History of the Holocaust Final

How many refugees eventually settled in Israel?

136,000

Nazi Party Secretary Martin Bormann was tried and sentenced to death in absentia. Later, it was confirmed that he had been killed trying to flee Berlin toward the end of the war. Since Bormann was tried even though he was not present, why did prosecutors not also put Hitler, Himmler, or Goebbels on trial as well?

Authorities did not want people to believe those three might still be alive.

The horrors of Bergen-Belsen were beyond anything arriving British troops could have imagined. How did Camp #2 at Bergen-Belsen create an illusion for arriving troops?

Camp #2 held relatively healthy prisoners.

Which Nazi official would have qualified to be arrested under Section 175?

Ernst Roehm

American and British soldiers killed large numbers of guards at Dachau and Bergen-Belsen.

False

DP camps were placed well away from concentration camp sites.

False

Operation Brandt is named after a street in Berlin.

False

The United Nation's decision to establish the Jewish state was supported by both Israelis and Palestinians.

False

Why did US Chief Prosecutor Robert Jackson focus on written records of the Nazis recovered from their regional Gestapo offices instead of relying on eyewitness testimony at trial?

He felt that the documents were undeniable physical evidence.

When asked about it, what reason did General Dwight D Eisenhower give for touring the camp?

He wanted to be able to testify later as an eyewitness.

Because he has suffered from bouts of schizophrenia his entire adult life, Wilhelm's family has entrusted his care to a facility in Düsseldorf. Wilhelm has become used to his room and the nurses on the staff. Suddenly, a special bus arrives. Wilhelm and other residents of the facility are told to get on the bus for a special ride. Wilhelm does not like the bus because it does not have any windows. When the bus arrives at its destination, what will MOST likely happen to Wilhelm?

He will be killed upon arrival at the next facility.

Of all the locations that could have been used to conduct the trials of Nazi war criminals, why was Nuremberg chosen?

It offered adequate space, a prison, and the Palace of Justice was undamaged.

The result of a relatively incompetent commandant, what especially stood out about the camp at Majdanek when the Soviets arrived?

It was almost completely intact with little evidence destroyed.

Which Nazi official was not included under Aktion T-4 and Operation Brandt but could have qualified for it under the Nazi definitions?

Joseph Goebel

From the very first camp that they discovered in Poland, Soviet officials began to amass evidence linking the Nazis with the atrocities that they had uncovered. Polish officials also joined in this gathering of evidence. The two groups intended to prosecute the captured Nazis for war crimes. What conclusion about Polish officials would be MOST likely?

Most Polish officials had no control over what the Nazis did in their country.

Even though the idea was that asocials were being imprisoned to help reeducate them so that they could return as contributing members of society, why was that plan ultimately abandoned?

Nazis decided they were of no benefit to the state.

Although Brigit worked as Aufscherin during the war and did not discuss her job with anyone in her town because she was sworn to secrecy, how would she MOST likely react when called to testify about her actions in court?

She would willingly admit the actions that she took as part of her job.

Why did US military authorities invite famous journalists such as Pulitzer and Morrow to tour the camps?

Some journalists doubted the stories were true.

How is the idea of euthanasia in modern times different from the way the Nazis viewed it?

The Nazis didn't care about people's suffering but used euthanasia to murder.

How is the experience of German citizens after the First World War related to Nazi propaganda that labeled disabled as "useless eaters"?

The Nazis took advantage of people's fear of starvation by saying that disabled took food but did not contribute.

What was the ultimate reason that the Bergen-Belsen camp was surrendered to British forces?

The Nazis worried that if the prisoners escaped, typhus would spread.

Majdanek was the very first concentration camp liberated by the Soviet forces, and they immediately commenced investigations with the intention of prosecuting the guards and officers for war crimes. Which statement BEST explains why the Soviets felt so outraged and determined to try Nazis for what happened at Majdanek?

The camp was left with thousands of Soviet POWs so what had happened here was truly war crimes in Soviet eyes.

Why were 80,000 Jewish refugees able to settle in the United States in 1950 when so many had been turned away in the late 1930s?

The immigration laws changed to allow 200,000 Jews in after the war.

How did the Nazi government view those who were homosexual?

They were seen as treasonous against Germany.

How was the description offered by Nazi negotiators different from the situation that British soldiers discovered upon entering Bergen-Belsen?

They were told that there were 9,000 prisoners without food or water, but there were actually 50,000.

