History of Structures - Final Exam Study Set
Calatrava's structures are unique and visionary. One example is the World Trade Center Transit Hub. Is this an example of structural art? a) true b) false
b) false
Modern engineers can't design a skyscraper to resist the impact of a large commercial airplane. a) true b) false
b) false
The Willis (Sears) Tower and the Burj Khalifa have the same basic engineering structural system (bundled tubes). a) true b) false
b) false
Cables are most effective in a) in tension b) in bending c) in compression d) as arches
a) in tension
Who is Zaha Hadid? a) A world famous architect who was born in Iraq b) Calatrava's wife c) Calatrava's classmate d) The designer of the original World Trade Center
a) A world famous architect who was born in Iraq
Which of the following contributed to the Brooklyn Bridge? a) All three Roeblings: John, Washington, Emily b) John Roebling c) Washington Roebling d) Emily Roebling
a) All three Roeblings: John, Washington, Emily
What is Gustave Magnel best known for? a) Bringing prestressed concrete to the United States with the Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge b) Developing segmental bridge design c) Designing concrete bridges that were destroyed in World War II d) Having built record bridges with no formal engineering training
a) Bringing prestressed concrete to the United States with the Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge
Why does the Washington Monument have a slight change in stone color about one third of the way up from the base? a) Completion was delayed so long that the original quarry could not be used for the remaining stone b) Lt. Col. Casey wanted to show a distinct difference between the end of the early construction led by Mills and the new construction that he led c) It's a mystery d) The upper two thirds of the structure takes higher wind forces
a) Completion was delayed so long that the original quarry could not be used for the remaining stone
Which is considered Fazlur Khan's greatest contribution? a) Development of structural types (still used today) that allowed efficiency in tall buildings b) The design of Burj Kalifa c) The vision for the Empire State Building d) Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower)
a) Development of structural types (still used today) that allowed efficiency in tall buildings
Why did we study Calatrava in the section on Engineering Ethics? a) Economy and serviceability are tied to ethic design b) He specifies materials that can only be produced by his friends c) He has to use bribes in many of the countries where he has structures
a) Economy and serviceability are tied to ethic design
We considered Calatrava's bridge, Ponte della Constituzione, in Venice, Italy. It is an impressive structure. Given the three major requirements for a work to be structural art, which of the following does this structure achieve (check all that apply). a) Elegance b) Safety & serviceability c) Efficiency & economy
a) Elegance
Which of the following is the best description of Santiago Calatrava? a) He believes the beauty and vision of his work is most important b) He nearly always delivers projects on time c) He nearly always delivers projects on budget d) His structures tend to blend well with their surroundings
a) He believes the beauty and vision of his work is most important
Which of the following best describes Robert Maillart?Select ALL that apply a) He learned from bridges he designed and continued to look for ways to improve future designs b) He preferred the Renaissance look using facades for his bridges c) He had no formal engineering training d) His ego was such that he would only design bridges for major cities such as Zurich, Switzerland e) He was the first to use reinforced concrete to it's best advantage in bridges
a) He learned from bridges he designed and continued to look for ways to improve future designs e) He was the first to use reinforced concrete to it's best advantage in bridges
Menn began using very wide box girders with overhangs. What technical design component allowed him to do this? a) He prestressed the box girders not only in the longitudinal direction, but also in the transverse direction so that the overhangs were prestressed b) He made the overhangs as thin as possible so their weight would not cause failure c) He prestressed the columns/piers along with the box girders d) He included an internal bracing system to support the overhangs
a) He prestressed the box girders not only in the longitudinal direction, but also in the transverse direction so that the overhangs were prestressed
What was a major strength that Eiffel had that enabled him to successfully finish a tower that was nearly double that of the previous record breaking Washington Monument? a) He was both an excellent designer and onsite manager/builder b) He partnered with the world's top architects c) He had vast experience with towers from his days as a stone mason d) He relied on instinct rather than detailed calculations
a) He was both an excellent designer and onsite manager/builder
What was the construction process that allowed the Sears tower to have economical fabrication? a) Large prefabricated sections b) Precast concrete sections c) Slip form construction d) Tower cranes
