History Test 2

Tetrarchy

"rule of four" when Diocletian separated Rome East and Western, created an Augusti and a Caesar for each.

Pompey

-(106-48 BC), Roman general and statesman -founded the First Triumvirate, but later quarrelled with Caesar, who defeated him at the battle of Pharsalus. -He then fled to Egypt, where he was murdered.

Barracks Emperors

-A barracks emperor was a Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army. -When Rome had twenty-six emperors in about fifty years.

When Gaius Marius was Consul of Rome (108-102 BCE), he altered the way Roman soldiers were rewarded. He said that rather than the Senate reward soldiers for their service that the soldiers' generals should. What danger did this pose to the Roman Republic?

-A solider's loyalty was directed towards his commander. -The success of the commander would win rewards for his men rather an ideal of patriotism. -This meant that factional fighting could lead to full blown civil war as legions loyal to one general were pitted against those of another.

What was the Pax Romana (Peace of Rome)? What did it mean?

-After continual bloodshed of civil war the Pax Romana was a time of Peace. -Rome's empire spread from Britian to Persia and had very few enemies. -It meant that for 200 years Rome has peace & at its peak the population of the empire was at 70 million people.

Why didn't Rome make the transition from an agricultural society to an industrial one? What was stopping this transition?

-After the Punic Wars Rome enslaved many Carthaginians and Greek prisoners of war. Rome became one of the most slave based economies in history -There was no need for a transition from an agricultural based economy to an industrial.

How did Alexander's empire stress or challenge the Greeks' concept of themselves?

-Alexander's empire stressed the Greeks by encouraging them to perform the ritual prosknesis, which was a gesture of bodily submission performed by those of lesser social standing and royals to honor the King. -To the Greeks this was humiliating cuz it suggested that the Persians worshiped their emperor as a god.

Who killed Julies Cesar and why did they kill him? When was he killed?

-Brutus -He convinced the senate cuz they cherished the early days of the republic & did not want to see a king/lifetime dictator -They killed him on the Ides of March which is the midpoint of the month.

Be able to describe the drama/relationship between Cesar, Marc Antony, Cleopatra, and Octavian (Augustus). What was the importance of the Battle of Actium?

-Caesar was killed & in his will he adopted grandnephew Octavian. -Octavian came to rome to avenge his father & one of his enemies was Marc Antony. -They both eventually reconciled & formed an alliance -Marc left for Egypt to form a relationship with Cleopatra & ruled with her for 10 years. -Octavian feared that Cleopatra's son threatened his position so he declared war on Cleopatra & not Antony so it wouldn't start a civil war in Rome. -The importance of the Battle of Actium is that is where Octavian defeated the forces of Antony & Cleopatra eventually leading to their defeat/suicide. -This ushered a new period of Roman history were there was no rivals left standing & there were no civil wars. -Rome changed from an Republic to an Empire with a single emperor.

How did Christianity challenge Rome? Why were Christians persecuted when Jews were not?

-Christianity raised suspicion on many levels, it encouraged women and slaves to hold office and therefore to rise above their proper stations - it revolved around the worship of a criminal condemned by the Roman state -its secret meetings could be breeding grounds for rebellion. -The Jews were still able to practice their religion but still respected the Roman religion. And vice versa, the Romans understood the traditions of Jewish traditions.

What was the importance of the Battle at Milvian Bridge in 312 CE on Christianity?

-Constantine has a vision and is able to win the Battle -After that Christianity becomes the favored Religion -Constantine stops all the persecutions of the Christians

What were Constantine's contributions to Christianity?

-Constantine stopped the persecution of the Christians, and he made it the Roman religion and supported the construction of churches throughout the empire. -He promoted religious tolerance, allowed freedom of worship to Christian and non-Christian. -It became the favored faith

Who was Diocletian? Why did he divide the Roman Empire? What were the divisions and what was the political structure? What was the "Tetrarchy."

