History of Jazz Midterm

First "class" performance of blues by __________ at minstrel show intermission

"Ma" Rainey

type of piano style, transformed ragtime into jazz and turned the piano into an orchestra, James P. Johnson

"two-fisted"

First jazz recording

(1917) "Livery Stable Blues" by The Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB)

First black band to record jazz

(1924) King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band

African influence on the cross-fertilization of cultures

Africanization

African "signifying" songs or songs of "ridicule"

Bantu Rain Song

First white bandleader to integrate his jazz band

Benny Goodman

King of Swing

Benny Goodman

Empress of Blues

Bessie Smith

former Jazz singer, known for romantic ballads

Billie "Lady Day" Holiday

a United States record label founded in 1921 in Harlem, New York. It was the first widely distributed label to be owned and operated by, and marketed to, African Americans.

Black Swan

a form of theatrical makeup used by performers to represent a black person. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the proliferation of stereotypes such as the "happy-go-lucky darky on the plantation" or the "dandified coon"

Blackface

a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the "Deep South" of the United States around the end of the 19th century, fusion of traditional African music and European folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common

Blues

12 bar, AAB

Blues scale

Called "King" because he played the loudest, rumored that he could be heard across the Mississippi River, hired to advertise for various functions, poor Black from uptown section, established first Jazz ensemble, dancers would dance in pairs, played cornet

Buddy Bolden

location where most of the slaves brought to America came from

Caribbean

Used for a gathering place for slaves, generally on Sundays to help let off steam, brought handmade musical instruments, thought that letting slaves do this would help to lessen the chance of having the slaves up-rise or revolt, generally 500-600 slaves would come, created a musical tapestry of several different musical instruments Major center of musical influence

Congo Square

The "Swingin'est Band in the Land"

Count Basie Orchestra

people living in New Orleans who had a black bloodline, with African blood, a free colored people, black mother and French/Spanish father, highly educated, fathers were rich, sent children to schools in Europe, so they were quite wealthy and highly educated, studied European music, spoke mixture of Spanish and French, very cultured, looked down upon American Negroes who were slaves, more prejudiced against Black people than White people, many actually owned slaves, high economic and social status, played on standardized musical instruments, musically literate, could read, play, and studied music, involved in cross-fertilization of music

Creoles of Color

School of blues and jazz, included Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and most of the Gulf area

Delta

mentor was Louis Armstrong, from Pittsburgh

Earl "Fatha" Hines

Father of Modern Jazz Piano

Earl Hines

Jazz pianist, in swing band, wrote music to specifically highlight certain aspects of his band member's talents, band was part of Cotton Club

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington

American Blues and Folk singer and musician

Elizabeth Cotten

Duke

Ellington

Turned to spirituals, owned first black record company

Fletcher Henderson

Inventors of the swing formula

Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman

acoustic, mainly guitar-driven forms of the blues, that mixes blues elements with characteristics of folk and country

Folk Blues

First musician asked to make a Jazz recording, afraid people would copy his sound and he did not want that, anted to play by ear, refused to learn musical instrumentation, played cornet, Creole, King of New Orleans Jazz

Freddie Keppard

Mother of Blues

Gertrude "Ma" Rainey

beginning of the 1800s along east coast, responsible for introduction of African American religious musician the U.S.,

Great Awakening

movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.

Great Migration

name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars

Harlem Renaissance

Leadbelly, shot once but not killed, American Folk and Blues, played 12 string guitar

Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter

Father of Harlem Stride Piano

James P. Johnson

Used the 2-fisted style, Father of Harlem Stride Piano

James P. Johnson

African American bandleader, worked with the Castles, took band to Europe

James Reese Europe

First jazz arranger

Jelly Roll Morton

King of Ragtime

Jelly Roll Morton

name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s, more than a series of rigid anti-black laws, it was a way of life.

Jim Crow

One of the first major female jazz instrumentalists/vocalists, studied with JRM in Chicago, when King Oliver moves his band to Chicago, Hardin invited to join, wife and promoter of Louis Armstrong, member of Hot Five/Hot Seven Recordings with Louis Armstrong

Lil Hardin Armstrong

The most prominent woman in early Jazz

Lil' Hardin Armstrong

American dance that evolved in Harlem, New York City, in the 1920s and 1930s and originally evolved with the jazz music of that time, very popular during the Swing era of the late 1930s and early 1940s, a fusion of many dances that preceded it or were popular during its development but is mainly based on jazz, tap, breakaway and Charleston, frequently described as a jazz dance and is a member of the swing dance family.

Lindy Hop

Born in 1901, when he was little, the rag man always captured his attention, rag man would come to collect rags to use for newspaper, lived with his mother, took his mothers gun outside and shot it, causing him to be taken in by the police, and was then sent to a Children's Home, where he learned to play many instruments, mentor was Joe Oliver, played trumpet, cornet, and vocals, poor as a child

Louis "Satchmo: or "Satchelmouth" Armstrong

1950s American gospel singer

Mahalia Jackson

an American country blues singer and guitarist, raised in Avalon, Mississippi, taught himself how to play the guitar around age nine, singing to a melodious finger-picked accompaniment, he began to play local dances and parties while working as a sharecropper, he first recorded for Okeh Records in 1928, but these recordings were commercial failures

Mississippi John Hurt

city in which cross-fertilization and Africanization of West African and West European culture took place, oldest city in U.S.

