History of Rock-Exam 2

Smokey Robinson

"American's Greatest Poet" by Bob Dylan. He was a lead singer and writer for the Miracles. He made contributions to Motown. He wrote loves songs about passion, loneliness, and forgiveness. He used clever rhyming schemes and metaphors. HIs use of the falsetto was the most soulful at Motown.

Joan Baez

"The Queen of Folk". She was beautiful, wore plain peasant clothes, sang traditional folk songs, and was committer to political and social issues. She met Bob Dylan and they fell in love

Key Girl Group Recordings (4)

1. "He's a Rebel" The Crystals 2. "Da Doo Ron Ron" The Crystals 3. "Be My Baby" The Ronettes 4. "Leader of the Pack" The Shangri-Las

Key Teen Idol Recordings

1. "Who's Sorry Now?" Connie Francis 2. "Venus" Frankie Avalon 3. "Puppy Love" Paul Anka

The End/Death of the First Rock and Roll Stars

1. Carl Perkins's career went unfulfilled after the car accident that almost killed him in 1956. 2. Little Richard retied to the ministry in 1957. 3. Elvis went into the army in early 1958, and would never regain the energy and excitement of his career. 4. Jerry Lee Lewis was shunned after news of his scandalous marriage broke in 1958. 5. Chuck Berry was arrested in 1959 for violating the Mann Act. 6. Tragic accidents claimed the lives of Buddy Holly in 1959 and Eddie Cochran in 1960.

The Motown Process (6 Steps)

1. Finishing School 2. Dance Lessons 3. Stage Presence 4. Music Production 5. Record Distribution 6. Talent Agency

Characteristics of Surf (3)

1. Instrumental Music (except the Beach Boys and other later groups), with a combo consisting of guitar, bass, and drums, with an occasional organ or horn player. Guitar usually plays the melody. 2. "Garage Band" what you hear is what you get sound. 3. High Energy.

The Death of Rock and Roll in the 1950's?

1. JFK elected president and he states the youth can make the world a better place. 2. The first or "classical" rock era had disappeared 3. The teens of rock had become adults

Characteristics of Motown Sound (5)

1. Pop-oriented, smoothing over rough edges 2. Rock-solid groove 3. Heavy use of string and horn orchestration and reverberation (wall of sound) 4. Used of added percussion to emphasize the backbeat 5. Vocal harmonies used extensively

Important Motown Artists (8)

1. Smokey Robinson and the Miracles 2. The Marvelettes 3. Stevie Wonder 4. Marvin Gaye 5. The Four Tops 6. The Temptations 7. The Supremes 8. Martha and the Vandellas

Soul and the Civil Rights Movement

1954 was the year when the U.S. Supreme Court handed down the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling that effectively made legal segregation unconstitutional and jumpstarted the civil rights movement. Black Americans experienced a general sense of optimism and expectation that their dreams of freedom from racism and discrimination could finally be achieved. The zenith of this was from 1964-1968 when the civil rights and voting rights acts were passed. The ascent and decline of soul music mired that of the civil rights movement.

Pet Sounds

A Beach Boys album released May 16, 1966, that was inspired upon hearing the Beatles' newest release, Rubber Soul. Brian set out to make the greatest rock and roll album ever". Brian used 3 studios to record the record which cost $70,000. For the instrumental tracks he used the wrecking crew. He used weird instruments. The lyrics were generally speak to a young man's difficult coming of age. It initially sold half a million copies and it included "Wouldn't it be Nice". This album was not surf music. The innovation were powerful to the Beatles, who saw that Brian had throw a creative gauntlet at them. They gave Brian credit for inspiring Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

The Spokesman

As James Brown began his crossover to both black and white audiences, his success make him symbol of pride and cultural identity for many black communities. He drew considerable praise for his key role in diffusing a tense situation when he performed they day after MLK's Death.

American Bandstand

One of the television programs that lead to huge Teen Idol success. Began on Philadelphia's WFIL-TV in 1953, originally hosted by Bob Horn and named Bandstand. The show was take over by Dick Clark, after Horn was arrested for drunk driving, and was renamed. The format for this show is pack a TV studio with 150 clean-cut teenagers who danced to the latest hit singles, with weekly appearances by pop singers lip-syncing along with their records.