-Diocletian was an emperor of Rome, he recognized that the empire could not be governed by one man in one place. His solution was to divide rome into four parts "Tetrarchy", each with its own imperial ruler. -There was an Augusti of the East and West, and a Caesar of the East and West. -He remained the dominant ruler of the tetrarchy. -But Diocletian was the Augustus of the East.

Constantine

-Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith -stopped the persecution of Christians. -Moved Roman capital from Rome to old city of Byzantium, re-named it after himself

Constantinople

-Founded by the emperor Constantine on the site of the village called Byzantium -new Roman Empire capital in 324 until captured by the Ottoman empire

Who were the Goths, Visigoths, Lombards, Franks, the Huns, and Vandals?

-Germanic tribes, who settled in the Western Rome -responsible for the fall of the Western Empire.

What were the Roman "Social Wars"? Consequently, who was Giaus Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla?

-Giaus Marius & Lusius Sulla were both generals who due to their success in the battlefield and overall popularity landed both of them into Consulship. -This was cuz the Roman people preferred leadership of a strong general to someone who was a statesman. -The danger to the Republic is that the ability of army command could be an alternative path of political power

What is meant by the term Hellenization?

-Hellenistic is the greek culture after Alexander the Great -Hellenization is the spreading of greek culture

What was the legacy of Alexander the Great and his empire? Specifically, be able to describe how Alexander "Hellenized" the lands he conquered and what it meant to the cultures and people.

-His Legacy was that he conquered a vast empire. --City named after him, Alexandria, a very prosperous city. -began training Persian youths to fight alongside Greeks and Macedonians -arranged mass marriage between his officers and Persian noblewomen. -He showed respect for his Persian subjects by adopting Persian dress. -Common culture continued to unite Alexander's fragmented empire. -the era after his death is called Hellenstic, "Greek-like"

What was the relationship between Christianity and the Roman Empire?

-It showed suspicion to the Roman Empire. They thought the secret meetings could be breeding grounds for rebellion. -Those who could not show proof of loyalty to Rome's gods were stripped of their rights as citizens. - It wasn't until after the Battle of Milvian Bridge under Constantine rule did Christianity become the favored religion.

The Second Triumvirate of Octavian (Augustus), Marc Antony, and Lepidus. Why was it formed? Was it good for Rome?

-It was formed through Octavians search to kill the political faction responsible for killing his "father" Julius Caesar. -After their mutual enemies were destroyed the alliance between Octavian & Antony diminished when Antony made alliances with Cleopatra. -Octavian accused Cleopatra as a traitor & declared war. -Eventually Cleopatra & Antony were defeated which turned Egypt a province of Rome's Empire ending the more than 3,000 years of self-rule.

What was the importance of the Council of Nicea in 325 CE ?

-It was the first world wide meeting of Christian representatives of the Christian community summoned by Constantine. -Where Arianism was condemned and discrepancies over the canon of the Christian bible were resolved.

What was the importance of monasteries in the education of the people?

-It was vital to preserving monasticism. -The monks were no longer allowed to engage in prolonged fasts or extreme discipline of flesh -Instead encouraged useful work and silent meditation.

What class of Romans did Julies Cesar appeal to? What methods did he use to gain their support?

-Julius Caesar appealed to all classes of Romans because he was such a victorious general. -Julius Caesar used his achievements to gain the support of the Roman people & eventually there was resentment due to him crowning himself king. His achievements were -Becoming allies with Cleopatra of Egypt -Revised the Roman Calender to a 365 day one -Relieved economic inequalities in Roman colonies -Furthered colonized the empire & brought new sources of food & natural resources

Antony

-Julius Caesar's close friend who formed the Second Triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus. -His love affair with Cleopatra split the triumvirate he had formed with Octavian and Lepidus and led to war. -In 31 bc the forces of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian at Actium, and both subsequently committed suicide.

The difference between the political parties called the Optimates and the Populares. Specifically what did each party stand for and who did each represent?

