History Unit 1 Questions

Treat of Fort Laramie

1868 treaty in which the Sioux agreed to live on the reservation

Soddy

A frontier home, usually dug into a hill or made from sod.

Bonanza Farm

A large, single crop farm

Lewis Latimer

African American inventor of the carbon filament that helped to improve the lightbulb.

Exoduster

An African-American who migrated from the south to the west

Bimetallism

Backing money with silver and gold. This is what the farmers wanted.

Laissez-faire

Capitalism that allows companies to conduct business without government intervention

Monopoly

Complete control over an industry's production, wages, and prices.

1. the risk of explosions due to high pressure in the rocks 2.the threat of being trapped in complete darkness

During the gold rushes of the late 1800s, which of the following difficulties did miners face? Select the two correct answers. 1. the risk of explosions due to high pressure in the rocks 2.the threat of being trapped in complete darkness 3. low pay due to a high supply of lone prospectors 4. extremely cold temperatures in the mines 5. lack of water in the mines

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

trust

Group of businesses owned by competing companies that is controlled by a single group of trustees

She focused on increasing public awareness about problems that Native Americans faced.

How did Helen Hunt Jackson's plan for helping Native Americans differ from the government's plan? She encouraged Native Americans to change their lifestyle. She insisted that Native American children needed to be educated. She focused on increasing public awareness about problems that Native Americans faced. She suggested that Native Americans learn the industrial and domestic activities of American culture.

Employers began to fear them. Management refused to recognize unions as representatives of the workers. Many employers wouldn't allow union meetings and they fired union members. They also forced new employees to sign contracts saying they wouldn't join a union. They also used the Sherman Anti Trust act to help them so the state or federal government would intervene against some labor action.

How did business owners and management respond to the growing power of unions?

They concentrated on higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions. They got an 8 hour work day for government workers.

How did early labor organizations affect working conditions for their members?

They tried to raise more crops to make ends meet. It gave rise to a type of farming called bonanza farming in which they had enormous farms where they raised one crop. These farms eventually folded because they couldn't compete with smaller farms that could be more flexible in the crops they grew.

How did farmers try to solve their debt problems and what were the results?

In an attempt to solve the problems faced by workers, Eugene Debs and some other labor activists eventually to socialism.

How did labor leaders use socialism to solve the problems faced by workers?

As wives and children came to join the men, the towns would turn into prosperous, respectable communities.

How did mining lead to the establishment of new towns in the West?

New processes helped make it possible to make larger quantities of goods in a shorter amount of time.

How did new inventions and developments in the late 19th century change the way people worked? New technology led to an increase in the average workweek by roughly 10 hours. New developments reduced the flexibility of manufacturers to decide where to locate their plants. New inventions decreased the number of jobs, which made it more difficult for women to find work. New processes helped make it possible to make larger quantities of goods in a shorter amount of time.

Credit Mobilier was a construction company and stockholders gave them a contract to lay track at 2 to 3 times the actual cost and pocketed the profits. They donated shares of stock to about 20 representatives in Congress. This was an example of how the railroad industry attracted corrupt people.

How did railroad owners use Crédit Mobilier to make profits?

It created 24 times zones for the world. The US had 4 time zones. It was hard to run railroad time schedules with everyone running on different times. This was a way of fixing that.

How did railroad time help to transform the country into a unified nation?

c.It provided an efficient process to create a flexible, rust-resistant metal.

How did the Bessemer process improve manufacturing? a.It produced a dense metal that was soft and tended to rust. b.It enabled manufacturers to produce quality steel from scrap metal. c.It provided an efficient process to create a flexible, rust-resistant metal. d.It allowed manufacturers to remove oil from beneath the earth's surface.

They herded the people of the friendly nations onto reservations while opening fire on all others. The army crushed resistance on the southern plains.

How did the U.S. Army handle the resistance on the southern plains?

It created new treaties that defined specific boundaries for each tribe.

