History of Arkansas- Midterm

Keelboat:

row, push, before steamboats. No engine/motors. Arrive in Fort Smith in 1817.

Archaic period

a time of extraordinary development, driven partly in response to climate changes and an increase in Native American efforts to modify the environment to better suit their needs. Increase in gardening (plant domestication), tools, and buildings. More sedentary patterns of settlement and land use.

Missouri Compromise

"This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation." (archives.gov)

Thomas Hindman

"Thomas Carmichael Hindman was a prominent attorney and Democratic politician prior to the Civil War. In the crisis prior to that war, he was a major player in bringing about the state's secession. He subsequently served in the Confederate army as a brigadier general, playing a prominent role in the defense of Arkansas and later serving in the Army of Tennessee. (Arkansas encyclopedia)

Henry Rector

"Henry Massie Rector was the state's sixth governor. He was part of Arkansas's political dynasty during the antebellum period " (Arkansas encyclopedia).

John Roane

"John Selden Roane was a lawyer, planter, soldier, and governor of Arkansas. He is best known for his service in the Mexican War (colonal) and his efforts to deal with the state's financial crisis following the failure of its banking system." (Arkansas encyclopedia)

Petit Roche

"On April 9, 1722, the travelers discovered a rock outcropping, later dubbed La Petite Roche. This was likely the first rock seen by the crew along the riverbanks; everything prior was sand and silt. In 1812, trapper William Russell built the first documented settlement by white people in the area."

Robert Crittenden

"Robert Crittenden was the first secretary and acting governor of the Arkansas Territory" (encyclopedia of Arkansas). Was a Whig. Duels with Henry Conway, and ends up killing him. Powerful political influence.

Robert Ward Johnson

"Robert Ward Johnson was an Arkansas political leader who represented the state in both chambers of the U.S. Congress and as a congressman and senator in the Confederate Congress. The South's defeat bankrupted him and destroyed his political career. After first fleeing to Galveston, Texas, to leave the country, Johnson finally decided to return to Arkansas. He relocated to Little Rock, where he began a law practice with Albert Pike, an old political enemy and a former general in the Confederacy." (Arkansas encyclopedia) Arkansas state attorny.

Fancher/Baker Party

"The Baker-Fancher party was a group of American western emigrants from Marion, Crawford, Carroll, and Johnson counties in Arkansas, who departed Carroll County in April 1857 and "were attacked by the Mormons near the rim of the Great Basin, and about fifty miles from Cedar City, in Utah Territory, and that all of the emigrants, with the exception of 17 children, were then and there massacred and murdered"[1] in the Mountain Meadows massacre." (good old wiki)

Sidewheeler/Sternwheeler:

"There were variations in placement of the paddlewheels. Putting them on each side of the hull, as in those boats known as "sidewheelers," made for smoother passenger travel and a bit easier steering, but the paddlewheels were outside the lines of the hull, leaving them vulnerable and making the vessel much wider. The sternwheeler put the paddlewheel at the back, creating a narrower vessel as well as protecting the fragile paddlewheel by hiding it at the rear of the hull. The sternwheeler eventually proved more efficient at pushing barges, and it was the sternwheeler form that survived the loss of the passenger trade brought on by the spread of railroads after the 1870s; in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, sternwheelers were used for towboats."

New Madrid

1812 earthquake. Largest earthquake in North American history. Made the Mississippi river reverse flow direction. It changed the landscape of Arkansas.

Parley Pratt

A key person in the beginning of the Mormon church. Called an apostle. Had 7 wives. Was killed by the 7th wives husband.

Archibald Yell

A man of great influence and was greatly liked and respected by many. First congressman of Arkansas, and later he became the second governor of Arkansas. He tragically died fighting in the Mexican War at the Battle of Buena Vista.

Albert Pike

A poet, writer, and a good lawyer. He was a lawyer for the Indians. He "played a major role in the development of the early courts of Arkansas." He was also the first reporter of the Arkansas Supreme Court.

Douglas/Breckenridge/Lincoln/Bell 1860

All of these men were running for president in 1960. Douglas and Breckenridge were democrats split, and then Bell was a third party (?) and Lincoln was a Whig. Because of the democrat split, Lincoln won the presidential election. Lincoln was a threat to the south, so South Carolina succeeded.