-Optimates were the dominant group in the Senate where the power is given to the best individuals.(nobleman) -Populares sought popular support against the dominant Oligarchy, either in the interest of the people or to further their own personal ambitions.

Know the social and political organization of the Roman Republic. Specifically the Plebeians, Equestrians and Patricians in Rome as well as the positions of Consul, Senator, and Tribune in the Roman political system.

-Patricians were members of the aristocratic families -had dominance of the government which was lead by elected officers called consuls. -had the privilege to own land, vote, and hold office in the Republic. -Plebeians made up nearly 98% of the Roman Population. -Some had grown wealthy through trade and agriculture, but most were smallholding farmers, artisans or the urban poor. -forced to join the army -had no voting right or the ability to hold office -faced discrimination -threatened with debt slavery. -Equestrians were men who chose a life of business rather than politics. -made wealth by owning and equipping warhorses and thus to provide Rome's cavalry.

What did it mean to be "proscribed" in Rome?

-Roman citizens who had been declared outlaws and whose goods were confiscated. -Rewards were offered to anyone killing or betraying the proscribed, and severe penalties were inflicted on anyone harbouring them -Their properties were confiscated, and their sons and grandsons were forever barred from public office and from the Senate.

Why are the Romans important?

-Rome enabled Europe to share in a rich heritage reaching back to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt because of all the land they conquered. -European culture as we know if would not exist and neither would the political and legal institutions that formed the United states.

What was the "Struggle for Orders" and how did it influence the political makeup of the Republic?

-The "Struggle for Orders" is when patrician dominance of the government began to be challenged by the plebeians. -The plebeians refused to join in the military and seceded from the city. -The Plebeians strike lead to the codification of the Law of the Twelve Tables This let Plebeians: -Eligible to hold elected offices & access to the senate -Ability to make decisions in their own assembly [LongTerm] -Prevented wealth from becoming a controlling factor in politics in Rome. [LongTerm] -Created a new social order (Equestrians) which allowed Plebeians ability to become prestigious and influential [LongTerm] -combined elements of monarchy (executive officeholders), aristocracy (the senate) and polity (the people's assembly)

Know the purpose/importance of: the Colosseum in the city of Rome as well as the various other "amphitheaters" scattered throughout the Roman Republic/Empire. The importance of the Roman Baths found in Rome and throughout the Republic. The Circus Maximus in the city of Rome. The Forum in the city of Rome and other towns throughout the Roman Republic/Empire. Roman Aqueducts.

-The Colosseum or Amphitheaters were used for the gladiatorial games. -Roman baths-Romans loved to be clean! all levels of classes could commingle -The Circus Maximus was used for Chariot Races The Forums or marketplace were used for political business and used for religious purpose -Roman Aqueducts, water supply system, they perfected the movement of water through pipes for drinking and roman baths. -All of these places had no social strife. Lower class, and upper class could commingle together with disregard of their level in society.

What were the "Twelve Tables" (or Tablets)?

-The Result of the "Struggle for Orders" which were inscribed on wooden tablets & became the foundation of Roman Law. -The Law granted the Plebeians rights to hold offices, and defined various private rights & procedures of the Roman People.

While Rome (both the city and Republic/Empire) were very class structured, discuss at least two times/places where citizens could come together and be virtually equal.

-The amphitheater -public baths -forums- places of business- you would know people's social status by the way they dressed

How can it be said that violence and warfare were "encoded in Rome's DNA" from the very beginning?

-The growth of Rome happened when the Romans steal the sabians wives and this causes a war before the sabian women interfere. -Italy only had a few good harbors for farming and most of them are on the western side away from the commercial hubs of Greece and the near east. -The length of the coastline doesn't offer secure natural defenses so the Romans were forced to defend their own conquests from the beginning.

How did the three wars with Carthage, aka, the "Punic Wars," impact Rome? Who was Hannibal?