How did the U.S. government change its policy toward Native American land during the 1850s? It started forbidding settlers from claiming any land on the Great Plains. It began to allow the Native Americans to hunt on their traditional lands. It created new treaties that defined specific boundaries for each tribe. It began to designate all land in the Great Plains as reservation land.

c.Business owners could now consider factors such as population in their decision.

How did the availability of electricity affect the decision of where to locate factories? a.Business owners now had less freedom in deciding where to locate a factory. b.In order to have power, factories now had to be located near rivers or streams. c.Business owners could now consider factors such as population in their decision. d.Since travel was more expensive, factories now had to be located near where workers lived.

It provided the Native Americans with many of their basic needs.

How did the buffalo influence Native American life on the Great Plains? It allowed the Native Americans to hunt more effectively. It allowed the Native Americans to travel farther on the plains. It provided the Native Americans with more speed and mobility. It provided the Native Americans with many of their basic needs.

Growth helped lead to an increase in product specialization.

How did the growth of the railroads affect the economy? Growth helped lead to an increase in product specialization. Growth led to a decrease in the demand for natural resources. Growth reduced the interdependence between cities and towns. Growth reduced the size of cities as people left to work on farms.

Farmers had a new way to protect their fields and ranchers could enclose their grazing lands. It did lead to conflicts though.

How did the invention of barbed wire change the western frontier?

It allowed people to talk to each other over long distances and opened the way for a worldwide communications network. Companies found the phone to be an essential business tool.

How did the invention of the telephone impact the United States?

It pushed many railroads to the brink of bankruptcy. Their financial problems played a major role in a nationwide economic collapse.

How did the panic of 1893 affect the railroad industry?

Laissez-faire capitalism allowed companies to conduct business without intervention by the government. They believed that government regulation would destroy individual self-reliance, reduce profits, and harm the economy. Social Darwinism was a way to justify laissez faire because stronger people, businesses and nations would prosper. Weaker ones would fail.

How did the philosophy of Social Darwinism justify the doctrine of laissez-faire?

Eventually there were 5 transcontinental railroads. The coasts were now linked.

How did the railroads help open the West?

landowners divided their land and assigned each head of household a few acres. Sharecroppers keeps a small share of their crops and gave the rest to the landowners. Since they didn't have their own land, this is what they did to get by.

How did the system of sharecropping work for former slaves during Reconstruction?

It wasn't effective because many native Americans didn't understand the terms of the Dawes Act and they didn't understand the concept of private land ownership. In the end, many Indians didn't get any money from the sale of these lands.

How effective was the Dawes Act in promoting the assimilation of Native Americans into white culture?

A trust was when competing companies would put control of their businesses under a single group of trustees. a pool was an arrangement whereby companies in the same industry divide up the businesses . Each takes a share of the market and agrees not to compete for a larger share.

How was a trust different from a pool as a way to eliminate competition?

Women in the West worked alongside men as equals.

How was life for women different in the West? Most western women focused solely on managing the household. Women in the West worked alongside men as equals. Most women in the West joined labor unions. Women were unable to vote in the West.

Their clothes, food, and vocabulary were heavily influenced by the Mexican Vaquero who was the first to wear spurs. The leather overalls were known as chaps, and they ate jerky.

How was the American cowboy influenced by the Mexican vaquero?

Similar- promoted cooperative buying and selling Different-they had to work mostly in secret to avoid racially motivated violence.

How was the Colored Farmers' National Alliance similar to and different from other farmers' alliances?

During the strike, women gained a place among male union leadership.

How was the Paterson Silk Strike different from other labor strikes? During the strike, women gained a place among male union leadership. After the strike turned violent, armed guards were sent to protect the factory. As a result of the violence, the public began to turn against the labor movement. After the strike ended, a task force was set up to study factory working conditions.

Transcontinental railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

destruction of buffalo

The _________________________ had a significant effect on Native American life on the plains because it altered the main source of food, clothing, shelter, and fuel.

electricity

The availability of _____________________ allowed factory owners greater flexibility in deciding where to locate their plants since they could now consider factors such as population and the availability of natural resources in their decisions.