John Wilson/Joseph Anthony

Anthony complains about the corrupt bank to Wilson. Wilson becomes upset. Ends up in a physical fight with knives in the court. Anthony is killed by Wilson during this fight. So the bank failed and the (president of the Real Estate Bank) kills someone...not good. Attract meaner, desperate people to Arkansas. Arkansas gets a very bad representation.

Paleo Indians

Arkansas's first people. Eat meat and raw food, very basic foods. Environment was changing (from cold to warmer). Used ground stone tools.

Discuss Pope County Arkansas in 1850 as a "typical" Arkansas County.

Around 4,000 white people in the town, and almost 500 black (slaves). 62% of the white population were 15 and under. Only 88 people were over 60 (that was old back then). The people that made up the state came from about 24 other states, and 4 different countries (such as Germany and Scotland). 95% of the white population were born in the South. There were 100 slave-holding families. 11 single room school houses (1 teacher per school). 326 total students. 80% of the population were farmers. The other 20% were carpenters, wagon makers, blacksmiths, loggers , tanners, lawyers and preachers. (All of them probably farmed as well.) The average family owned: 15 cows, 33 hogs, 1 milk cow. The crops were: corn, cotton, oats, wheat, peas, beans, tobacco, flax, and hops.

Democrats:

Conservatives. Favored small government. State ruled government.

Mississippian

Cultural development in the centuries prior to the arrival of Hernando de Soto's expedition. Population growth, large-scale agriculture, large communities with powerful leaders and priests. Mounds, stratified society (elites, middle class, lower class), warfare, competition for resources.

Sandy Faulkner

Faulkner is largely responsible for the story of the "Arkansas Traveler," which has shaped the image of Arkansas since the 1840s. He was also president of the Columbia branch of the real estate bank of Arkansas.

James Miller

First governor of Arkansas territory. A veteran of the war of 1812. "Served as superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Arkansas Territory." (encyclopedia of Arkansas).

Describe John Drennen's contributions (good and bad) to Arkansas History.

Founder of Van Buren. Agent of immigration and migration. Financial supporter of the Gold Rush. Apart of the Trail of Tears. He had a county seat. He helped people settle in Van Buren with his steamboat. He helped with the railroads. He was also, unfortunately, a slave owner. A millionaire of the time. Real estate bank trustee, Co-chairman state con convention. Fort Smith/Little Rock railroad. Choctaw agent. Southern superintendent Indian affairs. Land, slaves, cotton.

John Drennen

Founder of Van Buren. Agent of immigration and migration. Whig. Financial supporter of the Gold rush. Apart of the trail of tears. He had a county seat. He helped people settle in Van Buren with his steamboat. He helped with the railroads. He was also, unfortunately, a slave owner. A millionaire of the time.

Leonard Willhaf:

He was German, and fought in the Mexican War. He carried the flag. He was a hard worker, and part of the working class.

Mountain Meadows

Incident that occurred in 1857 when a party of 135 Arkansans headed for California was attacked in southern Utah by a combination of Paiute Indians and Mormons. After surrendering to the Mormons under a promise of protection, over a hundred members of the party, including men, women, and children, were massacred.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin.

Conway Brothers

James, Elias, and Henry. James and Elias were very important. Had to get their approval to do things. A part of "The Family." Democrats. James Sevier Conway: "the first governor for the state of Arkansas, elected in 1836 through strong family ties to both prominent Arkansans and President Andrew Jackson's administration. His tenure as governor was best known for economic issues, surplus funds in the state treasury, legislation creating the state's first banks, and a national depression, which consumed the surplus and contributed to a collapse in the banking system." Elias: the fifth governor of the state of Arkansas. is eight years in office were a time of relative prosperity for the growing state as the government dealt with issues such as internal improvements and debt left from failed banks. The mounting tensions that led to the Civil War began to play out during Conway's second term, and the voters ended the Family's political domination in the election of 1860 when they rejected Conway's choice for a successor Henry: Fought with Crittendon.

1836

June 15th, 1836. Arkansas becomes a state.

Sloan Site

Located on the summit of a low sand dune in the northeastern part of Arkansas. A cemetery where grave offerings were placed with the dead. Dated at 8,500 BC, the Sloan site is considered the oldest cemetery in the Western Hemisphere.