a) Large prefabricated sections
Why was the Industrial Revolution important in developing longer span structures? a) Metal (iron) became available as a material and power moved from animal driven to steam/coal driven b) Iron workers wanted to advertise their skills so they volunteered to work on iron bridges c) Engineers now had access to more stone to build heavy arch bridges
a) Metal (iron) became available as a material and power moved from animal driven to steam/coal driven
Which of the following is NOT an Eiffel Bridge? a) Mungstener b) Pia Maria c) Viaduct at Rouzat d) Garabit Viaduct
a) Mungstener
Which of the designers in this section most influenced the concept of Structural Art and learning from previous bridges to improve. a) Telford b) Stephenson c) Brunel
a) Telford
What event triggered the start of the skyscraper movement? a) The 1871 Chicago Fire b) Fazlur Khan's completion of his PhD c) The formation of the firm of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill d) The economic boom in St. Louis
a) The 1871 Chicago Fire
The Burj Khalifa is in Dubai. What country is Dubai in? a) The United Arab Emirates b) Kuwait c) Saudi Arabia d) Malaysia
a) The United Arab Emirates
Why were the columns of the Citicorp Tower not placed in the corners at ground level? a) The designer had to work around a church b) The architect thought it looked unique c) It allowed wind to move through the structure more easily d) There were issues with underground utilities to avoid
a) The designer had to work around a church
Which of the following would be an example of an accurate critique of Brunel's Saltash Bridge? a) The form is ambiguous because it is not clear what is the primary load carrying component b) The bridge was not stout enough to carry the high railway forces along with wind c) The lenticular form is one of the most structural efficient forms
a) The form is ambiguous because it is not clear what is the primary load carrying component
What is the Second Chicago School? a) The time period between 1964-1985 of skyscraper development in Chicago b) The college where Goldsmith, Khan and Graham taught c) The architectural period that started the skyscraper movement d) The period marked by the completion of the Empire State Building
a) The time period between 1964-1985 of skyscraper development in Chicago
If a beam is supported on each end and begins to bend under gravity loads, which of the following is true? a) The top experiences compression and the bottom experiences tension b) It can only experience compression c) The top experiences tension and the bottom experiences compression d) It can only experience tension
a) The top experiences compression and the bottom experiences tension
Comparing the Eiffel Tower and the Washington Monument, which of the following do they have in common? a) They symbolize the rise of democracy b) They represented their city's stature as a leader of the industrial revolution c) Their design is dominated by resisting wind forces d) They represented a new structural form in an old city
a) They symbolize the rise of democracy
What is the main reason steel reinforcement is used in concrete? a) To increase the tensile capacity of reinforced concrete b) To increase the compressive capacity of reinforced concrete c) To provide corrosion protection for the concrete d) So that you don't have to use as much form work to cast the concrete
a) To increase the tensile capacity of reinforced concrete
What is the feature that the John Hancock Tower is most known for? a) Visible exterior structural diagonal bracing b) A unique non-structural facade c) It was the first significant tall steel building d) It is the tallest building in Chicago
a) Visible exterior structural diagonal bracing
Who was the engineer that designed the Citicorp Tower? a) William LeMessurier b) Leslie Robertson c) Santiago Calatrava d) Zaha Hadid
a) William LeMessurier
What is prestressed concrete? a) concrete that is loaded to high stress in the same direction as anticipated loads b) concrete that is precompressed with reinforcement c) concrete that undergoes fatigue stresses d) concrete that has a steel skin around the outside
b) concrete that is precompressed with reinforcement
What was the structural issue with the Citicorp Tower that was discovered? a) Wind loads coming at the corners of the building were not considered in the design b) The design code for wind wasn't followed c) Chevron bracing is not effective for wind loads d) It is impossible to design for wind when the columns are not placed at the corners
a) Wind loads coming at the corners of the building were not considered in the design
What repair was done to the Citicorp Tower to deal with the design flaw? a) additional plates welded to the connection in the chevron bracing b) Addition of a tuned mass damper after hours c) strengthening of the base level columns d) removal of the exterior facade so the bracing could be accessed
a) additional plates welded to the connection in the chevron bracing
