History of Soccer Final part 1

Chelsea Headhunters dates

1960s-1995 (Chelsea Shed boys) 1995-Present (Chelsea Headhunters) hooliganism

NASL Date

1968-1984

Fossa dei Leoni dates

1968-2005

Football War date

1969

Mexican Association of Women's Football date

1971

Mexican Association of Women's Football

1971 Unofficial Women's World Cup Fifa claims women's game ● Equal or different? ● FIFA then wants to assess the strength of the women's game, and did not want any mixing between men and women's game.

Title IX date

1972

Title IX

1972 No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance Now it comes down to the differences in pay between the two gendered sports. David Goldblatt, the author of the ball is round, believes that women players don't need to be paid more, men need to be paid less. He is more concerned about stadium workers like ticket people or custodians being underpaid around the world. ● The politics of sexuality ● From muscular Christian men to heteronormativity?

United States Youth Soccer Association date

1974

Polla Gol Date

1975

Intersoccer4 Dates

1978-1982

Football Supporters Association date

1985

David Murray date

1988

Bosman Ruling date

1995

50+1 Rule date

1998

Bosman Ruling

A European Court of Justice decision made on 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid Deregulation and Bosman 1995 - this gave freedom of movement of players within Europe This ties into neoliberal soccer economics

David Murray

Ayr born Scottish businessman, involved in football, basketball and metals. at Rangers 1988 In the 80s, businessman were starting to buy clubs in the hope that they could be profitable businesses A new generation of entrepreneurial owners Before this point, clubs were not bought by businessmen, they were owned by local elites.

Ydnekatchew Tessema

During the racially segregated footballing of the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, Yidnekachew translated the rules of soccer into Amharic language for the Native Sports Office.[1] The year following the end of the occupation, Yidnekachew led the establishment of an official sports federation. He is considered as one of the country's biggest sporting heroes. He played and coached Ethiopian clubs and teams and founded the modern Ethiopian Sports office at age 22. As a player, he spent his entire career at Saint-George SA in Addis Ababa, joining the youth team in 1935 at age 14 He was the leader of the struggle that expelled apartheid South Africa from African Football in 1960, from the Olympics in 1971 and from FIFA in 1976. was instrumental in founding member of the Confederation of African Football[3] (CAF) in the late 1950s. He served CAF as the deputy president between 1964 and 1972 and as the President between 1972 and 1987. He was also member of the African Sport Congress, International Olympics Committee,[4] FIFA and President of the African Olympics Committee.

Ballon D'or Dates

European only - 1956 Inclusive date - 1995

North American Soccer League

In 1967, two professional soccer leagues started in the United States: the FIFA-sanctioned United Soccer Association, which consisted of entire European and South American teams brought to the U.S. and given local names, and the unsanctioned National Professional Soccer League. Soccer and the long boom was the top-level major professional soccer league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1968 to 1984. It was the first soccer league to be successful on a national scale in the United States. The league was headed by Commissioner Phil Woosnam from 1969 to 1983. Television began to gain tration for brand deals and the NASl attracted the: The golden boys This is the first generation (60s, 70s) who all got agents, brands, and commercials. This includes pele, george best, johan cruyff, beckenbauer ... There was no maximum wage so they also got lots of money. Cruyff actually handled his own contracts. Even though the nedherlands was sponsored by adidas, cruyff wore puma

Football War

Many people emigrated from el salvador to honduras to find land to work on. Blamed for their economic crisis was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence "100 Hour War"), which took full effect on 18 July. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August. The military and states of emergency ○ Honduras (1963-1981) ○ Brazil (1964-1985) ○ Peru ○ Uruguay ○ Chile pinochet, and estadio nacional... Pinochet is installed in Chile by the U.S. in 1973. PInochet's army goes on a sweep and rounds up chilean leftists and detained them in camps (250,000). The largest detention camp was in the stadium (estadio nacional). They were tortured, and executed. (The soviet union is against the america's coup, stating its an example of america's imperialism). ○ Argentina Argentina, el proceso, the disappeared, 1978 World Cup... There is a civil war going on between right and left in Argentina. In 1976 a military coup takes over and establish rule. Two years after the coup, argentina hosts 1978 world cup. Cruyff refused to play in world cup since there were leftist argentinians being tortured and help in detention camps (like in chile). ● Developmental state vs neoliberalism