How did Jehovah's Witnesses differ from other imprisoned groups, such as Jews or Roma?

They would be released if they agreed to change their religion.

In the displaced persons camps, Orthodox Judaism experienced a resurgence.

True

Lesbian women were largely ignored by the Nazi administration.

True

Parents were unaware of the euthanasia of their children.

True

Polish academics were killed in AB-Aktion.

True

How could the sequence of events leading to the liberation of Dachau BEST be described?

Unwilling to surrender, the remaining SS guards and guard dogs fought the advancing soldiers.

When US army prosecutor William Denson later began what were called the Dachau trials, he named 40 camp officials as defendants. The officials did not deny their involvement with Dachau camp, but many denied that prisoners were treated harshly or killed while under their care. Denson was not worried about proving them wrong. Which fact would Denson MOST likely use to his advantage when looking for evidence of how prisoners at Dachau were treated?

When Dachau was liberated, 30,000 prisoners had been abandoned there and were still alive.

As the Soviet troops approached, Nazi officials ordered prisoners of Auschwitz to march toward Germany. Which prisoner would MOST likely be left behind?

Yankel, age 23, who had contracted typhus

After first learning about the Holocaust that killed so many Jewish people during WW2, Caleb's heart goes out to the victims. He studies all he can about the events and is particularly struck by the racism among German citizens that allowed such events to occur. Caleb determines that racism is evil. He proudly proclaims this to his classmates with the announcement, "I am Zionist!" How is the true meaning of the term different from the idea Caleb is trying to get across?

Zionism means that you believe there needs to be an independent Jewish state, not that you are unprejudiced against Jews.

Micah and his friends gather on the grass to discuss their strategy. While they confer together, the other team waits for their next move. Micah tells Daniel to cover the tall one because he is the one blocking their goals at every turn. Once everyone knows their role, the team turns toward the field, ready to play. They are Jewish prisoners who worked together in Ohrdruf. Who is MOST likely the other team?

other Jewish refugees from the DP camp

When was the idea of creating a Jewish state in Palestine first entertained?

the 1920s by Zionists themselves

What was Operation Brandt?

the continuation and expansion of Aktion T4

In the camps, the Nazis classified their prisoners by the reason for their incarceration. In some camps, Roma prisoners were made to wear brown triangles but, in most camps, they wore black triangles to link them with others, such as homeless or alcoholics. What did the Nazis call this group?

Asocials

Which Nazi concentration camp was known for having a huge population of Roma?

Auschwitz-Birkenau

The only group of people that the Nazis planned to completely wipe out were the Jews.

False

How did Operation Brandt impact German soldiers?

Operation Brandt killed shell-shocked soldiers, defining them as mentally ill.

Although Rudolf Hoess was allowed to testify at Nuremburg, why was his own trial held elsewhere?

Poland had already claimed Hoess because of his crimes in Auschwitz.

Why were many Roma recipes and traditions lost after the elderly Romani were killed during the war?

Roma did not write down their history, so it died with the elderly.

The Nazi regime went specifically after Polish priests. Why was it so important to them to contain these religious figures?

Taking away the priests would dishearten the people.

Why did the Nazi doctors merit a special trial of their own?

Their euthanasia and experimentation were in opposition to the doctor's duty to do no harm.

Eliza is a Jewish child who was born in the Netherlands and was sent to Auschwitz toward the end of the war. Pinchas is Polish, and Naftali was born in Hungary. The three children are now in a DP camp run by American soldiers and doctors. They are told that a teacher has come to give them lessons in reading and writing. Since the children are from three different countries with three different languages, how will the teacher be able to help them?

Their lessons will be given in Hebrew or Yiddish.

In the plan to settle all of Europe with their new, superior race, the Nazis did make allowances for some types of people who might be able to be absorbed into their culture or Germanized. Why weren't the Polish people found suitable for Germanization?

Their political views were not considered compatible with Nazi philosophy.

How did prejudices already present against the Romani people allow the Nazis access to records of Roma living in Germany?

There was required registration of Romani from 1918-1933.

After being imprisoned in the concentration camps for refusing to support the Nazi party, to what lengths did Jehovah's Witnesses go to continue their ministry?

They built secret printing presses inside the camps.

After the camp was cleared, how did the British deal with Bergen-Belsen?

They burned the camp to the ground to prevent the spread of typhus.

Once the concentration camps were full of political prisoners who refused to change and become productive members of society, how did the Nazis decide to handle them?

