing holes. i) Like and upside down Viking ship.

Durham Cathedral

Early Romanesque: Durham, England They want more height The Romanesque can only go so high. They want to aspire to the heavens. There starts to be this hybrid There are gothic arches (not gothic architecture, but there is the beginnings of gothic in this building) The pointed arch goes higher There are a lot of decorative and carvings on the columns. The emphasis is on the length

Mastaba Tombs

Egyptian The earliest tombs Were built as eternal houses for the departed and were in all likelihood based on the designs of the dwellings of the living. The mastaba tombs required greater durability in the building material than the houses so they are made of stone. The basic structure is a block like structure above ground containing a small room only for offerings. There was another chamber for a statue and the body of the diseased. Worldly goods attracted thieves, so a revision of the tombs kept a shaft under the building. The shaft would then be filled with stone and rubber to deter the robbers.

Stonehenge

England 2900 - 1400 BCE Most famous historic monument from prehistory Exemplifies the ability of some civilizations to organize workers and materials to create evocative ceremonial places. Three distinct building phases.

Barrel Vault

Essential arch that has been extruded and created depth.

Palazzo Medici

Florence, Italy 1444 Renaissance (Early?) Architect: Michelozzo Bartolomeo Palazzo form of an urban house Built by the Medici Family The Medici intended for its fortified quality to afford them protection in a Florence accustomed to political intrigue. Square plan with central courtyard.

Cortona

French Renaissance: 1465 - 1549

L'Orme

French Renaissance: 1514 - 1570

Mansart

French Renaissance: 1598 - 1666

LeVau

French Renaissance: 1612 - 1670

Catal Huyuk (Buildings)

From Anatolia PreHistory 6500 - 5700 Buildings are around one another forming groupings with some courtyards that break them up. Buildings are dwelling houses, workshops and shrines, all of which are accessed from the roof.

Catal Huyuk (Shrine Rooms)

From Anatolia PreHistory 6500 - 5700 BCE There is a central figure on the left hand wall that is representative of a woman giving birth. Horned bull skulls suggests the masculine properties. No written documentation so it is difficult to completely understand architectural features, such as the stepped floor levels.

Palazzo Publico

Gothic Architecture 1298 Slender brick belltower, one of the tallesst in Italy, serves as a vertical marker for the town hall. Palazzo Publico is the "town hall" Dominates the piazza

Plan of the Campo

Gothic Architecture 1298 The fan shaped piazza slopes down to the Palazzo Publico, set at the lowest part of teh site. the citizens of Siena made sure that all buildings fronting on campo were compatible with town hall. Campo was deliberately shaped and governed by municipal regulations the required facades of surrounds structures to harmonize with town hall.

Abbey of S. Denis

Gothic Architecture Paris, France (1137-1140 CE) The first gothic building and most important in gothic architecture. First building to employ all of the pieces of gothic architecture Is where all of the earlier kings of France were buried. There are the goth arches With arching (rib-vaulting) This made it so there could be a thin ceiling. Some of the material was removed (triangular pieces in between) made it lighter and the structure itself is what held it up. Latin cross plan The emphasis is on the vertical and looking at the heavens. This is something important in France The constriction was never fully finished The whole idea was to make the ceiling lighter so they could build taller. Idea was thought that the taller the church the more worshipers Abbot Suger He funded the church, and envisioned light in the buildings and it was his idea to make the structural changes to make this idea come to life.

Medieval Manor House

Gothic Architecture The hall was the main living space, provided with a central hearth for warmth Meals would be taken here with the common household servants

Notre Dame de Paris

Gothic Architecture: Paris, France Latin Cross plan Double side aisles Double ambulatory The taller you go, you risk collapse. They created flying buttresses to hold up the exterior wall Fly off of one façade to the next This is to make the structure stand plus be able to have windows to let in light There is the basilica shape disguised. They wanted to make it disappear.

