History Quiz (2-14-17)

Painting and sculpture

What were the most popular media during the Renaissance when the glory of medieval art was its architecture.

Masaccio

Added new techniques to painting. By means of shading (contrasting light and dark), he created a three-dimensional effect in his paintings. This technique enabled him to portray human figures with a realism that had been missing in the works of previous painters.

Michelangelo

As a young boy he exhibited unusual skill in sculpting. It is said that he learned how to handle a chisel and hammer before he could read and write. When he told his father that he wanted to study painting and sculpture, his father was furious. His father believed manual labor was beneath the dignity of the family. However, when he displayed little interest or ability in school, his father apprenticed him to a leading Florentine artist. While an apprentice, the talented youth caught the eye of Lorenzo de Medici, who took him into his household as his adopted son; known for Creation of the Sun, Moon and Plants, from the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican

Venice; Queen of the Adriatic

Became a leading center of culture; what did it become known as?

Lute

Became the most popular instrument of the day. This instrument, which resembles a pear-shaped guitar, was widely used to accompany singers.

True

Both architects and sculptors were influenced by the spirit of humanism. They greatly admired the art of the classical world.

Genre painting

Brueghel is best remembered for this, a type of painting that depicts scenes of everyday life. These works show the peasants in their daily activities: farming in the fields, hunting in the woods, and dancing in the village square. When Brueghel painted biblical events, he depicted them as though they took place in Flanders.

Raphael

Completed an enormous number of paintings and frescoes in his short lifetime. His interest in painting undoubtedly began at home because his father was a painter. As a young man he studied the works of the masters in order to perfect his own technique. He soon became one of the most beloved painters of his time. He is most known for Madonna del Granduca and the School of Athens

Venetian merchants

Controlled the important trade routes to the East

Filippo Brunelleschi

Disgusted with losing the competition to design the doors of the baptistery in Florence, he turned from sculpture to architecture; his dome became the crowning glory of the Florence cathedral. Most of the domes designed during the Renaissance conformed to his model.

True

In the medieval period the primary function of architecture had been to glorify God through the building of magnificent cathedrals. During the Renaissance, however, architects also designed and built spacious palaces and comfortable villas for powerful princes and wealthy merchants.

True

Florentine artists of the fifteenth century achieved greater realism in their paintings by creating works that gave a sense of life, action, depth, and feeling.

Albrecht Dürer

German painter sometimes known as Leonardo of the North; he was accomplished in many different fields: writ- ing, designing, engraving, and painting. He had a high regard for Italian art and was the first northern artist to travel to Italy for the express purpose of studying art. His paintings illustrate his love for both classical and religious themes. He also had a keen interest in nature, an interest reflected by his amazingly accurate watercolors of floral scenes. Although he is a celebrated painter, he is best remembered for his woodcarvings and engravings, which were used to illustrate printed books. He is the first artist to sign even his most insignificant drawings. His "signature" consisted of a capital A straddling a capital D.

Frescoes

Giotto is most famous for this (paintings on wet plaster) on the walls of the town church at Padua. Although he tried to make his painting as realistic as possible, he never fully mastered the technique of perspective—portraying a three-dimensional appearance on a flat surface

Lorenzo Ghiliberti

He designed the ten panels on these doors "so fine that they might fittingly stand at the Gates of Paradise." He himself said, "Of all my work it is the most remarkable I have done, and it was finished with skill, correct proportion, and understanding."; won the contest between him and Filippo Brunelleschi

Hans Holbein

He is considered the finest portrait painter of the Northern Renaissance. He traveled throughout Europe working in many countries—especially England. He became the official court painter of Henry VIII, the king of England. He not only painted the portrait of Henry, his wives, and his son but also designed Henry's clothes, jewelry, and tableware. This German master also painted the portraits of leading figures of the Northern Renaissance, such as Erasmus and Sir Thomas More.

Works of Michelangelo

He was a noted painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and poet who made Pieta and a marble statue of David

Pieter Brueghel

Helped and develop the distinctive style of art known for its realism, landscapes, and scenes of contemporary life

Tintoretto

Last of the great sixteenth-century Venetian painters. He was born Jacopo Robusti but is known by his nickname (Italian for "little dyer") because his father was a dyer by profession. In his paintings he sought to combine the bright colors of Titian and the masterful drawing of Michelangelo. His works exhibit a dramatic excitement full of tension and action

The glory of God and the church

Most Renaissance artists were extremely proud of their work when medieval artists, on the other hand, had worked primarily for...

Secular individuals

Most Renaissance portrait painters frequently painted important ________ when medieval painters usually portrayed biblical people

Giotto di Bondone

Most famous painter of the early Italian Renaissance who is often called the Father of Renaissance Painting. He opened a new era of art in the Western world. Up until his time, figures in paintings were stiff and flat; medieval artists painted expressionless people and set them against a plain gold background. This practice created an impression of calm serenity—a heavenly atmosphere. He, however, sought to make painting more natural. His figures were more realistic and exhibited human feelings. He also tried to add a three-dimensional look to his paintings by making greater use of backgrounds.

