History of Graphic Design - CH 5 and 6

true

Fust and Shoeffer's Rationale divinorum officiorum (Rationale of Holy Duties) was an important innovation because it was the first typographic book to use a small-sized type style to conserve space. ______

Crible

technique when black areas of woodblock are punched with white dots giving page lively tonality.

418 full page illustrations

A heroic effort was required to produce the Forty-two Line Bible, so-named because the first nine pages have forty lines per column, the tenth page has forty-one lines per column, and the remaining pages have forty-two lines per column. The increase of two lines per column saved an additional sixty pages. Gutenberg's original format included three characteristics below. Which does NOT belong? ___________

Incunabula

After Johann Gutenberg's invention of moveable type, typographic printing spread rapidly. By 1500, printing was practiced in over 140 towns throughout Europe. In addition to books, a vast array of ephemera, including religious tracts, pamphlets, and broadsides, were printed during this period. Books printed from Gutenberg's invention of typography until the end of the fifteenth century are referred to as _____________ texts, a Latin word that means "cradle" or "rebirth

true

Albrecht Pfister's edition of Johannes von Tepl's Der Ackerman aus Böhmen (Death and the Plowman) is an example of popular literature, in contrast to the theological and scholarly texts published by many contemporary printers of his time.

true

Although Johann Fust loaned money to Johann Gutenberg, he later foreclosed on Gutenberg and confiscated his printing equipment. _____

Type Mold

Around 1450, Johann Gutenberg was the first to bring together the complex systems and subsystems necessary to print a typographic book, including a thick, tacky ink that could be smoothly applied and did not run off the metal type; a strong, sturdy press; and a metal alloy that was soft enough to cast yet hard enough to hold up for thousands of impressions. But the key to his invention was the __________ used for casting the individual letters.

type mold

Around 1450,Johann Gutenberg was the first to bring together the complex systems and subsystems necessary to print a typographic book, including a thick, tacky ink that could be smoothly applied and did not run off the metal type; a strong, sturdy press; and a metal alloy that was soft enough to cast yet hard enough to hold up for thousands of impressions. But the key to his invention was the __________ used for casting the individual letters.

false

Arñao Guillen de Brocar's Polyglot Bible was a uniquely Spanish masterpiece because it was the first book printed solely in the Spanish language.

Johann Zainer

At his press in Ulm, ____________ used woodblock prints in many of his books that were not completely enclosed with rectangular borders, allowing the white space from the margins to flow into the pictures. This approach can be seen in the 175 woodcuts of the 1479 edition of Aesop's Vita et fabulae(Life and Tales).

copperplate engravings

At the same time (and in the same area of Europe) that Johann Gutenberg invented moveable type, an unidentified artist called the Master of the Playing Cards created the earliest known __________.

Psalter

Book of Psalms; Psalter in Latin was the first book to bear a printer's trademark and imprint, printed date of publication, and colophon

Broadsheets

Both sides are printed on

true

By the 1490s, most German printers had abandoned large page sizes for their books.

false

Copperplate printing, like typographic printing, is a relief process._____

The Ars Moriendi

Death was an ever-present preoccupation in fourteenth-century Europe. The great cycles of bubonic plague, called the Black Death, claimed one fourth of Europe's inhabitants during the fourteenth century and caused thousands of villages to either vanish totally or become critically depopulated. ___________ was a type of block book that offered advice on preparing for death and how to meet one's final hour.

here begins

Early printers followed the manuscript custom of putting the title and author at the top of the first page, in the same size and style lettering as the text. A short space was skipped, then Incipit, the Latin term for "__________," launched the book.