John and Alan Lomax

A father and son team of musicologist from the Library of Congress, began taking trips through the backwoods of the South with a portable recording device to find and preserve folk songs. On their first trip they discovered and imager who was known as Leadbelly.

Overbudding

A feature of multitrack tape recorders that allows the recording of additional parts independently of each other while listening to previously recorded tracks with headphones.

Hootenanny

A folk jam session where traditional folk songs are sung.

Soul Music

A more pop oriented version of R&B containing heavy influences from gospel that is associated with the 1960's. Characteristics of soul include a powerful rhythmic drive from the bass and drums, melismatic singing, and in some cases, heavy orchestrations. Comes from merging R&B and gospel (the counterparts secular and sacred of black musical experience of the mid-20th century. This fusion first came from Ray Charles's "I got a woman". This created the blueprint for soul music.

Jerry Wexler

A producer at Atlantic Records. He worked with Ray Charles.

The Wall of Sound

A production technique developed and popularized by Phil Spector that involved the use of large instrumental groups, liberal doses of reverb, and multi-track overdubbing. Spector wanted his records to sound like a symphony orchestra. Each session usually took

Cameo/Parkway

A record label in Philadelphia, half-owned by Clark, whose first success was "The Twist" by Chubby Checker in 1960. Clark also half owned Chancellor and Swam Records Labels in Philadelphia.

Gold Star Studios

A recording studio located in LA. This studio was a system used by Phil Spector to create the Wall of Sound. This studio was packed with 20 or so musicians at at time.

Soul

A sense of pride in being black, of cultural solidarity, and aligning oneself with black consciousness and culture. It was hip to have this. It was accompanied by hairstyles (Afro), handshakes, food, clothing, and slang. It was often adopted by whites. The music itself took great diversity. In the rural southern south it took on a raw, gritty, and powerful sound. In the North it took on a smoother, more pop-oriented sound. It is the emotional expression of the black experience in the 1960's-pride, struggle, love, ecstasy, hope, pain, and sorrow. It contains melismatic, and moans, shrieks, and cries. It sounds as f they are going to lose control at any moment. It creates a since of anticipation and hope. The early artists were Ray Charles, James Brown, and Sam Cooke.

Falsetto

A technique where male singers ing in a very high "head" voice that is beyond their natural range.

Motown

Hitsville, USA. At the pinnacle of black popular music i the 1960's was this Detroit Record Label. Founded in 1959 by Berry Gordy. It became the largest black-owned business in the USA in the 1960's. It's goal was to bring in young black talent off the streets and groom and cultivate them and create a highly polished production and sell them to the largest cover audience possible. The production technique was an assembly line style. William "Smokey" robinson was the first important songwriter and producer and Gordy convinced him to start his own label (Tamla records and Jobete Music) which eventually fell under this Umbrella.

Good Vibrations

Another Beach Boys album/masterpiece. This was referred to by Brian as the "mini-symphony". It used 90 hours of tape, was recorded at 4 different studios and cost $50,000 to made. It was unlikely a pop tune as their were exotic instruments, constant key changes, and state of the art studio effects. It was catchy as it was innovative. But before Brian could complete it he began working on Smile. Smile was "a teenage symphony to God." But the enormity of the task, and his excessive drug abuse caused the project to never be completed. Some of the unfinished tracks were released in 1997. This was more or less the end of Brian.

Another way the Majors combated indies records, besides Teen Idols

Another way the majors tried to get back into the game was by buying out famous indies artists. Atlantic, Sun, and Chess had been bout out by the 1960's and Modern was run out of business.

Martha and the Vandellas

Began as a background group for Marvin Gaye they became the most earthiest and soulful of the Motown groups.

Doc Pomus

Began his career as a white blues singer in the 1940's before he began a song writer. He teamed up with Mort Shuman where they set up shop in the Brill Building. They wrote for Dion and the Belmonts, The Drifters, Andy Williams, and Elvis Presley.

Aretha Franklin

Born in Memphis she first got a recording contract from Columbia. At 18 she signed with he legendary Jon Hammond of columbia.She was a jazz/pop mold in her early discovery. She left columbia dan signed with Atlantic and Jerry Weller and he set her up with Muscle Shoals. She then recorded "I Never Loved a Man" and under his direction she was allowed freedom.