Gold standard

The backing of dollars solely with gold

George Custer

This man was a colonel in the US cavalry

Homestead act

This was an act that offered free land to western settlers. They were given 160 acres and had to farm it for five years, build a house, and make improvements.

He linked small railroads into a larger network to improve interstate travel.

What effect did Cornelius Vanderbilt have on transportation in the United States? He built the nation's first transcontinental railroad. He improved working conditions and pay for all railroad workers. He linked small railroads into a larger network to improve interstate travel. He convinced Congress to officially adopt railroad time as the standard for the nation

The Populist party collapsed, but they left two powerful legacies 1. a message that the downtrodden could organize and have political impact 2. an agenda of reforms that would be enacted in the 20th century

What effect did the election of 1896 have on Populism?

The new equipment made farming more efficient and they needed fewer laborers. So, people had to move from rural areas to the city to find work.

What effect did the introduction of mechanical farming equipment have on some rural areas?

Men-young men trained to be hunters and warriors Women-helped butcher the game and prepare the hides that the men brought back Children-learned proper behavior and culture through stories and myths and games

What roles did men, women, and children serve in Native American life on the Great Plains?

citizenship to all people born in the US

What was the 14th amendment?

gave the right to vote to black men

What was the 15th amendment?

to offer free land to any citizen or intended citizen who was the head of the household

What was the purpose of the Homestead Act? to offer free land to any citizen or intended citizen who was the head of the household to grant railroads 10 square miles of public land for every mile of track laid in a state to punish ranchers and cattlemen who fenced open lands without permission to give federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges

The Bozeman Trail ran directly through the Sioux hunting grounds in the Bighorn Mountains. The Sioux asked the government to not let white settle on the trail. Crazy Horse ambushed Captain William Fetterman and his company at Lodge Trail Ridge. Over 80 soldiers were killed. The Natives call this the Battle of the Hundred Slain. White call it Fetterman Massacre

What were the causes and effects of the clash on the Bozeman Trail?

1.wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders 2.wanted blacks to be given full citizenship 3.wanted blacks to get the right to vote

What were three goals of the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction?

Which of the following are reasons why the South industrialized more slowly than the North? Select the three correct answers. The South faced high tariffs on raw materials. Southern businesses owned most of the railroads. The South suffered from a lack of skilled workers. People in the South lacked capital for investment. Southern businesses had low transportation costs. The environment in the South was ideal for industry.

Which of the following are reasons why the South industrialized more slowly than the North? Select the three correct answers. The South faced high tariffs on raw materials. Southern businesses owned most of the railroads. The South suffered from a lack of skilled workers. People in the South lacked capital for investment. Southern businesses had low transportation costs. The environment in the South was ideal for industry.

the belief that a strong work ethic could make a person successful

Which of the following conditions led to a favorable climate for industry in the late 1800s? the heavy involvement of government in business the negative view of entrepreneurship held by society the belief that a strong work ethic could make a person successful the belief that individuals could not better themselves through their own efforts

Native Americans believed that land was unable to be owned.

Which of the following correctly describes a belief of Native Americans toward the land of the Great Plains? Native Americans believed that starting a business on the land would give them a stake in the country. Native Americans believed that they had forfeited rights to the land because they did not improve it. Native Americans believed that they should not be allowed to hunt on their traditional land. Native Americans believed that land was unable to be owned.

Nomadic Native Americans needed to roam greater distances to find food.

Which of the following correctly describes an effect of the destruction of the buffalo? The government provided food and money to the Native Americans to make up for the loss of a food source. Many Native Americans gave up farming and began hunting and gathering. Nomadic Native Americans needed to roam greater distances to find food. The government increased the size of Native Americans' reservations.

It was considered a craft union. It wanted to increase wages for its members.

Which of the following correctly describes the American Federation of Labor (AFL)? Select the two correct answers. It allowed all workers to join. It used strikes as a last resort. It was considered a craft union. It was formed by a group of socialists. It wanted to increase wages for its members.

It would destroy individual self-reliance.

Which of the following correctly describes the attitude of business leaders about government intervention in industry? It would benefit the economy. It would hurt weaker companies. It would lead to increased profits. It would destroy individual self-reliance.