-The three Punic Wars were the struggle between Rome and Carthage for dominance of the Mediterranean. -The 1st war was fought for the large islands of Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily. -During the second war Carthage was lead by general Hannibal who almost defeated the Romans in their own soil. He is known as a tactical genius & raised his army from Spain. -The second war was fought to defend Spain territory, and the third to drive the Carthage away. -1st Punic War ended with Rome's conquest of the three island -2nd Punic War ended with the defeat of Hannibal & conquest of key Carthaginian strongholds -3rd Punic war ended with the eradication of the Carthaginian civilization

What was the "Augustan System of Government" or the "Participate," and how did it differ from prior forms of Roman government? What were some of its characteristics? Be able to describe/discuss them.

-These were used to describe how Augustus saw himself as a princeps, "prince" or the "first man". =This was used because Rome was ruled a sole emperor which was the first time in Rome's history of governments. -This was successful because Augustus was a capable ruler. -Introduced police force -gave rights of self governments to cities & provinces -made a new system of coinage throughout the empire -introduced laws against adultery to promote increase in population -had Rome in a time of peace, prosperity, and stability for 2 years -Augustus became worshipped as a god in Rome's policy.

In what ways did Christianity challenge the Roman state?

-They thought Jesus was dangerous because he challenged their political power -did not like him saying he was the son of god not just another prophet and backing that up by performing miracles

The "Five Good Emperors" were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pious, and Marcus Aurelius. Why were they considered "good" and how did their rule impact the Empire?

-They were considered good because it marked a time where there was a peaceful transfer of power among all five. -It masked the stresses of Roman life. None of the first four men had heirs, so they each adopted young man of a good family and trained them his successor in the craft of government.

The four "Julian" Emperors after Augusts were Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. What impact did their rule have on the Empire?

-They were incompetent, tyrannically officeholders. -All four were connected by blood somehow to Julius Cesear. -Tiberius, implemented the policy that was already laid out. -Calguila, also unfit to rule, killed the husbands of women they liked. -Claudius,respectful for his conquest of Britain Nero-was also unfit to rule, and his guards killed him After Nero's death, civil war started much bloodshed. .

The First Triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Pompey Magnus, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. How did the Triumvirate reflect a danger to the Republic?

-This was the alliance of the 3 generals with a goal to "restore the republic". -The danger to the Republic came by the power struggle that ensued once each general wanted to become sole consul. This resulted into a deadly civil war which had Caesar as the victor.

How Greek sculpture created during the Hellenistic period departed from sculpture prior to that period.

-Women were sculpted nude in classical Greece -in Hellenistic Greece period they were shown with more expression.Sculptors tried to make sculptures more realistic

What did it mean in Roman society to be a "client"?

-a social relationship in which a wealthy and powerful person provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means -in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron.

In what way did slavery help as well as hinder Roman society? What did it mean to be a slave in Rome? Were there any advantages?

-abundant cheap slaves to do all the rough work so there was no incentive for technological innovation. -Expensive slaves did the specialized jobs so there was little reason to employ paid labor or to train oneself in these arts. - As a result 1/3 of Rome's 1 million inhabitants received free grain from the state, partly to keep them alive and partly to keep them quiet. -For slaves the policy of slave owners was to get as much work out of them as possible until they died of exhaustion or were freed in old age. -advantages: -sometimes treated as trusted family members. -Secretaries vital to the business of Roman govt and lit. could win fame or earn enough to buy their freedom. - Some slave artisans were allowed to run their own business and keep some of the profit. -Horrible parts were that some business men trained them as gladiators to fight against wild animals or other gladiators. -Some of them were trapped in a cycle of menial tasks like doorkeepers, valets, and child-minders.

What was the appeal of Christianity to the people of Rome?

-allowed romans of different social statuses to comingle again in Sunday worship. -Political & economical strife lured the lower class

Pax Romana

-an unprecedented period of peace and political stability. -Started with Augustus' reign, ended with assassination of Commodus

Who were Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus? What was important about their terms as Tribunes? How did their terms as Tribunes reflect a decline in stability of the Republic?