Jan van Eyck

One of the founders and an outstanding representative of the Flemish school of painters; In his early career he illus- trated manuscripts, which required careful attention to minute details. His concern for detail carried over to his large paintings. He was one of the first to use oil paints, a medium that allowed him to achieve greater realism in his painting.

Josquin des Prez

One of the leading figures in music during the early Renaissance was the Flemish composer. His life and music mark the transition between medieval and modern times. His contemporaries hailed him as one of the foremost composers of the day. With a simple and charming style, he composed both sacred and secular works. He is best remembered for his masses, hymns, and more than one hundred motets—unaccompanied Latin songs that combined different melodies and words with a plainsong melody

Polyphonic

Palestrina was the master of this music (consisting of many melodies), which he composed for choirs to sing without accompaniment.

Present physical world

Renaissance art emphasized ________ _______ _______ when medieval art had emphasized the spiritual realm

True

Renaissance music was more secular. Music moved into the palaces of the nobles and the homes of the middle class.

Girolamo Savonarola

Sought to bring moral reform to the city of Florence and to the Roman Church. He opposed the corrupt rule of the Medici family and severely criticized Pope Alexander VI. He became the leading religious figure in Florence. As a result the city started to change, but then Alexander VI excommunicated him, but he ignored his action. City officials arrested him, after which he was tortured, tried, and condemned to die by hanging. The crowds that had once gathered to hear him preach now gathered to watch him die. Authorities hanged him, burned his body, and cast his ashes into the Arno River. Many of his contemporaries considered him a failure. The city had cast aside his reforms and had consented to his execution. God, however, does not measure success or failure on the basis of popular approval. He rewards His servants who are faithful—even unto death.

True

The art of Venice mirrored the materialism of the city. These paintings, filled with radiant color and light, reflect the city's secular and sensuous spirit.

Leonardo da Vinci

The best example of the so-called Renaissance man. He displayed interests in a wide range of fields. Hei was an accomplished sculptor, architect, painter, and musician. He also studied anatomy, botany, geology, astronomy, engineering, and mathematics; known for Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Titian

The leading figure of the Venetian school of painting. He ranks with Michelangelo as one of the foremost painters of the Renaissance. A prolific painter known for his rich use of color, he is especially remembered for his portraits. His works contain a freshness, warmth, and vitality missing in the serene Renaissance portraits of southern Italy. He captured on canvas the personality of his subject, not just the physical appearance. His fame spread throughout Europe. He painted pictures for the Holy Roman emperor and the kings of Spain and France, becoming one of the few Renaissance painters to grow wealthy through his work.

Donatello

The leading sculptor of the early Renaissance. He was born in Florence and as a young boy served as an as- sistant to Ghiberti. He later accompanied Brunelleschi to Rome, where both studied classical statues. Although strongly influenced by these classical works, he gave to his sculptures a new realism and expression. He mastered the art of sculpting freestanding statues. One of his most revolutionary works was his statue of David, whom he de- picted as a young Florentine shepherd boy. He also cast the first full-scale equestrian statue (man on horseback) since Roman times. His realistic, freestanding statues later inspired the most outstanding sculptor of the Renaissance—Michelangelo.

Palestrina

The most famous composer of church music during the Renaissance was the Italian composer; took his name from the town of his birth. As a boy he sang in his town's church choir; later he served as the organist and choir-master of the Palestrina Cathedral; composed more than nine hundred musical pieces. He also revised many of the old Gregorian chants. By the sixteenth century, church music had become so complicated that it was difficult to understand what the choir was singing. Commissioned by the papacy, Palestrina simplified much of the Roman Church's official music. In his own day he was hailed as the Prince of Music.

Plainsong

The most prominent type of musical composition during the early Middle Ages was known this, or Gregorian chant

Wicked and materialistic

The people of Venice, however, were...

High Renaissance; Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo

The period where the artistic achievement of the Italian Renaissance culminated in the early sixteenth century. Who are the most famous of this?

Canals

They dissect the city; these serve as streets along which gondolas, or flat-bottomed boats, transport people about the city.

Renaissance art

Was superior to medieval art because it recognized the goodness of God's creation

Chansons

What des Prez was less known for; lighthearted songs that set secular lyric poems to music

Sistine Chapel

Where did Michelangelo paint on the ceiling of?

Renaissance

Which artists gave a realistic, three-dimensional aspect to their work when medieval art was flat and two-dimensional

Secular patrons

Who often supported the Renaissance artists when the Church of Rome had almost exclusively patronized the artists in Middle Ages?

Sandro Botticelli

added another dimension to Renaissance art: movement. He depicted forms with bold lines and gave clarity and a sense of activity to his charac- ters. With their flowing hair and wispy garments, his painted figures seemed to move and sway. His early paintings reflected the humanistic spirit prevalent in the Medici court. He painted pagan themes of classical mythology. When the Medici family was expelled from Florence, he came under the influence of the preaching of the monk Girolamo Savonarola. He became one of Savonarola's converts, and his painting, as a result, took on a more reli- gious and moral outlook.