They decided to starve and work them to death.

Even though some thought that Palestine was a good spot for repatriated Jews, what alternative did Britain offer instead?

They detoured the emigrants to the island of Cyprus.

When evidence was presented about the horrible conditions present in Bergen-Belsen, defendants Walther Funk and Hans Fritzche were visibly distressed. What MOST likely fueled this reaction?

They had not been aware of the extent of the conditions.

After the US army liberated Dachau, where did MOST former prisoners then go?

They were sent to DP camps throughout Europe.

Large numbers of Holocaust survivors fought in the Israeli wars in 1948 and 1949.

True

Once it was decided to erase all evidence of the mass extermination that had occurred at Belzec, orders were given to exhume and incinerate the bodies of those who had been killed. How long did it take to burn the bodies of those murdered at Belzec?

five months of burning bodies around the clock

Because the conditions of many camps were so bad upon liberation, they could not be used as displaced persons camps. In that event, what else was used as a place to house the many refugees?

former German soldier's barracks

At what time period did Jehovah's Witnesses find themselves taken to the concentration camps?

in the early part of Hitler's rule

While the U.S. and British prosecutors focused on documental evidence, French and Soviet prosecutors entered physical evidence into the record. One of these pieces of evidence was a lampshade carefully crafted out of tattooed skin. For what purpose was this evidence MOST likely entered?

to show the callousness of the Nazi official who made it

During the time period building up to World War II, Hitler's philosophies had little in common with those of other nation's leaders. One group he strongly opposed was also seen as dangerous in other countries. Which group did Hitler imprison early on in the concentration camps?

Communists

Emilie is a British military nurse called to help at Bergen-Belsen after the British troops took control. Looking around her, Emilie feels a sense of despair. She quickly begins to assist one of the doctors with a prisoner who is so weak they can barely move. Emilie watches as the doctor does what he can but unfortunately, the prisoner is too far gone. In despair, Emilie determines that she will work all day and night to make sure that no one else loses their life just as they have found their freedom. Considering what we now understand about the condition of these prisoners, how will Emilie's promise to herself likely turn out?

Emilie may be able to save some prisoners but many at Bergen-Belsen are too far gone to recover.

Felix had changed his name from Fennix when he decided to convert to Protestantism and open a butcher shop. He was well known in the small German town he lived in. Felix and his family attended church services along with everyone else. They had a modest house not far from the butcher shop. Still, when the Nazis came looking for Roma, it was easy for them to spot Felix. How were they MOST likely able to tell that Felix was not ethnically German?

Felix had dark skin that identified him.

How did the meeting of officials at the London Charter and Meeting of August 1945 change history?

For the first time, war crimes were formally defined and entered in as criminal charges.

Defendant Fritz Sauckel, who was in charge of the Nazi slave labor program, was found guilty at the Nuremberg Trials of Count 3, War Crimes, and Count 4, Crimes against Humanity. Which representatives of the prosecution MOST likely provided the evidence that led to his conviction?

France and Soviet Union

Adam is a British photographer who is brought in to document the horrors found at Bergen-Belsen after its liberation. He takes images of the poor, sick, starved prisoners who can barely raise their heads to look at them. In the distance, Adam watches several men digging a trench to bury bodies while others stood guard over them. He snaps a photo, intending to send this back to his newspaper right away. When the article comes out in the British news, which caption would readers MOST likely find underneath?

German and Hungarian soldiers and guards bury the bodies of Bergen-Belsen prisoners.

Although he was not found guilty on the count of Conspiracy, Hitler's Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick was found guilty of Count 2, Crimes Against Peace, because he actively took control of the Czech lands conquered by the 95. Nazis during the war. Which representatives of the prosecution MOST likely provided the evidence that led to the Frick's conviction on Count 2?

Great Britain

The problem of where to put the Jews was not only Hitler's. After the camps were liberated, it was clear that there were few places for the Jewish prisoners to return to. As one of the American generals overseeing the relief effort, Randall has an idea. He thinks that it might be a good idea to allow the Jews to settle in Palestine, their ancestral home. In order to make this happen, which country would Randall MOST likely have to convince to agree to this idea?

Great Britain

In his opening remarks, US Chief Prosecutor Robert Jackson wanted to explain the importance of the trials. What message did he believe would be sent if the tribunal did not deal decisively with these defendants?

He believed that if they were not decisive, others may try to carry on Nazi ideology.