It weakened the party by returning the right to vote and the right to hold office to many former Confederates.

Which of the following correctly describes the effect the Amnesty Act had on the Republican Party in the South? It weakened the party by allowing the Freedmen's Bureau to expire. It strengthened the party by providing for the federal supervision of elections in southern states. It weakened the party by returning the right to vote and the right to hold office to many former Confederates. It strengthened the party by giving the president the power to use federal troops in areas where the Ku Klux Klan was active.

long hours with low pay

Which of the following correctly describes the working conditions that most workers faced? safe environments with few accidents equal pay for men and women a variety of tasks to perform long hours with low pay

He searched for ways to make better products more cheaply.

Which of the following correctly explains how Andrew Carnegie improved his manufacturing operation to maximize profits? He used vertical integration to limit his competition. He searched for ways to make better products more cheaply. He used horizontal integration to gain control of his suppliers. He created holding companies to gain control of other industries.

the availability of doctors' offices access to shops and athletic fields well-constructed homes

Which of the following did George Pullman provide to his workers to ensure a stable work force? Select the three correct answers. flexible rent payments well-constructed homes few restrictions during free time the availability of doctors' offices access to shops and athletic fields a relaxed environment with few rules

increasing debt high costs for shipping

Which of the following economic situations did American farmers face in the late 1800s? Select the two correct answers. increasing debt high crop prices high costs for shipping an increase in the money supply a surplus of good land for farming

the increase in the development of new uses for natural resources

Which of the following factors helped lead to a period of industrial growth during the late 1800s? the increase in the cost of hiring labor the decline in the population of urban areas the decline in government spending for business and innovation the increase in the development of new uses for natural resources

The demand for beef increased due to growing cities.

Which of the following helped the cattle industry to become a big business in the late 1800s? The amount of buffalo increased greatly. The invention of barbed wire led to an open range. The demand for beef increased due to growing cities. The number of people who wanted to become cowboys increased.

a surplus of cattle

Which of the following led to a decrease in the price of beef and helped to end the open range? a surplus of cattle a surplus of grazing land an increase in demand for beef an increase in the occurrence of "Texas fever"

The government would set up schools for Native American children. Native American students would learn to live like white Americans.

Which of the following was a part of the government's plan of assimilation for the Native Americans? Select the two correct answers. Students would be able to speak any language they chose to in school. The government would set up schools for Native American children. Native American students would learn to live like white Americans. Students would be encouraged to wear their traditional clothing. Native Americans would maintain their beliefs and way of life.

Most people believed that paper money was worthless if it could not be turned in for gold or silver.

Which of the following was true about the public's opinion on the backing of currency? Most people believed that retaining the gold standard would create an unstable economy. Most people believed that the backing of currency was an unimportant issue in the late 1800s. Most people believed that paper money was worthless if it could not be turned in for gold or silver. Most people believed that increasing the amount of currency would increase the value of the dollar.

Railroad workers endured harsh conditions and frequent accidents.

Which of the following was true of railroad workers? Most railroad workers were paid high wages. Most railroad workers were limited to an eight-hour workday. Railroad workers endured harsh conditions and frequent accidents. Immigrant railroad workers earned as much money as the other workers.

Most of the Native Americans who died during the fighting were unarmed. The growth of the Ghost Dance movement caused U.S. military leaders to become worried.

Which of the following was true of the events of the Battle of Wounded Knee? Select the two correct answers. The Native Americans won a quick victory at Wounded Knee, which ended the fighting with the settlers. The growth of the Ghost Dance movement caused U.S. military leaders to become worried. Native Americans wanted revenge against General Custer for the death of Sitting Bull. The Seventh Cavalry fired the first shots, which began the Battle of Wounded Knee. Most of the Native Americans who died during the fighting were unarmed.

It was dominated by large companies.