Of the choices below, which should come first in considering the design of a very tall building? a) basic calculations to understand the feasibility of the proposed structure b) an advanced finite element model of the structure c) detailed calculations of the wind load d) the final choice of material
a) basic calculations to understand the feasibility of the proposed structure
Which of the following building materials needs the least fireproofing material applied to meet building codes? a) concrete b) wood c) steel
a) concrete
What is a key to the Eiffel Tower being so light for its size? a) extremely efficient use of material b) reliance on solid iron members instead of trusses c) the arch shapes at the base d) the lack of cross-bracing in the structure
a) extremely efficient use of material
What is Freysinnet best known for? a) he made prestressed concrete feasible by understanding how to overcome creep b) he designed the most bridges that were prestressed concrete structural art c) he patented the first seven wire prestressing strand d) he was an amazing teacher of structural engineering including prestressed concrete
a) he made prestressed concrete feasible by understanding how to overcome creep
David Billington is a) the engineering professor that defined structural art b) an architectural professor at Princeton c) a well known sculptor d) the designer of the Washington Monument
a) the engineering professor that defined structural art
The Romans used blood and horsehair in their concrete to get desirable properties a) true b) false
a) true
If all of the metal in the Eiffel Tower were melted and formed into a solid sphere, what would be the approximate diameter of the sphere? a) 100 meters b) 12 meters c) 25 meters d) 50 meters
b) 12 meters
A rubber band exhibits what type of behavior a) Flexural strength b) Ductile c) Brittle d) Torsional fracture
b) Ductile
Which of the following best describes Thomas Telford? a) He avoiding critiquing other's works b) He endeavored to follow the tenants of structural art: efficiency, elegance, economy c) He suffered from low self-esteem d) All of his bridges included a significant portion of cast iron
b) He endeavored to follow the tenants of structural art: efficiency, elegance, economy
Menn preferred to avoid expansion joints in his bridges due to the need for significant maintenance. What was his solution to deal with expansion due to temperature changes? a) He didn't need them because it's always cold in Switzerland b) He used the curvature of the structure to absorb the geometry changes c) He used a special apparatus with overlapping metal "teeth" to accommodate the expansion/contraction d) He included three hinges
b) He used the curvature of the structure to absorb the geometry changes
On the bridges he designed near the end of his life, Maillart began changing the shape of the cross walls on his arch bridges. What was his main reason for this? a) He felt that an "X" shape most closely represented the type of repetition found in nature b) He was looking for a shape that matched the loads (moment diagram) c) He was trying to please the art community d) The shapes were easier to form with wood
b) He was looking for a shape that matched the loads (moment diagram)
Both Maillart and Menn designed concrete arch bridges in Switzerland. What was a major technical difference in some of Menn's arch bridges from Maillart's bridges? a) Menn didn't need formwork b) Menn used prestressing for longer spans and less material c) Menn designed curved bridges while Maillart's arches were straight d) Menn's arches were more elegant
b) Menn used prestressing for longer spans and less material
Where would you put the steel reinforcement in a cantilever beam with a point load at the end? a) Reinforcement should not be used in cantilever beams b) Near the top of the beam c) Near the bottom of the beam d) As close to the center of the beam as possible
b) Near the top of the beam
Which of the following are concrete arch bridges designed by Menn? Select all that apply. a) Plougastel Arch Bridge b) Reichenau Bridge c) Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge d) Salginatobel Bridge e) Crot Bridge f) Nanin Bridge
b) Reichenau Bridge e) Crot Bridge f) Nanin Bridge
Concrete is a) The grey powder that is mixed with water and rocks for building bridges b) Stronger in compression than in tension c) Much heavier than steel for the same volume d) Stronger in tension than in compression
b) Stronger in compression than in tension
What is an issue with the aesthetics of the Ganter Bridge that deters from its value as Structural Art? a) The lack of symmetry b) The lack of consideration from the view of a driver crossing the bridge c) The absence of curvature of the roadway that Menn used in his other bridges d) The lack of consideration of the side view of the bridge from afar
b) The lack of consideration from the view of a driver crossing the bridge
The death toll in the earthquake in Japan in 2011 was high primarily because of which of the following? a) collapse of buildings b) a massive Tsunami c) the meltdown of Fukushima d) collapsing bridges
b) a massive Tsunami
Steel reinforcement is used in concrete to primarily to provide which of the following? a) less corrosion b) additional tensile capacity c) a path for the cracks to follow d) additional compressive capacity