The Sound of Young America

Gordy's sound at Motown Records. It was thick in horns, strings, and background vocals, backed by a rhythm section with a hard-driving backbeat.

A&M Records

Formed by Jerry Moss. It began the world's largest independent record label.

The Temptations

Formed in 1960 They were the most commercial successful male vocal group of the 1960s. They were the combination of the Primes and the Distants. They signed with Motown in 1961. They were assigned to Smokey Robinson. They had the best choreography in Motown. alternating lead vocals of Eddie Kendricks high falsetto and David Fuffin's low husk.

The Marvelettes

Formed in 1960 by 5 high school girls. Their biggest hit was "Mr. Postman" which became the company's first #1 hit. The group refused to work with HDH.

The Monkees

Found on a TV show add. They broke up after the TV show was cancelled. They unleashed a short-lived strand of insipid pop that became known as bubblegum.

Music Cut #23: "Blowin' in the Wind" (Bob Dylan)-Bob Dylan

Guitar/Harmonica/Vocals: Bob Dylan Recorded July 9 1962 at Columbia Produced by John Hammond Released May 27, 1963 con the Columbia LP The Freewheeling' Bob Dylan Released August 1963 as a single This was Bob Dylan's first great anthem.

Music Cut #24: Like a Rolling Stone" (Bob Dylan) - Bob Dylan

Guitar/Vocals: Bob Dylan Recorded June 15, 1965 at Columbia Produced by Tom Wilson Released July 20, 1965 on Columbia 12 weeks on charts peaking #2 This is when he began merging folk and rock

Music Cut 21: "Pretty Boy Floyd" (Woody Guthrie) -Woody Guthrie

Guitar/Vocals: Woody Guthrie Recorded April 26, 1940 at RCA victor studio 1 Camden NJ It is like a Robin Hood story about the real life bank robber Charles Floyd.

Pete Seeger

Guthrie met this man at a benefit concert for migrant workers. His father was a university professor. They teamed up and sang songs at hootenannies. He went on to form the Weavers. Decca Records dropped the Weavers when they were accused of communist influence. He left the Weavers and was asked to appear infant of Congress to prove he wasn't a communist and he showed up but didn't corporate so he was indicted, tried, and convicted of 10 accounts.

Wobbiles

International Workers of the World. Folk music was used as a tool for political support, to build morale, recruit members, and sit up publicity. Folk songs became an object of protest and was thought to be "communist".

James Brown

He became known as "Soul Brother #1", "The Godfather of Soul" and "The Hardest Working Man in Show Business". He played an important role in soul's evolution to funk (1970's). He came from a family of small stature and was dirt poor. He was picked on. After an armed robbery sent him to prison when he was 16 he formed a cum R&B vocal group named the flames in 1952. In 1956 they caught the attention of King Records (Cincinnati). His sobbing, gospel-influenced vocals, and the bands Doo-Wop styled background vocals made them popular. He played an exhausting schedule. The band changed their name to James Brown and the Famous Flames when they decided to include an MC and a full horn section. Their music was now rougher-edged and glitter, was tightly honed, as was the precisely exceed choreography.

Ray Charles (Robinson)

He grew up in Greenville Florida and lost his sight at age 16 from glaucoma. His first record was "Confession Blues". He changed his name to avoid confusion with the middle weight boxing champ Sugar Ray Robinson. He signed with Atlantic Records after Jerry Weller heard him perform "I got a Woman" in a New Orleans nightclub. This song was the archetype of a music that did not have a name yet. He gave every song his own highly personal rendition. He died of liver disease.

Dick Clark-American Bandstand

He hosted American Bandstand and also began building a music empire by investing in local record companies, publishing firms, a management company, and a pressing plant.

Alan Freed

He was a DJ who was under investigation for Payola. His problems began in 1958 when he was arrested for inciting a riot at a concert(Boston), he was fired by his employer (WINS) shortly after. In 1959 he was working at WABC radio in New York. He was accused of Payola, and though he denied it he refused to sign ABC Network affidavit saying so. He was then fired. He was indicted by Congress on May 19, 1960 and charged with bribery. He could not get a job afterwards, and died in 1965.