Chartres Cathedral

Gothic Architecture: a. Chartres, France (11949-1230 CE) b. Vertical emphasis towards the heavens c. Ambulatory d. Latin cross plan e. There is the religious symbolism of the Holy Trinity (use tri-part type to represent this) f. There is the basilica shape to it. g. There are rib vaults and beautiful stained glass windows. h. The flying buttresses are present

Sainte Chapelle

Gothic Architecture: a. Paris, France (1243-1248 CE) b. The building is very tall and grand. c. There are buttresses that hold up the windows on the inside. d. The alter is higher than where the people would be e. The ceiling is the ceiling of stars i. We start off dark (that is Earth where we are) and the lighter is on the ceiling because that is what we strive to be and get to the heavens. ii. This is a metaphor of heaven and hell iii. The lowest level is even darker f. The taller you go up in the building, the thinner the materials are and it brings in more light when there is less material. i. Almost like making the structure disappear g. The arch is the intersection of two circles. i. A lot of proportioning in the church. h. Arcade i. The lowest level of the church ii. Arcade of arches i. The Gallery i. Combined with the arcade it makes up the basilica shape j. The Triforium i. It is like the proportions are getting smaller and not a lot of the churches have ii. Tri- third floor k. Clerestory i. Where all of the light comes in.

Salisbury Cathedral

Gothic Architecture: a. Salisbury, England b. They believed in England that there should be a lot of space and land around the churches. c. The tallest spire of any church in the Western World. d. It has the latin cross and the double crossing e. There is a chapter house where the priests would meet to discuss business. i. There is one column in the middle that made the umbrella vault.

Carcassonne

Gothic Architecture: a. Carcassonne, France b. Was originally set up as an early medieval castle town with gothic influences. c. Double wall town. d. They built a town across the river that is connected by a gothic bridge. i. This was due to all of the congestion in the first town. e. Trade and money were more important than protection.

Erectheion

Greece 421 - 407 BCE A part of the Acropolis The entrance to Poseidon's shrine is made through the giant order Ionic portico. The height of its Ionic order resulted in the changes in the site's terrain.

Plan of Treasury of Atreus

Greek Corbeled tomb assumes the shape of a beehive. Construction can be compared to the tomb at Er-Mane and the passage grave at newgrange. The Function of the side chamber is unknown but could have been used for burials. 44 feet high All of the stonework is covered by an earthen mound, whose weight adds to the stability of the masonry.

Corinthian

Greek Order Combined Ionic Volutes with the leaves of the acanthus plant. Only Pentelic marble or other stone with so fine grain would allow for carving with this fine detail.

Early Romanesque: Speyer Cathedral

Groin vaults on a scale with major Roman Baths

Palazzo del Te cotile

Guilio Romano 1525 - 34 High Renaissance This was a honeymoon villa There is a garden and a mote that was used for staging miniature naval battles Illusion of imbalance and perverse are on the interior as well as exterior pediments lacking bottom cornices heavy rustication (new structure) Cracked Lintels Walls merge into billowing clouds painted on the ceiling

Machu Pichu

Military outpost Ritual center Remains unclear what was going on with this.

Coffers

Indentations into the ceiling. Helped take load off of ceiling and provided aesthetic appeal.

Great Mosque

Indigenous Architecture Djenne, Mali 1906 - 07 Adobe construction Buttressing Pickets in the sides of the building exterior Pinnacled Towers Projecting, Prominent wooden members that cast dramatic shadows.

Tikal

Indigenous Architecture Guatemala contains thousands of structures and stone monuments, with the most extensively excavated areas located around the North Acropolis. Mayan city Not only a ceremonial site, but it was an urban center with a permanent population of 45,000 inhabitants. City was organized by means of causeways laid out in a rough triangle and linking major building complexes. Pyramids are most striking for their verticality.

Dome of the Rock

Islamic Architecture: a. Jerusalem, Israel, 687-681 AD b. The rock that Moses was to sacrifice his son to god and that Muhammad stepped on. c. Place of king Solomon's temple d. It is centrally organized and domed mosque e. Ambulatory: to walk about i. In this building there is an inner and outer ambulatory. f. A lot of bright colors on the building. This speaks to the non-representative décor. i. It is thought that all of the artwork was to wow and draw the attention of all of the viewers and take the attention off of other. ii. The bottom is colorless, whereas the top is colored and in artwork. This is because we aspire to be the upper, the higher being.

Roman Iconic Order

Looks exactly like the Greek Ionic Column.