b) additional tensile capacity
What is creep in concrete? a) the ability of concrete to go back to its original shape after load is removed b) continued deformation with load over time c) continued deformation when all load is removed d) the effect of large cracks in concrete
b) continued deformation with load over time
A tall building in the United States is designed for the same earthquake loads no matter where it is located. a) true b) false
b) false
Calatrava is an architect and relies completely on a partner in his firm to understand the technical aspects. a) true b) false
b) false
Very tall buildings (above 100 stories) can only be constructed from steel (not concrete) frames. a) true b) false
b) false
How did Freysinnet counteract creep in his early concrete arch bridges before he was able to fully utilize pressed concrete? a) he doubled the amount of reinforcement b) he put jacks in the arch to push back the deflections due to creep c) he built stronger arches d) he built the arches with an additional camber upward
b) he put jacks in the arch to push back the deflections due to creep
Ulrich Finsterwalder was best known for which two of the following? a) the first prestressed concrete bridge in France b) introducing post-tensioned cantilever construction c) designing the Wabasha bridge d) being Magnel's professor e) showing a prestressed concrete bridge could compete with a steel bridge (demonstrated through the New Mangfall Bridge)
b) introducing post-tensioned cantilever construction e) showing a prestressed concrete bridge could compete with a steel bridge (demonstrated through the New Mangfall Bridge)
Concrete is a) weighs more than steel for the same volume b) made of water, sand, rocks and cement c) is strongest in tension d) the grey power used in projects such as sidewalks
b) made of water, sand, rocks and cement
What are the metal hangers on Swiss bridges used for? a) to support scaffolding for inspection or repair b) places to hang explosives if the bridge needs to be destroyed due to invading troops c) hangers for utilities d) footholds for maintenance workers
b) places to hang explosives if the bridge needs to be destroyed due to invading troops
Which of the following is a social aspect that the Brooklyn Bridge introduced? a) Isolation / division of communities b) A new system to resist wind loads c) A connection of two distinct communities d) A record breaking span
c) A connection of two distinct communities
What is a caisson? a) A series of piles or poles driven into the ground to support the foundation of a bridge pier (tower) b) A series of cables that are used to lower workers to the base of a bridge pier/tower to remove silt and soil c) A watertight chamber that keeps out water through air pressure so that construction can take place under water d) A large mat of concrete that "floats" on the soil below to support a bridge pier/tower
c) A watertight chamber that keeps out water through air pressure so that construction can take place under water
What was the disease that workers in the caissons died from during the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge? (Washington Roebling was also paralyzed due to this.) a) Altitude sickness b) Scurvy c) Caisson's disease (also known as the bends) d) Black lung
c) Caisson's disease (also known as the bends)
What type of structure is Maillart most known for? a) Suspension bridges with concrete towers b) Steel arch bridges c) Concrete arch bridges d) Railroad bridges
c) Concrete arch bridges
Thomas Telford is most well known for which of the following structures? a) London Bridge b) Saltash Bridge (lenticular truss) c) Craigellachie d) Iron Bridge
c) Craigellachie
Which of the following is a bridge by Eiffel? a) Brooklyn Bridge b) Eads Bridge c) Garabit Viaduct d) Bayonne Bridge
c) Garabit Viaduct
If I have a beam that has the same amount of material, which shape (cross-section) is stiffer in flexure: a) Solid square b) Solid circle c) Hollow box d) A wide, thin rectangle
c) Hollow box
Which of the following is NOT true about Stephenson's Britannia bridge. a) It was heavily damaged by a fire and had to be partially rebuilt b) It was originally intended to be a suspension bridge c) It is much more efficient than the Saltash Bridge
c) It is much more efficient than the Saltash Bridge
Why did Maillart move to the "broken arch" design for the Felsegg, Vessy, Lachen, and Garstatt bridges? a) It was more resistant to avalanches b) It was more visually appealing to non-engineers c) It more accurately represented the moment diagram d) It hid the center hinge of the 3 hinged arch form
c) It more accurately represented the moment diagram
Which is a technical benefit of the "double column" arrangement that Menn used in the Felsenau bridge? a) The double column is the only option for box beam structures with heavy loads b) Double columns are much easier to construct than other options c) It provided a wider launching platform for casting segments during construction by the balanced cantilever method d) Temperature effects don't have to be considered