Dick Clark

He was a DJ who was under investigation for his ownership in publishing companies, 162 song copyrights (145 had been gifts), and his co-ownership in Swam Records. He testified in front of Congress in April of 1960 and the committee could not prove that he actually accepted cash for playing songs, and was dismissed with no further charges after 2 days.

Marvin Gaye

He was a member of the Moonglows when he was discovered by Gordy. He married Gordy's sister Anna. 1962 he began his solo career. He teamed with Tammi Terrell until he died 3 years later. He negotiated his contract in 1971 to get more artistic and then he released the album What's Going On, which contained 3 Top 10 Singles that were politically charged statements Vietnam War, the environment, and civil rights. His divorce and required him to give his proceeds to Anna in his next album. His hedonistic, cocaine abusing lifestyle and his relies upbringing brought much self-inflicted anguish to his later life. His father killed him.

Sam Cooke

He was an established star in the gospel world when he made his first pop recordings. His good looks, suave and debonair image, and sophisticated musical setting allowed him to be a success with both blacks and whites. He was murdered at age 33. He gained his fame when he became the lead localist in the Soul Stirrers. Jerry Wexler called him the best singer who ever lived.

Chubby Checker

He was an unknown singer named Ernest Evans, whose new name was a spin on "Fats Domino". His first success was "The Twist" for Cameo/Parkway Records in 1960. He is not considered a Teen Idol.

Brill Building Pop

In New York where Tin Pan Alley had been a new wave of songwriting came through in the early 1960's. The songwriting shops that became so influential to pop music in the late 1950's and early 1960's was located at West 49th and Broadway.

Calypso Fad

In the late 1950's there was a folk revival especially on college campuses. This is a folk music of Trinidad and has different rhythmic quality than traditional American Folk. The kingston trio really helped kick this off with their hit "Tom Dooley".

Live at the Apollo

In the late 1962 James Brown decided to record an entire live performance and release it on album. This performance was recorded at Harlem's Apollo Theatre, is a tour de force of git and sweat, power and raw energy that in one fell swoop made Ray Charles's style of soul seem old and study. It cost $7,500, and was a huge success.

Music Cut #15: "Wouldn't It Be Nice" (Brian Wilson/Mike Love/Tony Asher) - The Beach Boys

Lead Vocal: Brian Wilson Lead and Backup Vocal: Mike Love Backup Vocal: Carl Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston Recorded January 22 1966(instrumental tracks) at Gold Star Studios LA Recored March 10 1966 and April 11 (vocals) at Columbia Studios LA Produced by Brian Wilson Released July 18, 1966 on Capitol 11 weeks on the charts, peaking at #8 The instrumental tracks were done in a Wall of Sound fashion. Saving yourself for marriage... but you can't have want you really want and you have to wait.

Otis Redding

Little-Richardh inspired lead singer with the group the Pinetoppers. His career flourished durignthe mdi 1960's and his electrifying performance at the Monterey Pop Festival introduced him to a larger white fan base. He was killed in a private plane crash.

Stax Records

Memphis. this company evolved with large doses of luck, and a combination of the right time, place and hard work. they were transracial, which worked well in the harmonious relationship between black and whites in Memphis. Created by Jim Stewart when he named it Satellite he caught the attention of Estelle Axton who invested into the company. They moved to the Capitol Theatre and set up a recording studio.

Sam and Dave

Moore and Prater were a hot Miami-based nightclub act when Weller signed them to Atlantic and brought them to Stax in early 1965. Their live shows were among the most exciting and they broke up after a domestic dispute.

The Funk Brothers

Motown's in house rhythm section

Snakepit

Motown's recording studio, that was a tiny room, located at 2648 West Grand. It used an eight-tracker recorder and overdubbing

Fame Studios

Northwest corner of Alabama lies Muscle Shoals(made up of 4 towns). Rick Hall opened a small recording studio. He even attracted Jerry Wexler. Its house band was known as the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. It caught the world attention with the release of "When I love a Man"

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

One of the most important song writing teams located in the Brill Building. They met in LA and began writing instantly. Their first success came from Big Mama Thornton's "Hound Dog". They formed their own label in 1954. They also wrote "Jailhouse Rock". They moved to New York and began working with Atlantic Records where they began referring to their songs as "playlets". (Playlets = 1. R&B deviated melodies, rhythms, and chord progressions or 2. rich orchestration that were almost symphonic which caused them to pay attention to every detail). They helped make the independent producer an important part of the production process. They used clean, witty lyrics teenagers could relate to, set to R&B chord progressions, rhythms, and melodies.