New Orleans

King of Jazz

Paul Whiteman

rhythm characterized by strong syncopation in the melody with a regularly accented accompaniment in stride-piano style

Ragtime

Blues singer, guitarist during 1920s, went to Delta Blues

Robert Johnson

Father of Ragtime

Scott Joplin

Father of Ragtime, synthesized the African-American musical core with the European Rondo Allegro form AABBACCDD, based on the French military march, studied with a German music teacher, famous pianist, Maple Leaf Rag

Scott Joplin

One of the strongest representatives of New Orleans music, first jazz soloist, clarinet and tenor sax, Creole from New Orleans

Sidney Bechet

Godmother of Rock n' Roll

Sister Rosetta Tharpe

Father of American Folk Music

Stephen Foster

songwriter, minstrel shows, white, from Pittsburgh

Stephen Foster

was the red-light district of New Orleans, Louisiana from 1897 to 1917. It was established by municipal ordinance under the New Orleans City Council, to regulate prostitution and drugs

Storyville

Father of Gospel Music

Thomas A. Dorsey

Father of Modern Gospel

Thomas Dorsey

Father of the American Minstrel Show

Thomas Rice

similar to country blues but focuses more on problems faced in the city

Urban Blues

Father of the Blues

W.C. Handy

He standardized the blues into a 12 bar form

W.C. Handy

drummer, Jazz Dixieland percussionist from New Orleans

Warren "Baby" Dodds

Studied with strive piano player, Kansas City, Count Basie's Orchestra

William "Count" Basie

Master Juba, invented jazz dancing

William Henry "Juba" Lane

a rhythmic movement, or is the speed at which a piece of music is played, steady pulse

beat

A public entertainment of the 1800s among African Americans in which walkers performing the most accomplished or amusing steps won cakes as prizes.

cakewalk

a musical phrase in which the first and often solo part is answered by a second and often ensemble part

call and response form

music of the Caribbean Islands of Trinidad (under British control, used slaves to run plantations), this type of music was created by these slaves as they worked, combination of English and French language, political, satirical music, eventually banned because they were making fun of their British slave owners

calypso

a type of city blues performed by a female singer accompanied by a small group

classic blues

a brass instrument very similar to the trumpet, distinguished by its conical bore, compact shape, and mellower tone quality

cornet

representative of many parts of the world

cosmopolitan

Mix and coming together of West African and West European cultures

cross-fertilization

a musical battle between various stride piano players from the 1920s to 1940s, and to a lesser extent in improvisation contests on other jazz instruments during the swing era, to claim a new musician's technical superiority over another.

cutting contest

a type of formless, and sometimes wordless vocal expression that was used by slaves in the cotton fields of the "Deep South", especially in the Mississippi Delta, to communicate or to vent feelings

field holler

refers to the musicians playing the lead parts in any particular configuration, which is everyone who is not in the rhythm section. the lead horns or singers stand on the front line and the bass, drums, and piano or guitar or other comping instrument are behind them.

frontline

A kind of Christian music based on American folk music, typically marked by strong rhythms and elaborated refrains and incorporating elements of spirituals, blues, and jazz.

gospel song

to make, compose, or perform with little or no preparation

improvisation

type of song used to express good news

jubilee

a form of a cappella hymn-singing or hymnody in which a leader, often called the clerk or precentor, gives each line of a hymn tune as it is to be sung, usually in a chanted form giving or suggesting the tune. It can be considered a form of call and response.

lining out

an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface

minstrel show

instruments used in frontline of parade

parade drums

simultaneous use of two or more conflicting rhythms, that are not readily perceived as deriving from one another, or as simple manifestations of the same meter

polyrhythm

an acoustic guitar whose sound is produced by one or more spun metal cones (resonators) instead of the wooden sound board (guitar top/face)

resonator guitar

a type of work song that was once commonly sung to accompany labor on board large merchant sailing vessels

sea chantey

Hailed back to African tribes, social organizations where men got together to socialize, lots of music, burial assurance- must treat dead with great care and respect

secret societies

a particular method or technique for playing the guitar, refers to the motion of the slide along the strings. Instead of altering the pitch of the strings in the normal manner (by pressing the string against frets), an object called a "slide" is placed upon the string to vary its vibrating length, and pitch. This slide can then be moved along the string without lifting, creating smooth transitions in pitch and allowing wide, expressive vibrato.

slide

mix of singing and sermon

song sermon

are religious (generally Christian) songs that were created by enslaved African people in the United States, Although spirituals were originally unaccompanied monophonic (unison) songs, they are best known today in harmonized choral arrangements

spiritual

the cry of a street hawker

street cry

musical rhythm in which stress is given to the weak beats instead of the strong beats

syncopation

the speed at which a musical piece is played or sung

tempo

brass instrument consisting of a long cylindrical tube bent upon itself twice, ending in a bell-shaped mouth, and having a movable U-shaped slide for producing different pitches

trombone

brass musical instrument that you blow into that has three buttons which you press to play different notes

trumpet

Was believed by many early Jazz enthusiasts, the Great God is the snake, Saint Patrick got rid of the snakes, snakes prevalent in New Orleans, in the Caribbean, Catholicism syncretized, many lesser gods in voodoo, in Catholicism there are Saints, very well defined priesthood

voodoo

a piece of music closely connected to a specific form of work, either sung while conducting a task (often to coordinate timing) or a song linked to a task or trade which might be a connected narrative, description, or protest song

work song