c) It provided a wider launching platform for casting segments during construction by the balanced cantilever method
Which of the following is true about the Eiffel Tower? a) The artists and poets in France at the time were very supportive of it b) It moved to Dijon, France after 20 years c) It was so popular during the World's Fair in Paris that Eiffel recouped the majority of his investment the first year d) It was Eiffel's first major engineering structure
c) It was so popular during the World's Fair in Paris that Eiffel recouped the majority of his investment the first year
Which of the following is characteristic of Eiffel's bridges? a) Use of only trusses and no arch forms b) They are all painted red c) Piers (columns) that grew wider toward the base d) Concrete or stone piers (columns)
c) Piers (columns) that grew wider toward the base
With the Salvanei Bridge, Menn moved from the stiffened arch form to a box girder bridge form. What was the primary technical reason he made this change? a) The box girders were the only option in highly rugged terrain b) He wanted to be able to design multi-span bridges with all of the spans of the same length c) Prestressing allowed him to have long spans with the box beams without needing the arch to support the span d) He thought the box girder bridges were more elegant
c) Prestressing allowed him to have long spans with the box beams without needing the arch to support the span
Hardy Cross is attributed as the author of this quote: "Strength is essential but otherwise unimportant." Which of the following best represents the meaning? a) Beauty is in the eye of the beholder b) strength is unimportant compared to beauty c) Strength is required, but there is much more beyond that to consider d) Strength should not be a main consideration
c) Strength is required, but there is much more beyond that to consider
Which of the following is true? a) Architects by definition are structural artists b) Engineers cannot be structural artists since this is the role of only architects c) Structural artists design to meet efficiency, elegance and economy d) A structure is considered structural art if is aesthetically pleasing regardless of the cost
c) Structural artists design to meet efficiency, elegance and economy
Which of the following is a bridge designed by John Roebling? a) The Hell Gate Bridge in New York City b) The Golden Gate Bridge c) The Cincinnati Bridge d) The Wheeling Bridge
c) The Cincinnati Bridge
The Saginatobel Bridge (which is now an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark) is widely considered to be a masterpiece of structural art and Maillart's finest bridge. Maillart did not agree. Why not? a) It was an imitation of the Renaissance period b) It was too costly c) The three hinged art form was not clearly represented d) It contained too much material
c) The three hinged art form was not clearly represented
John Roebling added wires tying the Niagara River Bridge to the ground for what reason? a) To mimic the look of the Wheeling Bridge b) To try out the new wire rope that his company was making c) To avoid issues with wind loads d) To improve the aesthetics
c) To avoid issues with wind loads
To be safe, structures are designed to carry more load than they should actually carry. They are also designed to fail preferably in what way if they do reach their limit? a) a brittle failure so that the engineer can precisely predict the failure load b) in torsion since it is a brittle failure c) a ductile failure so there is warning d) by progressive collapse
c) a ductile failure so there is warning
Which of the following is an example of a way of reducing the amplitude of vibrations in a very tall building? a) reinforcing the foundation b) having columns of varying stiffness around the exterior c) a pendulum with a very heavy metal sphere hanging in the building d) putting the mechanical systems on the roof
c) a pendulum with a very heavy metal sphere hanging in the building
Which of the following is a structure? a) a termite mound b) the Eiffel tower c) all of the other answers d) the Statue of Libertye) a chair
c) all of the other answers
For the same span designed the most efficiently possible for a given material, which would be lighter weight? a) neither -- both would weigh the same b) a stone bridge c) an iron bridge
c) an iron bridge
A diving board represents what type of structural form a) shell b) column c) cantilever d) truss
c) cantilever
If buildings of 3 different heights are in the same area during an earthquake, which is likely to have the most damage? a) the tallest building b) a medium sized building c) it depends on the earthquake and building stiffness d) the shortest building
c) it depends on the earthquake and building stiffness
Which of the following are additional considerations for earthquake design that are not part of a typical structural design. Check all that apply. a) live and dead loads b) ductile failure c) load reversal (from vertical acceleration) d) natural frequency of the structure
c) load reversal (from vertical acceleration) d) natural frequency of the structure