Although Adolf Eichmann managed to escape capture and evade the Nuremburg trials, for what reason did Israeli Mossad MOST likely continue to hunt for him?

He was directly responsible for organizing the Final Solution.

During the trial, video of the British liberation of Bergen-Belsen was played for all to see. Afterwards, defendant Goering said, "Then they showed that awful film, and it just spoiled everything!" What did he most likely mean by this statement?

He worried that it made the Nazi cause look less noble than he believed it to be.

As part of his work coordinating the delivery of Zyklon B gas for his company, CEO Hermann Schmitz made trips to camps in Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and Belarus. According to the policies for categorizing claims laid out by the Moscow Declaration, how would the prosecution of Schmitz be handled?

He would be tried as a defendant in an international court.

Josef Kramer, the commandant of Bergen-Belsen, was later put on trial for the fate of those left behind at Bergen-Belsen. Although they were alive, so many were close to death, and British medics had almost no chance of saving their lives. Prosecutors wanted to hold Kramer responsible for their deaths. How would Kramer have MOST likely justified leaving the prisoners the way he did?

Hitler had wanted them all killed before the British arrived, so he spared their lives.

Rudolf Hoess provided detailed testimony of the crimes he and other Nazis committed during the Holocaust. Yet, he was called as a defense witness for Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Why would Kaltenbrunner feel that Hoess's graphic testimony could benefit him?

Hoess testified that he never saw Kaltenbrunner commit crimes so he should not be tried.

The problem of finding a place for Jews to settle after the war was a complex one. Many no longer felt safe or wanted in their former homes. Most of their belongings had been plundered by German citizens. Already struggling to recover from the war themselves, many of the Allied countries were hesitant to get involved in figuring out what to do with these refugees. Harry Hopkins, advisor to the US president, was preparing a memo to be considered by congressional representatives. As he compiled his memo about refugees, which fact would he MOST likely want to include?

In Europe right now, there are 250,000 Jewish displaced persons.

Kuba is a young German whose family moved to Poland as part of the resettlement. From his new bedroom's window, Kuba looks out at the new city that is to become his home. He can see houses and buildings, roads, and factories. Past his new school, outside the town, Kuba can see what looks like another small city, except that there are fences all around it. Kuba can see smoke rising from some of the buildings. He asks his mother what the little city is. She tells him that it is a work camp for Polish and Jews. Kuba doesn't recognize that this is a concentration camp but many of the residents of the city understand what it is. Which concentration camp does Kuba MOST likely see from his bedroom window?

Majdanek

Moishe had been a prisoner in Treblinka 2 but was able to escape. After he is liberated by the Soviets, Moishe tells them about the death camp, describing the fires that burned bodies night and day. The Soviets need evidence to prosecute Nazi officials for these crimes, so they ask Moishe to show them around Treblinka 2. Moishe does not know exactly where the camp was located but feels that once he gets in the vicinity, he can find his way. Moishe has the soldiers circling the area that he believes is familiar, but he cannot find the camp. All the Soviet soldiers see are little houses in the forest. What conclusion would the soldiers MOST likely reach after following Moishe through the forest for hours without results?

Moishe must have been mistaken about the location.

Ever since her little daughter Ida was born, Freda knew that she would be a lot of work. Ida has Down syndrome, but Freda has patiently worked with her daughter. Ida can read and dress herself. Ida comes down with a fever, though, and Freda feels that she must call for a doctor's help. The doctor examines Ida. He tells Freda that because of Ida's condition, she should be sent to Kinderfachabteilugen. There, the trained doctors and nurses would give Ida a much better life than Freda could provide. Freda hesitantly agrees but only once the doctor promises that she will be able to write her daughter. After several letters are returned, Freda calls the Kinderfachabteilugen to speak with her daughter. What will she MOST likely be told?

She will be told that her daughter unexpectedly died of pneumonia.

Johanna worked as a Nazi guard in occupied France. According to the policies for categorizing crimes laid out by the Moscow Declaration, how would Johanna's prosecution be handled?

She would be tried in France because that is where she committed her crime.

While preparing evidence for the Nuremberg Trials, French lawyer Armond is pouring through old communications from Nazi commanders. He finds a torn paper that has instructions written in German. The instructions tell commanders to take Jewish prisoners and dig up mass graves, burning the bodies that are found there. Armond is ecstatic because he has heard eyewitness testimony of these events, especially the actions of the Einsatzgruppen, but now he has solid evidence that Nazi leaders knew about it and attempted to cover it up! When news reaches the lawyers for the defendants, how would they MOST likely refer to the order on this document?