Intersoccer4

Patrick Nally is a British entrepreneur and specialist consultant, widely acknowledged as the 'founding father' of modern sports marketing[1][2][3] and a principal pioneer of today's sports business industry After the 1978 World Cup, West Nally was awarded rights to all FIFA and UEFA competitions, including the European Cup Final, the European Nations Cup and the World Champions' Gold Cup, which the agency marketed together in a four-year package called the 'InterSoccer4'. Guaranteeing sponsors category exclusivity, advertising exposure, tickets and VIP access, after its successful implementation in the lead-up to the 1982 World Cup in Spain, the 'InterSoccer' model rapidly became the new industry standard by which sponsorship rights to international sporting events were administered. Signalling what has been called "sport's Big Bang Moment", the InterSoccer program's offer of a package of rights to multiple tournaments over several years is still today widely emulated across the sports business industry. According to SportBusiness International magazine, the concept became "the lingua franca of sports marketing for the next 20 years,", confirming Patrick Nally as "in many respects, the man who made the World Cup what it is today". While the world's largest sports tournament grew to signify a multi-billion dollar sponsorship proposition, Nally oversaw the InterSoccer program's evolution through the 1986 and 1990 competitions, held respectively in Mexico and Italy, before helping to establish a dedicated company to host the 1994 World Cup in the US.

George Weah

President of Liberia The new stars of African football ○ Liberia premier League 1985-1988 ○ Monaco, PSG, AC Milan, Chelsea ○ African Player of year 1989, 1990, 1994, Ballon d'Or 1995 ○ Retires at 37 in 2003 ○ Humanitarian/development work ○ Presidential campaigns in 2005 and 2011, elected to Senate in 2014 and became president in 2018

Ballon d'Or

Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or in 1956 Prior to 1995, the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award. Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot, the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year, based on voting by football journalists. Originally it was an award for players from Europe. In 1995 the Ballon d'Or was expanded to include all players from any origin that have been active at European clubs.[1][2] The award became a global prize in 2007 with all professional footballers from around the world being eligible. Milan's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in the year that rules of eligibility were changed.[2] Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later.[2] Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo have won the award a record five times each.

Asian Women Football Confederation

The Asian Football Confederation was founded on 8 May 1954. Afghanistan, Burma (Myanmar), Republic of China (Chinese Taipei), Hong Kong, Iran, India, Israel, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore and South Vietnam were founding members.[4][5] The AFC is the second oldest football competition in the world, with only four teams competing with each other in Hong Kong[6] The Asian Ladies Football Confederation (ALFC) is the section of the AFC who manage women's football in Asia. The group was independently founded in April 1968 in a meeting involving Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore. In 1986 the ALFC merged with the AFC.[7] The Asian Ladies Football Confederation helped organize the AFC Women's Asian Cup, first held in 1975 ● Asian exports to Europe ● Players ● Merchandise ● TV audience and sponsorship ● Capital and owners ● Sun ji Hai came from China to the English Premier League and was the first east asian footballer to score in the Premier League. He's the first asian player to get big money from a European team. ● Many asian businesses sponsor on english premier league teams jerseys. ● Conclusion ● The game arrives in ASia big time from 1990s ● With arrival of neoliberalism-style Asian-state sponsored marketization ● Asia as Europe's new market, or Europe as Asias? ● Will the 21 Century be dominated by Asian football or is it over-leveraged and about to implode?

United States Youth Soccer Association

The birth of youth soccer -- thru parent & coach volunteers, develop in white suburban neighborhoods (time of white flight to suburbs) a. Dual-income families → proliferation of afterschool activities → soccer 2. American Youth Soccer Organization 1964 -- noncompetitive games for white suburban families (less competitive than baseball, less violent than football → see soccer as a safer alternative) 3. US Youth Soccer Association 1974 -- competitive games 4. High school soccer 5. The birth of the Soccer Mom 6. Professionalizing coaching? Standardize coaching from the programs & bring it back to local clubs The legacy of Thomas Arnold 5. Amateur athletes? Student first, athlete second 6. Going pro Pay to play & the absence of clubs, white flight, & tuition hikes