Phil Spector

One of the most influential producer/songwriter in the early years of rock and roll. He produced "To Know Him Was to Love Him" which, with the help of American Bandstand, hit #1 in December of 1958. In early 1960 he moved to New York to understudy with Leiber and Stoller. He moved back to LA and started his own label, Philles. He soon discovered a girl group known as the Crystals. They were the first girl group to achieve popular success. Their songs were about innocent love and devotion to their boyfriends. He created the wall of sound and the wrecking crew. He gained a reputation of being an eccentric, control freak and an egomaniac. After the British Invasion killed of the Girls Group he turned to the Righteous Brothers, until they eventually flopped (after some success). He sank into reclusiveness until he resurfaced with The Beatles "Let it Be" and a song for Ramones. He came back into the headlines in 2003 after his arrest for the murder of 40 year old starlet Lana Clarkson. He was convicted of second degree murder.

Surf Culture

Southern California became a metaphor for laid-back lifestyles, blondes, bikinis, and beaches. Surf Music was not the brainchild of the record industry it was a offshoot of a life style that was unique to its time and place. This was popularized by surf movies, but unfortunately they usually watered it down.

Soulsville, USA

Stay quickly grew. Some of the most important in-house writers include Isaac Hayes and David Porter. the Hayes/Porter Team wrote 20 hits for Sam and Dave. Steve Cropper of Booker T. and the Mg's was also an important contributor. It was live and spontaneous, songs were recorded on the spot. Set to rhythm sections away from the arranger. Stay is punchier more direct and emotional, and not as overly produced and sounds more authentic.

Brooker T and the MG's

The Memphis version of the Motown's Funk Brothers. They in-house rhythm section.

Music Cut #22: "Tom Dooley" (Traditional) - The Kingston Trio

Recorded in 1958 in LA released on Capitol 18 weeks on the charts peaked at #1. Sparked the 1950's folk revival.

Music Cut #11: "On Broadway" (Jerry Leiber/Mike Stoller/Cynthia Weil/Barry Mann)-The Drifters

Rudy Lewis-Vocals Recorded January 22, 1963 in NYC Produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Released April 1963 8 weeks on the charts, peaking at # 9

Stevie Wonder

The blind and multitalented Steveland Morris who was rechristened Little Stevie Wonder By Gordy after he signed with Motown. His first #1 hit was "fingertips". He renegotiated his contract so he received complete artist control, more money and by this time he was playing nearly all the instruments himself

Teen Idols

The clean-cut, whole-some, white singers that the major labels promoted in he late 1950's and early 1960's to counter the success of the independent labels. They were as socially acceptable as possible. They were "Boy Next Door" good looks. Many of them were of Italian ancestry. They did not write their own songs. Typical songs contained little to no beat, lavish orchestration, and nonsexual, safe romantic themes of idealistic teen love. Popular artists include Avalon, Paul Anka, Francis, and Rickey Nelson.

Dick Dale and the Del-Tones

The first important surf band. They had the first "surf" hit, "Let's Go Trippin'". Dick Dale became the "King of Surf Guitar".

The Backlash from Rock and Roll

The first of these was backlash from alarmed religious, parental and white supremacist groups who began warning about the breakdown of morals and the poisoning of impressionable young minds that rock and roll was causing. Some thought rock and roll was a communist plot. The ugliest of the backlash came from where sex and race intersected. Rock and Roll is "sexualistic, unmoralistic, and brings people of both races together."

The Righteous Brothers

The group Phil Spector turned to after the British Invasion killed of the Girl Groups. They recored "You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling" (success) and "River Deep, Mountain High"(fail). After the failure Spector sank into reclusiveness and resurfaced with the Beatles and Ramones.

The Supremes

The most commercially successful of all the Motown groups. They worked with HDH. Diana Ross was an important signers in the group. she had a sultry and dramatic vocal style. and attention centered around Ross.