Why was Freysinnet able to remove most of the creep effect in the bridge after the first 1-2 years and then not have to repeat this every few years for the life of the bridge? a) he usually put up an extra support at 1-2 years so that the arches could no longer deflect b) he knew people would not be monitoring the bridges after the first 1-2 years c) most of the creep occurs in the first 1-2 years and then the effects taper off d) all of the cracking was complete after 1-2 years
c) most of the creep occurs in the first 1-2 years and then the effects taper off
Which area has the highest likelihood of a damaging earthquake in the next 50 years? a) Florida b) Arizona c) southeastern Missouri d) central Texas
c) southeastern Missouri
If a building's natural frequency is the same as the frequency of the earthquake, what would likely be the result? a) liquefaction would occur b) the building will slide at its base c) violent shaking and collapse of the building d) the two frequencies would counteract each other and the building will be relatively still
c) violent shaking and collapse of the building
What type of bridge best describes the Brooklyn Bridge? a) A lenticular bridge b) An arch bridge c) A truss bridge d) A suspension bridge that also includes stay cables
d) A suspension bridge that also includes stay cables
What was the reason that the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 (magnitude 7.0) caused so much more destruction than the earthquake in Chile in 2010 (magnitude 8.8)? a) Haiti has soil that easily liquifies b) the epicenter of the earthquake in Chile was out in the ocean off the west coast c) the Andes mountains protect Chile from the earthquake fault line d) Chile had designed buildings for seismic load whereas Haiti had very susceptible types of structures
d) Chile had designed buildings for seismic load whereas Haiti had very susceptible types of structures
Which of the following of reinforced concrete? a) A concrete beam that sits on top of concrete columns b) A concrete beam that sits on top of steel columns c) Concrete with extra rocks d) Concrete that contains steel bars
d) Concrete that contains steel bars
Why did Gustav Eiffel shape the Eiffel Tower the way he did? a) It is reminiscent of the obelisk form b) The shape resembles the Fleur de Lis from the French Royal Arms c) It ensures that the gravity loads control the design d) It follows the moment diagram from wind forces
d) It follows the moment diagram from wind forces
Which of the following was the first major prestressed concrete bridge by Freysinnet? a) Villeneuve-sur-Lot b) Plougastel c) Veurdre d) Luzancy
d) Luzancy
John Roebling's personality had a lot to do with his ability to convince others to move forward with building the Brooklyn Bridge. Which of the following is the best description of his personality? a) Quiet and accommodating b) A stickler for the status quo c) Boisterous and affable d) Stern with great will
d) Stern with great will
Why was there vertical cracking in the walls of the Zuoz Bridge? a) Inadequate strength in flexure b) Compression induced by the middle hinge c) Compression in the wall due to the difference in movement due to temperature differences between the top deck and bottom arch d) Tension in the wall due to the difference in movement due to temperature differences between the top deck and bottom arch
d) Tension in the wall due to the difference in movement due to temperature differences between the top deck and bottom arch
Which of these elements of the Brooklyn Bridge is in compression?a) The stays b) The main suspension cable c) The suspenders (hangers) d) The towers
d) The towers
Which of the following is an important aspect of the story of the Brooklyn Bridge? a) symbolic issues b) social issues c) scientific issues d) all three: scientific, social, symbolic
d) all three: scientific, social, symbolic
Which is true of earthquake design of structures? a) there must be no cosmetic damage after the earthquake b) safety and serviceability under Earthquake loads must be met c) all non-structural elements (such as drywall) must remain undamaged d) human safety is the design criterion
d) human safety is the design criterion
What types of buildings were most affected in the Mexico City earthquake of 1985? a) tall buildings (above 30 stories) b) short, stiff buildings c) multi-family dwellings d) intermediate height buildings (5-15 stories)
d) intermediate height buildings (5-15 stories)
The most effective configuration for the prestressing steel in the concrete is which of the following? a) one that applies the exact same moment as the expected applied loads b) always on the bottom side c) straight through the centroid of the cross-section d) one that balances the expected applied loads
d) one that balances the expected applied loads
Which is the more structurally efficient shape for an arch bridge? a) half-circle b) two parabolas: one above deck and one below c) elliptical d) parabolic
d) parabolic
The Sunniberg Bridge met Menn's three aesthetic goals. What were these goals? a) curved piers, harped cable stays, thin deck b) complexity, uniqueness, creativity c) long spans, use of cables, flared piers d) transparency/slenderness, simplicity/regularity, artistic shaping
d) transparency/slenderness, simplicity/regularity, artistic shaping