Letter of Indulgence

Early surviving examples of typographic design and printing include a German poem on the Last Judgment, four calendars, and a number of editions of a Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. The earliest dated examples of typographic printing are the ____________, issued in Mainz, Germany in 1454.

illustrator

Erhard Reuwich was the first __________ to be identified as such in a book for his work in Peregrinationes in Montem Syon(Travels in Mount Syon), which was printed with Peter Schoeffer's types in 1486.

exemplars

Handmade model layouts and manuscript texts, such as the Latin version created for the Nuremberg Chronicle by Michael Wolgemuth and Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, were used as guides for the woodcut illustrations, typesetting, page design, and makeup of books. These _______________ provide rare insights into the design and production process during the fifteenth century.

true

In Italy, empty space was left for initial capitals to be hand rendered. Sometimes the initial letter was never added, and eventually the blank space alone indicated a paragraph

true

In addition to the rapid spread of knowledge, the invention of the typographic press is also directly responsible for increased literacy in the fifteenth century.

punch

In casting type, a steel bar with a character engraved into the top, which is then pressed into a softer metal to make a negative impression of the character

matrix

In casting type, the negative impression of a character is pressed into this, then filled with a molten lead alloy that creates the finished piece of type.

false

In early block books, wood block images were cut separately from the wood type and could be set in different arrangements on the page. _____

watermark

In papermaking, a translucent emblem, or ______________, can be produced by pressure from a raised design on a mold. It is visible when a sheet of paper is held up to light. These were used in Italy as early as 1282, and as they grew in popularity, they began to be used to designate sheet and mold sizes as well as paper grade.

arnold pannartz and conrad sweynheym

Italy was at the forefront of Europe's transition from the feudal medieval world to one of cultural and commercial renaissance. Italy sponsored the first printing press outside of Germany when Cardinal Turrecremata of the Benedictine monastery at Subiaco invited two printers, _____________, to establish a press. The types that they designed marked the first step toward a Roman-style typography based on letterforms that had been developed by Italian scribes. They created a typographic "double alphabet" by combining the capital letters of ancient Roman inscriptions with the rounded miniscules that had evolved in Italy from the Caroline miniscule.

textura

Johann Gutenberg adopted___________, the style of manuscript lettering commonly used by German scribes of his day, as the model for his type, because early printers sought to compete with calligraphers by imitating their work as closely as possible.

Bookbinding

Keys to the success of moveable type included money for research and development, the invention of the type mold, and all but one of the following. Which does NOT belong?

Lucas Cranach the elder

Martin Luther found a loyal friend and follower in __________, who had been called to Wittenberg by the electors of Saxony. He operated a studio as well as a printing office, a bookshop, and a paper mill. He furthered the cause of the Protestant Reformation by portraying the reformers and their cause in books and broadsides. Ironically, he also regularly accepted commissions for Madonnas and Crucifixions from Catholic clients, and many of the woodcuts he produced for the Luther Bible were also used in a subsequent Catholic edition.

true

Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses" spread word of the Protestant movement through Europe quickly due to the innovations in typography and printing.

white dots punched into black areas to create tone

Philippe Pigouchet's Horae(Book of Hours)established the graphic excellence of this popular book form, such as his 1498 Horae Beatus Virginis Mariae(Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary). The dense complexity of illustration, typography, and ornaments compressed into the space is typical of Pigouchet's book design. He is credited with introducing criblé, a technique for woodblock printing that features ________.

Laurens Janszoon Coster

Printers in Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Italy sought after the mechanization of book production by such means as movable type. It was _________ of Haarlem in Holland who explored the concept of movable type first by cutting out letters or words from his woodblocks for reuse.

Typography

Printing with independent, movable, and reusable bits of metal or wood, each of which has a raised letterform on one face

false

Printing with moveable type was a technological advancement eagerly welcomed by artisans involved in book production throughout Europe.

Psalter in Latin

Published by Fust and Schoeffer; first book to bear a printer's trademark and imprint, printed date of publication, and colophon

Nuremberg chronicle

Published in German and Latin versions in 1493, 600 page book with 1,809 woodcut illustrations, 18 by 12 inch pages.

Nuremberg Chronicle

Published in German and Latin versions in 1493, this six-hundred-page book wasan ambitious history of the world from the biblical dawn of creation until 1493. The title page for the index is a full-page woodblock of calligraphy attributed to the scribe George Alt. The book contained 1,809 woodcut illustrations in its complex, carefully designed, 18-by-12-inch pages and is considered one of the masterpieces of graphic design from this period.