-both campaigned for major reforms, chiefly the redistribution of property. -voted for a reduction of land per civilian to help the small farmers from losing their land to wealthy patricians and equestrians. -This land reform would also increase the army by allowing more citizens to meet the property qualifications to serve in the army. -Tiberius was murdered for his belief & Gaius was proclaimed an outlaw. -It reflected a decline because of how ruthlessly they were persecuted for their beliefs.

In what ways did the Greeks influence Rome?

-derived their alphabet from the Greek alphabet -Borrowed many of their religious beliefs -downplayed Greek myths & emphasized Trojan Origins

Who was Constantine? What were his contributions to the Roman Empire?

-first emperor of Rome to convert to Christianity. - founded a new imperial capital, Constantinople, on settlement known as Byzantium.

How many kingdoms was Alexander's empire split into after his death? What were their names? Which was the most prosperous?

-four kingdoms -Cassander-Macedonia and Greece Lysimachus-Thrace and much of Asia Minor Seleucus- Babylonia Ptolemy-Egypt -The Ptolemy Kingdom

What did it mean to be a Roman citizen?

-have to protect the rights of the city. - only Roman citizens could hold public offices or votes. -All citizens had to pay taxes -male citizens had to serve in the army when needed.

Who were the Etruscans and how did they fit into the Roman story?

-inhabitants of Italy who dominated the peninsula when the Romans first arrived. -established confederation of independent city-states in northern italy -The Romans took their knowledge of the arch, vault, gladiator combat, and the practice of foretelling the future. -Etruscans women had higher statuses than women in Greece or Rome.

Etruscans

-lived mostly north of Rome -turned Rome from a village to a city -wore togas and short cloaks -had organization of army and art

Who were Romulus and Remus? What's their story?

-myths told by the Romans which were derived from Etruscan traditions. -Romulus and Remus were infant twins abandoned at birth, and then raised by a maternal wolf. -Afterwards founding the city on the slopes of Palatine Hill. -In the story Romulus murders Remus which shows a familiar pattern in Roman politics.

Cleopatra

-queen of Egypt -mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony -killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian

Mt. Vesuvius

-volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast -eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Who was Lucretia?

-wife of the nobleman Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. -was raped by the son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the tyrannical Etruscan king of Rome -She stabbed herself to death. -Lucius Junius Brutus then led a rebellion that drove the Tarquins from Rome. -The event (traditionally dated 509 bce) marks the foundation of the Roman Republic.

What year do historians mark as the year the Western Roman empire officially fell

476

Pompeii

A ancient Roman town that was covered in ash by Mount Vesuvius' eruption in 79 AD killing around 2,000 of its residents

Alexander the Great

Alexander the great son of Philip II, beats Darius III of Persia creates largest army Conquers Egypt

Who were Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, Benedict, Cassodorus, and Paul of Tarsus and what was their importance in the early Christian church?

Ambrose-Early "fathers of the church. He helped define the relationship between sacred authority of bishops, other church leaders, and secular authority of worldly rulers. Jerome-Early "fathers" of the church, translated the Bible from Hebrew and Greek to Vulgate. Augustine-One of the most influential theologians of all time. Articulated a new Christian worldview in The City of God, among others works Benedict- founded a monastery at monte cassino where he urged his followers to follow a simple rule for beginners. The rule established a cycle of daily prayer's, lessons, and worship. Cassodorus-defined classical works that formed the basis of christian education in the Roman west. He encouraged the copying of books. Under his influence monasteries became engines for the collection, preservation, and transmission of knowledge.

What were some of Rome's greatest achievements (architecturally, politically, socially, militarily)?

Architecturally-Romans perfected the Arch and the Dome, they knew how to move water(roman aqueducts) , they created amphitheatres for gladiatorial games, Communal baths, the creation of Forums for political, business, and religious transactions Socially-Latin began to replace Greek as a language of learning and poetry. Gladiatorial games, even emperors, attended these events. politically -Legacy of system of laws, the Twelve tables was largely replaced by a series of new precedents and principles militarily- The Roman Army conquered vast lands and won many battles.