The Beach Boys

The most famous surf group. Consisted of 3 brothers, Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love and family friend Al Jardine. The Wilson's father Murry was a frustrated part-time songwriter who was physically and emotionally abusive to his sons, often punishing them with beatings or humiliation. (Brian's ear might have been damaged during one of these). This may have been a factor in his preference for monaural mixes, although he was a devotee of Phil Spector, who also preferred a monaural over stereo. They originally called themselves the Pendletones. Their regional hit, "surfin'" helped them score a contract with Capital Records. Hurry remained their manager. The combined the driving rock and guitar licks of Chuck Berry with lush vocal harmonies of the Four Freshmen. The subjects of their songs were girls, cars, hanging out with schoolmates, and surfing. The primary song writer was Brian. They could never escape their clean-cut image.

Woody Guthrie

The most important early folder singer. he lived an impoverished childhood. His sitter died nan explosion, his emoter was committed to an insane asylum, and was on his own living on the streets t 13 At 25 he began a lifelong crusade to her band the common folk together to fight for their rights through unions and other organizations. He had a unique talking blues style of half singing half speaking.

Burt Bacharach and Hal David

The most prolific pop songwriting team of the last half of the 20th century. They met in the Brill Building in 1957. Their first hit was Marty Robbins "The Story of My Life". Bacaharch wrote the music (interesting key changes, and odd meters). David wrote the lyrics (adult-oriented, straightforward, clever). They began focusing on Dionne Warwick who recorded more than 60 of their songs and 23 of those hit the top 40. They never wrote about social or political change.

Holland/Dozier/Holland (HDH)

The most successful of Gordy's writers was this team. They mad 46 Top 40 hits including 12 #1's. Gordy assigned them to the Supremes in 1964. The melodies were Dozier and Eddie Holland was the lyrics (other Brian).

Brian Wilson

The most talented of the sons (in the beach boys). He was the primary songwriter for the Beach Boys. Capitol put a lot of pressure on him to write as many songs as possible. The emotional stress of writing hit songs, producing, arranging, singing, and touring became so overwhelming, in December of 1964 he made the decision to stop touring with the band. He started to use hallucinogens and marijuana heavily. He was unstable mentally. In 1965 he began working on the monumental achievement of his career, the album Pet Sounds.

Wrecking Crew

The musicians that packed the Gold Star Studios Recording Label that created the Wall of Sound for Phil Spector became known as this.

Girl Group

The name given to the young female groups that emerged in the early 1960's, primarily through the promotion of Phil Spector. Story lines for girl groups usually included references to boyfriends and the worthlessness of the girls' lives without them. They were eventually kicked of by the British Invasion.

Payola

The practice of bribes (in the form of gifts, favors, or cash) made by record labels to get DJs to play their songs. Variety Magazine coined the term in 1938. This was not "illegal" at the time, but it was at least a dubious enterprise. Congress decided to investigate the issue in 1959, to score points with those who hated rock and roll. The investigation found that 355 DJ's had been paid "consulting" fees totaling $263,245. The focus of the committee quickly turned to Dick Clark and Alan Freed.

Daily Variety's Casting Call

The ultimate manifestation of industry-manufactured pop came in 1965 when this magazine placed an add announcing a casting all for "Folk and rock musicians-singers for acting roles in a new TV series: Running parts for four insane boys 17-24". This idea came after the Beatles film "A hard days night". The Monkees were born. They broke up after the TV Show was handed and the band members complained that they were not allowed to play their own instruments on recordings.

Minimalism

The use of short repeating musical phrases to create a hypnotic effect. The peeling away most of the melodic and harmonic elements and putting most of the emphasis on rhythm. The melodic instruments int he band (guitar, bass and horns) played on and two bar repeating phrases in short, staccato fashion, which along with syncopated drum patterns produced created dense and hypnotic dance beats. This later became a spate for funk and rap. Brown dispensed with with tradition verse/chorus and was in favor of more open-ended elastic form. This is accompanied with shrikes, screams, grunts, and wails.

Kingston Trio

They sang Tom Dooley and played folk music that was pop oriented without much trace of political protests.

Philadelphia's Role 1960's

This city played an important role in the pop music industry in the early 1960's.