Compare Arkansas and Michigan in terms of Education from Statehood in 1836-37 till 1850.

Michigan: 2,714 public schools, 110,000 students, 88,000 tax rev.7,000 illiterate, 280 libraries. Arkansas: 353 public schools, 8,000 students, 235 tax rev, 17,000 illiterate, 1 library. This shows that Arkansas was sadly severely behind the other states in Education.Arkansas is still behind from where it started in 1850.

Osage

Nomads, animal hunters. A different style than the other two. War-like. Tents/teepees. Feared by all. Very powerful people. The land they were transferred to in Oklahoma turned out to be an oil mine. This ended up killing them. Gone from Arkansas by 1822.

Briefly compare the Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian periods of Arkansas Prehistory.

PaleoIndians: Arkansas's first people. Eat meat and raw food, very basic foods. Environment was changing (from cold to warmer). Used ground stone tools. Archaic Period: a time of extraordinary development, driven partly in response to climate changes and an increase in Native American efforts to modify the environment to better suit their needs. Increase in gardening (plant domestication), tools, and buildings. More sedentary patterns of settlement and land use. Woodland: Pottery, first bow and arrow, smaller animals to hunt, and rock art. Continued growth of settled communities and increased reliance on domesticated grains. Mississippian Period: Cultural development in the centuries prior to the arrival of Hernando de Soto's expedition. Population growth, large-scale agriculture, large communities with powerful leaders and priests. Mounds, stratified society (elites, middle class, lower class), warfare, competition for resources. Diet: The Paleo era ate meat and raw food that they would find, very basic foods. Archaic began gardening= the domestication of several native plant species. They ate fish as fishing technology got better, and other animals. The Woodland era hunted smaller animals such as deer and turkey, thanks to the invention of the bow and arrow. Also increased reliance on domesticated grains. The Mississippian era highly relied on their domesticated agriculture, and what they farmed was corn, beans, and squash. They also ate meat.

Woodland

Pottery, first bow and arrow, smaller animals to hunt, and rock art. Continued growth of settled communities and increased reliance on domesticated grains.

Quapaw

Sedentary, farmers. Corn, beans, and squash. Lost all land in Arkansas by 1833.

Caddo

Sedentary, farmers. Grass huts. They salted their meat. Lost all land in Arkansas by 1835.

State Bank

State entity, and a government chosen board. Designed to serve as a repository for all state funds and to promote business activity throughout the state.

Contrast the French, Spanish, British, and American strategies concerning Indians and economic policies on the frontier.

The Spanish, English and French, and the Americans all came to North America, and all used Native Americans to their own advantages. The Spanish came and conquered the Inca Empire, the English/American came and did the same to the Native Americans. The Spanish were after gold and riches, while the English were after the land. The French on the other hand, treated the Native Americans a little differently than them. Beaver fur was very important to the French (the fur was used for clothing such as hats). The Native Americans just so happened to be in an area where there were a lot of beavers to hunt. The French also prized bear fat (for oil) and also part of their diets. So the French decided they were going to start a trade deal with the Native Americans. The Native Americans would give them the beavers and bears, and in return the French would give them weapons, pots, pans, etc. The French were still exploiting the Native Americans, just differently than the Spanish and the English.

Whigs

The Whig Party wanted a strong federal government to help build the country, and were for commerce such as roads, bridges, etc.

Hernando De Soto

The de soto expedition. There were diaries kept of what it looked like during the Mississipian time period. They explore the area. He arrived in 1541.

Hunter and Dunbar

They, along with Lewis and Clark, were brought together by Thomas Jefferson to explore the unknown land of the Louisiana purchase. The main purpose of the expedition for Hunter and Dunbar was to survey and keep record of the botany, natural history and mineralogy, around the Ouachita river and hot springs in Arkansas and Louisiana.

States Rights

United democrats and whigs together. A third party. Had Boreland, John Roan, Albert Pike, Thomas Hindman, and Robert Ward Johnson.

Real Estate Bank

independent bank, and also the richest. Designed to promote the interests of the state's planters. Became corrupt and bankrupt. "From 1836 to 1855, when the state took over control, the Real Estate Bank proved to be a source of political corruption, financial mismanagement, and intense sectional conflict among politicians."