Sonderaktion 1005

How was the Law for Prevention of Hereditary Disease used when it came to chronic alcoholics or beggars on the street?

The law was used to force sterilization on them.

How did the plan for disposal of bodies change as the realization of advancing enemy troops hit the Nazi leadership?

The mass graves were exhumed, and the bodies were cremated to hide the evidence.

In many countries, there are numerous political parties who have differing ideologies. Germany was not different in this way. Following WW1, Germany had several political parties. After Hitler and the Nazi party came to power, what happened to the other political parties?

The members who wouldn't change were arrested as political prisoners.

Antonius spent the rest of his life testifying about the horrors of Sobibor detention camp. Since the camp was razed to the ground, Holocaust deniers used the lack of evidence to cast doubt on this type of survivor testimony. Late into his old age, Antonius receives a phone call from an official at the United States Holocaust Museum. The official tells Antonius that there is finally photographic evidence of the camp he has spent his life talking about. Considering the source of this new evidence, why would it now be harder for those who want to discount Antonius's testimony?

The photographs came from a scrapbook kept by a Nazi official.

What resulted from the vocal opposition of Aktion T-4 by Cardinal Clemon von Galen?

The program was continued but much more quietly.

Which sentence explains the MOST likely motive for making the German civilians bury the thousands of dead bodies piled at Dachau?

The soldiers felt that the German citizens had been complacent in the murders.

After liberation, it was rumored that many German guards had been killed by American soldiers, but this was later found to be untrue. Over 1,000 Germans were captured and held at Dachau, but few lost their lives. Which conclusion could MOST likely be drawn from the rumors?

There was still great suspicion and animosity towards the Allied soldiers.

A few soldiers saw the starving prisoners of Auschwitz and handed over whatever rations they had to try to alleviate their suffering. Some shouted out "You're freed," while other soldiers would hug the prisoners they encountered. Survivors later recounted how shocked they were to receive such comfort. Considering their feelings about something as simple as a hug, what conclusions can be drawn about the Jewish prisoners at that point?

They had become accustomed to being treated as subhuman.

How did the Nazi officials plan to deal with remaining prisoners in Bergen-Belsen?

They planned to leave them in place without food or water to starve to death.

Since many Jewish refugees were going to go from living in a cold, northern climate to an arid Mediterranean climate, how did the DP camps attempt to prepare them for the move?

They provided agricultural training so that they could grow food in their new environment.

How did the German government categorize the actions taken against the Roma before 1943, including the mandatory registrations in place?

They said that the actions taken were because of the Romani's criminal activity.

Since the defendants, judges, and prosecutors all spoke different languages, how was the trial successfully conducted?

They used headsets allowing near instant translation.

How did the US Army manage to liberate the concentration camp at Ohrdruf?

They were advancing through the countryside and happened on the camp.

In 1947, the JDC had to adjust their care packages for refugees to include infant formula and clothing. What does this indicate about the lives of refugees in the camps?

They were beginning to have babies again and form new families.

Why were the rations provided by the UNRRA insufficient for recovering prisoners?

They were high in starch and couldn't be digested by refugees.

Although some officials favored execution of Nazi war criminals over trial, it was very important to the United States and Great Britain that the defendants be given their due process. Along with the usual set up in an American or British court of law, the defendants had most rights guaranteed to them that they would if on trial in each country. What right of defendants in the American court system did Nuremburg Trial defendants NOT have?

They were not allowed to plead the Fifth against self-incrimination.

In the 1930s, concentration camps within Germany were filling with political prisoners. At that time, what was the ultimate plan for these prisoners?

They were to be rehabilitated because they were racially valuable.

As they encountered and liberated concentration camps, American troops became more and more shocked by the scenes in front of them. By far, Dachau was the worst of the camps that US soldiers were exposed to. How were the conditions at Dachau related to the liquidation of some of the other camps?

Thousands of prisoners had been sent to Dachau as other camps liquidated, creating overcrowding.

Because they went to such great lengths to hide their intentions during the Final Solution, it took effort for authorities to find clearly written evidence of what the Nazis had planned. In what document would investigators MOST likely find open discussion about the Final Solution?

a letter from Commandant Hoess to his colleague Commandant Niemann