Plan of St. Peter's (Buonarroti)

Michelangelo Buonarroti 1546 Rome, Italy column screens have disappeared central piers have been enlarged entry portico has been developed if completed in this form it would have represented the culmination of centrally planned church exploration during the Renaissance.

Campidoglio

Michelangelo Buonarroti Rome, Italy 1537 -monumental civic plaza for a major city -trapezoidal piazza to regularize the difficult geometry established by the existing buildings and intended to inset an oval paving pattern that would focus attention on the equestrian statue in the center

Carved Portal from the Stave Church at Urnes

North wall of church. Intertwined snakes and dragons represent the end of the world according to the Norse legend.

Stave Church, Borgund

Norway, 1150 Looks more elaborate than the Urnes Stave Church. Fundamentally the same in structure, but with additional roof turrets and an external gallery at the base. Crosses and dragons were placed on the ends of the roof gables to protect the church from the powers.

Gothic Church Construction

Pinnacle Flying Buttress Transverse Arch Clerestory Triforium Arcade Aisles Buttress Rib Vaulting

Newgrange Passive Grave

Pre-History 3100 BCE Ireland Earthen mound that is 300 ft in diameter The weight of the soil provides stability for the megaliths below. Decorated boulders surround the perimeter of the mound. Parts of the stonework are decorated in patterns. Construction is carefully oriented so that, in the five days around the winter solstice, light from the rising sun enters through the doorway and illuminates the chamber.

Laurentian Library Vestibule

Renaissance Florence 1524 the vestibule stairs appear to cascade downward from the reading room doorway as though its treads and risers were once molten impacted columns astride the doorway Blank tapering windows surround the interior of the vestibule. Mannerist (High renaissance) Michelangelo Buonarroti

Pont du Guard

Roman 20 - 16 BCE Water channel (aqueduct) runs along the uppermost level, which maintains a consistent incline to carry the water, through the pull of gravity, from the nearby mountains into the city of Nimes. Aqueducts ran along the contours of the land whenever possible, but when a valley had to be crossed, they used arches to span the gap

Trajan's Market

Rome 100 - 114 CE The markets are built into the hillside as a series of shops the form a semi - circle and acts as a retaining wall to hold back the Earth in which they are embedded. Contained over 150 Shops Built of brick-faced concrete. Barrel vaults

Arch of Constantine

Rome 315 CE Triple arched form became an architectural motif adapted to later buildings. Embellished with carved relief panels depicting the particular military victory for which the arch was constructed.

Forum Romanum

Rome Largely transformed during the reign of Augustus to become a civic center for Rome. The functions of commerce, government, law and religion mingled, and with the growth of the cit, the space became increasingly congested.

Pantheon

Rome 125 CE Circular plan Roman temple Entrance is an enormous portico with 20 Corinthian columns the orginally supported roof trusses. Hemispherical dome with has an oculus that was used to let in light and air. Coffers in the ceiling (dome) so that the material was not so much weight that it would collapse.

The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

Rome 80 CE Bottom to top there are Doric, Iconic and Corinthian Columns on the exterior of the structure. Circular or Oval in plan There was a labyrinth of passageways and chambers for gladiators, beasts, and hoisting machinery. Savage and cruel entertainment

Plan of Old St. Peter's

Rome, 318 - 22 basilica church plan longitudinal axis leads form the entrance through the nave to the terminating apse, where the alter is located. Clerestory windows Triumphal arch-like elements appear at both the entry into the atrium, and that from the nave to the alter area, symbolizing the entry to more sacred territory. Wooden framework for a ceiling.

Old St. Peter's

Rome, Italy, 318-322 AD Early Christian It was the first public religious building after Christianity was legalized Need to be able to draw the section of the building It is influenced by the Bascilica Ulpa Clerestory - A clear story (windows) Important terms: i. Nave ii. Narthex 1. Front porch iii. Apse iv. Transept v. Atrium St. Peter is buried in this church in the apse.

Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine: Santa Costanza

Rome, Italy, 350 AD Composite Columns There is a Basilica Shape The building is in linear Basilica, spun and rotated into a centralized plan. Dome in the middle On the outside there is an ambulatory.