Hijab ban

The politics of race ● Racism and the white, male revolt of the 1970s ● In the 1970s, black men began to play a lot of Europe like in Belgium, France, England. Former colonial subjects were recruited to Europe to work jobs that white people did not want to do. Decolonization of those european empires create civil wars in newly independent post-colonies. Therefore you have refugees and labor migrants settling in Europe. ● Hijab ban 2007 ● Right to Wear and FIFPro campaign 2011 ● 2014 ban lifted

50+1 Rule, DFB

there were billionaires overseas that started to buy teams ○ Chelsea is the first team to bought out by an overseas owner in 2008 ○ The one exception in this transformation in Europe is Germany (out of the big 5 leagues in Europes: Italy, England, France, Spain, Germany)... This is because Germany used to be owned by nonprofit associations. Germans were worried about the interests of foreign investors so they instilled a rule where foreigners could own a majority of a German club (only up to 49%)... this german rule is still in place in 1998 when clubs opened up to become public or privately owed companies, the 50+1 rule was enacted to keep voting rights of clubs national majority interests

Football Supporters Association

was created as an attempt to get representation of supporters in 1985. Many policies were set into place after chaos and violence began to overrun clubs with fans who felt entitled to their team and stadium. Much of this is fueled by poor economic conditions, drugs, rising pop culture in 60s,70s. 4 years later, 1989, 96 people die at Hillsborough with liverpool playing another team in FA cup semi final. The police lose control of the Liverpool fans. The next day, rupert murdoch's "the sun" criticizes fans again. This is the story of the end of violent British fan culture. Out of this, fences are removed, soccer is commercialized, premier league soccer, calm affluent fans, etc Global crises of 1970s ● Birth of a new type of fan associated with youthful revolt ● The invention of the hooligan ● New forms of militarized policing and criminalization of fans ● The reinvention of the fan as consumer

Polla Gol

○ Chile pinochet, and estadio nacional... Pinochet is installed in Chile by the U.S. in 1973. PInochet's army goes on a sweep and rounds up chilean leftists and detained them in camps (250,000). The largest detention camp was in the stadium (estadio nacional). They were tortured, and executed. (The soviet union is against the america's coup, stating its an example of america's imperialism). Pinochet turned to chilean economists named "the chicago Boys" who planned things for pinochet like budget cuts, limitations on trade unions, lowering taxes, and they took away capital controls to try to attract overseas investments. Chile became a laboratory of these new sets of policies. Pinochet loved soccer, but also realized soccer was vital of rebuilding a sense of unity after the civil war. ● Chile had three governing bodies after the civil war. He created a government department for sports. He told them they had to come up with a way to rebuild soccer throughout chile (attendance was falling and players went overseas since clubs were poor). ● They created the Polla Gol (1975) which was gambling for soccer. They ran a lottery, people bought tickets, and someone wins. They would tax the finals price money and it was given to clubs to buy players and build clubs.

Fossa dei Leoni or Chelsea Headhunters

● "A slum game played in slum stadiums watched by slum people" ● In the 1970s, there was a rise in employment and inflation because of the recession of the 1970s and also because of oil crisis. ● Attendance fell everywhere, except italy and spain. ● In 1960s and 70s, fans become more fanatical. They were wild and crowded in clusters in stadiums. Keep in mind they were still a minority of fans. ● This is the first time fans began to claims spaces in stadiums (behind the goal). This is also the first time fans traveled together to away stadiums. Fans also began to bring flags and banners to stadiums to show their loyalty to the club. ● Transformation of fan culture in england In the 1980s, English policies are turning racist. Much of this is fueled by poor economic conditions, drugs, rising pop culture in 60s,70s. There is widespread racism amongst the gang and links to various white supremacist organisations, such as Combat 18 and the National Front. The gang also became affiliated with Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisations, such as the Ulster Defence Association and Ulster Volunteer Force.[1] In Italy Established in 1968, it was the first ultras group to form in Italy The association was born originally as a group when a group of young supporters started to meet on ramp 18 of popular sectors of San Siro stadium, in Milan, wearing the uniform of A.C. Milan and taking to the stadium flags and confetti. The name was chosen due to the nickname of old A.C. Milan's stadium.