The Four Tops

This group of students secured a contract from Chess Records and signed with Motown in 1963. They were jazz oriented and then switched their style to R&B when they hooked up with HDH. Their sons was gritty lead vocal of Stubbs pleading and wailing over the creamy backup vocals.

Aldon Music

This is one of the most important businesses in the era of Brill Building Pop. They were located across the street from the building itself. Founded in 1958 by songwriters Al Nevins and Dan Kirshner, who preferred their songwriters to write in pairs of 2(many of these pairs got married). Many of the songs were stories of idealistic teenage love. However, "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" was more direct and is about premarital sex.

Los Angeles in the 1960's

This music scene had long been vibrant throughout the 20th century as the home of hundreds of jazz, blues, and R&B nightclubs scattered along Central Avenue and throughout the city. This will become the center of record production by the end of the 1960's. Phil Spector is the man who became the most important independent producer in pop music in the early 1960's and perhaps more than anyone else helped create this city as a record industry.

The Ed Sullivan Show

This show was one air from 1948-1971 and was one of the most-watched programs on TV, was particularly important for rock artists to gain national visibility. He was strictly with his censorship policies. Artists that appear on the show include Elvis Presley, The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones.

Music Cut #20 "Respect" (Otis Redding) Aretha Franklin

Vocal/Piano: Aretha Franklin Recorded on February 14, 1967 at Atlantic Studios, NY NY Produced by Jerry Wexler Released on April 1967 12 weeks on the charts peaked at #1 this was originally record by Otis Redding for Stax and she took possession of the song with her cover.

Music Cut #16: "I Got a Woman" (Ray Charles/Renald Richard)- Ray Charles

Vocals/Piano: Ray Charles Recorded November 18 1954 at WGST Radio in Atlanta GA. Produced by Ahmet Ertegun and Jerry Weller Released on January 1955 on Atlantic Peaked #1 R&B This is the archetype of a new music that had no name(it became the blueprint for soul).

Music Cut #14: "You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling" (Phil Spector/Barrry Mann/Cynthia Well)- The Righteous Brothers

Vocals: Bill Medley, Bobbie Hatfield Backing Musicians: The Wrecking Crew Recorded August-November 1964 at Gold Star Studios LA Produced by Phil Spector Released December 1964 on Philles 16 weeks on the charts peaking at #1

Music Cut #18 "Where Did Our Love Go" (HDH) - The Supremes

Vocals: Diana ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballar Rhythm Section: Funk Brothers Recorded April 8, 1964 at Motown Studios, Detroit MI Produced by HDH Released June 17, 1964 13weeks on charts, peaked at #1 first hit for the supremes and HDH

Music Cut #17: "Cold Sweat" (James Brown/Alfred Ellis)- James Brown

Vocals: James Brown Recorded May 1967 at King Studios Cincinnati OH Produced by James Brown Released on July 1967 on King 8 weeks on charts peaking at #7 great example of minimalism

Music Cut #19: "Soul Man" (Isaac Hayes/David Porter) - Sam and Dave

Vocals: Same Moore and David Prater Piano: Issac Hayes Recorded August 10, 1967 at Stax Studios, Memphis TN Produced by Issac Hayes and David Porter Released September 1967 on Stax 15 weeks on the charts peaking #2 highest charting hit for sam and dave.

Music Cut #12: "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" (Carole King/Gerry Goffin)-The Shirelles

Vocals: Shirley Owens, Addie Harris, Beverly Lee, Doris Coely Recorded 1960 in NYC Produced by Luther Dixon Released November 1960 on Scepter 19 weeks on the charts, peaking at #1 Song about premarital sex, apart of Aldon Music

Music Cut #13: "Walk on By" (Burt Bacharach/Hal David) - Dionne Warwick

Vocals?: Dionne Warwick Recorded November 1963 at Bell Sound Studios in NYC Produced by Bacharach and David Released April 1964 on Scepter 13 Weeks on the charts, peaking at #6

Wilson Pickett

signed with atlantic until Jerry Weller bro him to Stax in May of 1965. He was known as "Wicked Pickett" for his roughly hewn aggressive style and husky voice.

Peter, Paul and Mary

they made their debut performance an New grok's Bitter End. The became the most popular folk group and were involved in many social issues.