Stepped Pyramids

Saqqua, Egypt 2630 BCE The first monumental stone construction in Egypt. It is the precedent of the tombs for the later pharaohs Imhotep is the architect rectangular element in the center, dominating the Great Court. Original Mastaba form was enlarged to become a pyramid, with a burial chamber under the center.

Ise Shrine

Shinto Shrines 690 CE - Present The shrine is a part of a large complex beside the Isuzu River containing accommodations for pilgrims and priests. It is constructed anew every 20 years on adjacent rectangular sites, where the central post under the main building is retained from the previous rebuilding. There is simple elegance of the proportion and materials used for these buildings have come to represent the quintessence of Japanese architecture. Outer shrine is the goddess of agriculture and earth and the inner is dedicated to the goddess of the sun.

Martin Luther 95 Thesis

The churches are struggling at this time and there is a lack of funding. This is drawing people away from the church and the church is decentralizing. The church wants to dazzle the people to draw them back into the church.

Republican Roman Architecture

They had their own gods and adopted Greek Iconography. Added the managerial talents or organization and efficiency. They were less idealized and more secular and functional. Roads, bridges, sewers and aqueducts were all contributions. Roman claim to fame was administration.

Ziggurat

Ur, Mesopotamia 2100 BCE Best preserved massive temple mound that once dominated every major Mesopotamian city. This ziggurat served to elevate the temple closer to the gods. Its core is sun-dried brick, overlaid with an outer layer of kiln-fired and bitumen as protection to weathering The population below could observe the priestly processions up the successive flights of stairs to the temple of the uppermost platform.

Stave Church

Urnes, Norway 1125 - 40 Tall Nave Lower Aisles Rear Choir Apse Extension Oldest Stave Church Staves are upright poles, pine normally, that form the structure of the building. Supported on 4 crossed horizontal sills forming a rectangular chassis. Low Exterior Walls Roof Rafters Very dark on the inside and has no windows Small-circular openings that are symbolic of the port holes in the Viking ship Looks like an upside down viking ship.

Arris

Where the curved sections of adjacent flutes intersect.

Rococo Architecture: Hotel de Soubise

a) Boffran b) France, 1735 c) Oval Salon of the Princess d) The feminine quality was for who used these rooms i) The upper class French women used these rooms. They were reserved for the rooms only. ii) The women are the ones who made the choices about the rooms.

Rococo Architecture: Amalienburg Paviliion at Nymphenburg Castle

a) Germany, 1734-1739 b) There are carvings and painting inlaid c) Omolu is a term to make gold mercury on a cheaper metal. It makes it look more expensive than it is. d) Sculpted from floor to ceiling on the walls e) There is a drippings quality f) They are all applied relief décor, none of it is painting g) This is also typical of France

Italian Baroque: Baldacchino

a. Bernini b. Italy, 1633 c. A canopy that has twisted columns over St. Peter's grave and is meant to keep your eyes focused on the tomb and not the back of the church. It keeps your eye focused in one place.

Islamic Architecture: House of the Prophet

a. Does not exist anymore b. House of Muhammad c. Medina, Saudi Arabia, 687-691 CA d. The reconstruction of the house. i. His courtyard of his home was a place to gather, talk and pray for religious reasons. e. Iwan Mosque with a rectangular courtyard

French Baroque: Versailles: Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)

a. LeVau b. France, 1661 c. There are full extent mirrors so that they mimic the light that is coming in from the windows on the side of the building. i. This is an optical illusion so it looked like there were windows on the other side, but there weren't due to building constriction. d. Baroque = emotionalism

Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine: Catacombs

a. Rome, Italy b. Place of burial c. Spaces are dug out of rocks and they are used as tombs that are under the city. d. No one went to the catacombs i. Christians had secret meetings in the catacombs and dug out spaces for a chapel for prayer and services because Christianity was illegal

Republican Rome: Temple of Fotuna Virilis

i. Rome, Italy, ca. 75 BC ii. The Romans refined the Temple of Veii 1. They added more columns all the way around the building and they added engaged columns. a. The columns are half in the wall and half protruding out. 2. Kept the porch in the front of the building. 3. Merging of the cultures.