Xylography

Relief printing from a raised surface that originated in Asia

true

Rubrication, decoration, and illumination were almost always done by hand in the period just following Gutenberg's invention of moveable type due to the difficulties of color printing and, possibly, because of political pressure.

paper

Several factors created a climate in fifteenth-century Europe that made typography feasible: an insatiable demand for books, an emerging literate middle class, students in the rapidly expanding universities who had seized the monopoly on literacy from the clergy and created a vast new market for reading material, and the slow, expensive, process of bookmaking, which had changed little in one thousand years. However, without _____________, which reached Europe by way of a six-hundred-year journey, the speed and efficiency of printing would have been useless.

Prepare for Death

The Ars moriendi were a type of block book that offered advice on how to ________.

true

The Biblia Pauperum was a block book intended to instruct the faithful in Oldand New Testament parallel narratives. _____

Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer

The Latin psalter published by _________ in 1457 was a major innovation in printing as the first book to bear a printer's trademark and imprint, printed date of publication, and colophon

Typography evoked illusions of the natural world on flat surfaces through such means as the fixed viewpoint.

The Renaissance innovators altered the perception of information by creating two visual systems: painting and typography. Typography created a sequential and repeatable ordering of information and space, as well as three of the following situations. Which one does NOT belong?

Incipit

The latin term for "here begins" used by early printers on first page of book (opening words of a text)

Fust and Schoeffer

The magnificent Latin Psalter published by _________ on August 14, 1457, was the first book to bear a printer's trademark and imprint, printed date of publication, and colophon. In addition, the Psalter had large red and blue initials printed from two-part metal blocks that were inked separately, reassembled, and either printed with the text in one press impression, or stamped after the text was printed. These famous decorated two-color initials were a major innovation.

Johann Gensfleisch von Gutenberg

The mechanization of book production by such means as movable type was sought by printers in Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Italy. In 1450 in Mainz, Germany, it was _______________ who first brought together the complex systems and subsystems necessary to print a typographic book.

true

The press Johann Gutenberg used for printing was based on the cheese or wine press, familiar in the Rhine wine-producing area of Germany. _____

textura

The style of manuscript lettering Johann Gutenberg adopted for type was ________.

Printing w/independent, movable, are reusable bits of metal or wood w/a raised letter face.

The term typographic printing means _____________.

they encompassed major english literature to 1500

William Caxton left his native land for the textile center of Bruges in the Low Country, where he set up his own business as a merchant and diplomat. In the early 1470s, while spending a year and a half in Cologne, he learned printing. Upon returning to Bruges, he set up a press. The typographic works of William Caxton are significant for three of the reasons listed below. Which does NOT belong?

1:1:618

Woodcut artists and typographic printers in Germany during the last half of the fifteenth century collaborated to develop the illustrated typographic book. A favored page proportion was the golden rectangle, whose ratio is____________.

Block books

___________, which ranged in size from small enough to fit in a person's hand to about 10 by 14 inches, were the first known European block printings with a communications function. Image and lettering were cut from the same block of wood and printed as a complete word-and-picture unit.

Devotional prints of saints

___________,which ranged in size from small enough to fit in a person's hand to about 10 by 14 inches, were the first known European block printings with a communications function. Image and lettering were cut from the same block of wood and printed as a complete word-and-picture unit.

Broadsides

a single leaf of paper printed on one side only

Johann Fust

a wealthy Mainz burgher and merchant from whom Johann Gutenberg borrowed money to continue his work. In 1455, as Gutenberg's work neared completion, Fust suddenly sued Gutenberg. The courts ruled in favor of Fust, who seized possession of Gutenberg's printing equipment and all his work in progress. Gutenberg was locked out of his printing shop. Fust entered into an agreement with Gutenberg's skilled assistant and foreman, Peter Schoeffer, and established the printing firm called Fust and Schoeffer

Ex libris

book plate to identify owner

Exemplar

handmade model layouts and manuscript texts used as guides for the woodcut illustrations

true

his moveable type, Johann Gutenberg used ink made from boiled linseed oil colored with lampblack.

Johannes Gutenberg

invented the printing press and introduced moveable type during the 15th century