Compare/contrast the Eastern and Western Roman empires politically, socially, and economically.

Eastern: Politically: Diocletian style of Imperial rule borrowed more from the the Persian model than it did from the Roman. He wore a diadem and a purple silk interwoven with gold, Economically: Diocletian stabilized the currency and attempted fix prices and wages. He reformed the tax system. He even moved the administrative center of the empire from Italy it to Nicomedia. Socially: Citizen possessed greater taxable wealth and could sustain the burdens of the himperial bureaucracy more easily. - Western: Politically: The empire now was coming under renewed pressure from it borders. The Roman empire was weakened. The roman army was put on the eastern empire to protect the richer empire. Economically: The Western side now was becoming poorer, they relied on transfers of funds from their eastern counterparts, and they suffered when the funds ran dry. No money to sustain an army. Socially: Citizens suffered, they were much poorer

Know the concepts of Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Skepticism.

Epicureanism -the greatest good is to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquillity, freedom from fear and absence from bodily pain Stoicism-freedom from passion through the pursuit of reason and apathy Skepticism-process of applying reason and critical thinking to determine validity. It's the process of finding a supported conclusion, not the justification of a preconceived conclusion.

What were some contributing factors to the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

Inflation-starting making more silver coins to make up the difference owed to the east, thus causing inflation and increase in taxes. No longer can protect their borders, most of roman military shifted to the East to allow and left the West vulnerable, many other tribes took turns ravaging Western Rome Romulus 476 was the last emperor of Rome , was overthrown by Odovacar, a Hun barbarian leader.

Know the three periods of Roman history: Monarchy, Roman Republic, Empire. You do NOT need to know the dates, but must know the order of the periods.

Monarchy Early Republic Middle Republic Late Republic Empire

What were some major cultural, religious, political, and economic characteristics of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)? How did the Eastern Roman Empire differ from the Western Roman Empire?

Religiously, Diocletian methods for promoting unity within the empire was to take a proactive stance against any group perceived as subversive. Those who could not show proof of loyalty to Rome's gods were stripped of their rights as citizens. Politically, Diocletian style of Imperial rule borrowed more from the the Persian model than it did from the Roman. He wore a diadem and a purple silk interwoven with gold, and introduced Persian-style ceremonies at his courts. Economically, Diocletian stabilized the currency and attempted fix prices and wages. He reformed the tax system. He even moved the administrative center of the empire from Italy it to Nicomedia. Culturally, Citizen possessed greater taxable wealth and could sustain the burdens of the imperial bureaucracy more easily. The eastern empire was becoming more populus, more prosperous, more centeral to the imperial policy. Many western cities now relied on transfers of funds from their eastern counterparts and they suffered when these funds dried up, when trade or communication failed, or when roman legions were transferred elsewhere.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

Why were Christians persecuted by the Romans?

They refused to worship the emperor as a god. Christianity was a secretive religion.

Which of the following is not an accurate description of Roman society:

a) It was a society where sex and violence were used to advance politically b) It was a society with very clear social classes c) It was a society that made heavy use of slaves (a slave society) D) It was a society where women were confined to the home and had few rights

What were some factors that lead to the decline and eventual fall of Rome in the west?

a. Series of Poor emperors b. Trade imbalance (more bought than sold) which led to debt c. Weakened military and the need to hire mercenaries

Alexander's general who asked for and received Egypt when Alexander's empire was divided was:

b) Ptolemy

Julius Caesar fought a civil war with _______ which ultimately ended with Caesar's victory and ascent to unrivaled power in Rome.

c) Pompey

Principate

centuries of autocratic rule by the successors of Augustus, styled himself princeps or Rome's "first man"

What was the difference in Rome between a freeman and a freed man?

freeman-A plebian born in Rome Freedman-A former slave that is now free