Which of the following was true of underground mining during the late 1800s? It was dominated by large companies. It was less dangerous than surface mining. Most underground miners were lone prospectors. Most underground mining was done with inexpensive equipment.

extreme weather conditions social isolation and loneliness the threat of raids by Native Americans

Which of the following were difficulties that settlers on the frontier faced? Select the three correct answers. the lack of good farmland extreme weather conditions the possibility of earthquakes social isolation and loneliness the threat of raids by Native Americans overcrowding due to a large population

Which of the following were part of the Populist Party platform? adopting the secret ballot regulating the railroads restricting immigration

Which of the following were part of the Populist Party platform? Select the three correct answers. restricting immigration regulating the railroads ending all income taxes adopting the secret ballot decreasing the money supply allowing state legislatures to choose U.S. senators

To end KKK violence and Democratic intimidation, they passed these acts. The acts provided for the federal supervision of elections in southern states and the other gave power to the president to use federal troops in areas where the Klan was active.

Why did Congress pass the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871?

Gold was discovered in the region.

Why did many settlers come to the Black Hills? Gold was discovered in the region. The land was fertile and well suited to farming. There were few Native Americans in the area and little chance of conflict. The government gave 80 acres of land to anyone who moved to the region

to own land in a place where freedoms would not be restricted

Why did most African Americans (exodusters) migrate West from southern states in the late 1870s? to own land in a place where freedoms would not be restricted to come to work on the transcontinental railroad to avoid fighting for the South in the Civil War to join the speculators looking to find gold

to take advantage of a new party affiliation to gain power

Why did scalawags choose to join the Republican Party? to take advantage of a new party affiliation to gain power to allow the former wealthy planters to regain power to limit the potential of the South to industrialize to show their commitment to civil rights issues

to restore many of the restrictions of slavery

Why did some southern states create black codes in the 1860s? to restore many of the restrictions of slavery to provide more freedoms to African Americans to take the right to vote away from African Americans to assist former slaves by distributing food and clothing

to improve working conditions

Why did workers form unions? to decrease wages to eliminate child labor to increase working hours to improve working conditions

Because the act didn't clearly define terms such as "trust" Also, if a company was feeling pressure, they would just reorganize into a single corporation. Eventually the government stopped trying to enforce the act.

Why was enforcing the Sherman Antitrust Act difficult for the government?

It brought the Indian wars and an entire era to a bitter end.

Why was the Battle of Wounded Knee significant?

It marked the first time the federal government regulated an industry.

Why was the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 significant? It granted the states the right to regulate the railroads. It marked the first time the federal government regulated an industry. It stopped the railroad companies' misuse of government land grants. It allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to easily regulate railroad rates.

It was the first time the federal government provided assistance for higher education.

Why was the Morrill Act of 1862 significant? It was the first time the federal government provided assistance for higher education. It was the first act to grant women the right to vote and hold office. It improved the economy by offering citizens free land for farming. It increased the population in the West and closed the frontier.

It became a shipping yard for cattle because trails and railroads came together there.

Why was the town of Abilene, Kansas, important to the cattle industry? It became a shipping yard for cattle because trails and railroads came together there. It contained many stockyards, which allowed ranchers to send cattle to the East. It was where farmers blockaded cattle and prevented them from being sold. It was the largest meatpacking center in the Great Plains.

The railroads engaged in formal agreements to fix prices. The railroad companies misused government land grants.

Why were the Grangers upset with the railroad companies? Select the two correct answers. The railroads charged all customers the same price. The railroad companies set maximum passenger rates. The railroads engaged in formal agreements to fix prices. The railroad companies misused government land grants. The railroads allowed the government to regulate their business.

hard rock mining

a technique that involved digging tunnels along the veins of gold and breaking up tons of ore hard rock mining panning hydraulic mining placer mining sluicing

sluicing

a technique that used a trough to separate gold from gravel hard rock mining panning hydraulic mining placer mining sluicing

placer mining

a type of mining in which minerals were found in loose sand and gravel hard rock mining panning hydraulic mining placer mining sluicing

hydraulic mining

a type of mining that used water under high pressure to blast away dirt, exposing the minerals underneath hard rock mining panning hydraulic mining placer mining sluicing