History Unit 13

Hutus and Tutsis

The Rwandan Genocide African independence movements- learned the challenges newly independent African states faced as they came out of colonial rule. Many new states did not have well-established governments of their own, and governments fell to coups. in some places, colonizers favored specific ethnic groups and reserved positions of power for people of those groups. This structure led to resentment and ethnic tensions that continued after decolonization. One significant ethnic conflicts occurred between the Hutu and Tutsi groups in Rwanda. about this conflict: Rwanda Under Colonialism Through the twentieth century, Rwanda was under colonial rule—first under Germany, then Belgium. Rwanda's population consisted of two ethnic groups: ___. Hutus were the majority Tutsis had more power in Rwandan society. German and Belgian colonizers believed class differences meant Tutsis were superior to Hutus, so colonizers favored the Tutsis and gave them positions of power. Belgian rulers blocked Hutus from certain jobs and education and forced them to carry identification cards

Islamism

Unrest has also occurred due to the actions of certain groups who follow the ideology of Islamism. ___ advocates for the principles of Islam to guide public and political life. (Islamism refers to the political ideology, while Islam refers to the religion.) In Western media, the term Islamism often has connotations of political extremism and violence. Many Islamists oppose these connotations and emphasize the idea that Islamism is a form of activism. interactive- about Islamism and groups that have used extreme forms of the ideology: the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and the Islamic State -note the influence each group had in Southwest Asia -the primary group behind 9/11-al-Qaeda -a group that gained political power in Afghanistan in the late 1990s, lost power, and took over the country in 2021-Taliban -a group that tried to establish a government in parts of Iraq and Syria in the mid-2010s-Islamic State The groups you learned about in the interactive represent just a small portion of Muslims. examine opinions about these groups in the Muslim community.

Osama bin Laden War in Afghanistan. Weapons of mass destruction Iraq War

Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq the Taliban controlled much of Afghanistan in the early 2000s and gave refuge to ___, the al-Qaeda leader who planned the 9/11 attacks. U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban turn over bin Laden. When the Taliban refused, the United States and its ally the United Kingdom attacked Afghanistan. This attack began the ___ Bush accused Iraqi President Saddam Hussein of supporting al-Qaeda and developing weapons of mass destruction. ___ are weapons such as nuclear or chemical weapons designed to kill a large number of people. Later investigations found the accusations to be untrue, but these reasons led the United States to invade Iraq in 2003, beginning the ___. timeline- about these two wars, which occurred partially at the same time.

mixed economy outsource

India India gained independence from British rule in 1947. Since then, India has experienced changes in its economy that have impacted India's population. some of the changes India experienced: International Business After India gained independence, its government set up A ___ which uses characteristics of both command economies and free market economies. India's government controlled major industries like a command economy's government. india also had private businesses like a free market economy. In the 1980s, economic reforms reduced economic restrictions and opened up India to more foreign businesses. India had many English speakers bc of its history as a British colony, so companies from largely English-speaking countries like the United States and the United Kingdom could easily do business in India. India's lower wages also attracted businesses from these countries. Today, many foreign companies ___ work to Indian companies, meaning they hire another company for part of their work. to know- gov has a mixed economy and foreign countries outsource indian companies

Japanese economic miracle

Japan East Asia is home to some of the world's largest economies. The changes that turned the region into an economic power began with Japan's Meiji Restoration in the late 19th century, when Japan rapidly industrialized. Japan's early industrial economy reached its height during World War II, then Japan's defeat in the war slowed down economic development. Japan came under the occupation of the Allied Powers after World War II. The Allies sought to rebuild Japan as a peaceful nation friendly to the Allied Powers. The Allied Powers wrote Japan's new constitution saying Japan would not maintain a military. After the Allied occupation ended in 1952, the Japanese government focused its spending on ECONOMIC GROWTH, not the military. From the 1960s-1980s, the country experienced a period of rapid economic growth referred to as the ___. Japan had the world's second-largest economy from 1978 until 2010 when China surpassed it.

Kosovo

Foreign Intervention learned NATO took on a role as an international police force after the end of the Cold War. A group of NATO member states sent military forces to intervene against the Serbian forces. U.S.-led peace talks in 1995 ended the war, and Bosnia and Herzegovina gained independence. Bosnia and Herzegovina was split into separate regions for different ethnic groups. Between the war and the ethnic cleansing, more than 100,000 people died in the violence. After the wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the EU provided economic aid to help Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina recover. Kosovo ___ was a province within Serbia, Yugoslavia's largest republic. In the early 1990s, ethnic Albanians within Kosovo peacefully protested for independence from Yugoslavia. When peaceful efforts did not achieve results, some Albanians organized a force called the Kosovo Liberation Army and attacked Serbian police forces. Serbian forces carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign that forced hundreds of thousands of Albanians out of Kosovo. War broke out between the two sides. NATO intervened because it saw Serbian forces' attacks on civilians as a humanitarian crisis. NATO attacked Serbian military targets and reached a peace settlement in 1999. The EU sent economic aid to Kosovo. Kosovo declared independence in 2008, but Serbia still does not recognize Kosovo's independence.

popular election Boris Yeltsin

Post-Soviet Russia Russia was the largest of the 15 separate states that replaced the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had been one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and Russia took over this spot after the end of the Soviet Union. Russia held its first ___, or election in which the general population (rather than only government officials) votes. ___, the winner of this election, had gained popularity during the Soviet era by advocating for democratic reforms and the independence of Soviet states, including Russia. As post-Soviet Russia's first president, he worked to reform Russia's struggling economy and introduce free-market reforms. When communist members of Parliament opposed his efforts, he dissolved Parliament. This move violated Russia's constitution. A group of government officials attempted a coup, but army troops stopped the attempt. Yeltsin wrote a new constitution, which the public narrowly approved in a referendum. This new constitution expanded the president's powers. Although Yeltsin brought increased economic freedoms to Russia, he also brought an autocratic system of leadership.

Slovenia Croatia

Slovenia and Croatia Ethnic groups, motivated by nationalism, sought to create their own states. ___ (a state of mostly ethnic Slovenes) and __ (a state of mostly ethnic Croats) declared their independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. War broke out between these states and Yugoslavia's army, which was led by ethnic Serbs. Ethnic Serbs within Slovenia and Croatia joined on the side of the Yugoslav army because they shared an ethnic identity with the Yugoslav army. -bc they identify with them more

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN trade bloc

Southeast Asia and ASEAN During the Cold War era, nationalist movements throughout Southeast Asia led the region's countries to gain independence from colonial rule. After colonies gained independence, they worked with their neighbors to form partnerships that benefited Southeast Asian nations. In 1967, several Southeast Asian nations formed a political and economic union called the ___. The first members were Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Today, ASEAN also includes Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. ASEAN formed a ___, or an agreement to work together to improve the members' economies and reduce barriers to trade. The organization promotes cooperation among its member states, helps the states resolve disputes, and makes arrangements for states to work together in scientific and technical research.

Bosnia and Herzegovina Ethnic cleansing

Bosnia and Herzegovina ___, another republic within Yugoslavia, declared its independence in 1992. Ethnic Serbs within Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to remain part of Yugoslavia. War broke out between people who wanted independence for Bosnia and Herzegovina and those who sought to keep it in Yugoslavia. Groups of Serbs—both from within Bosnia and Herzegovina and from the Yugoslav army—carried out ethnic cleansing against the Bosniak and Croat ethnic groups. ___ is an effort to eliminate a certain ethnic group from an area, either through murder or exile. It is similar to genocide, but genocide seeks to kill off a group entirely, while ethnic cleansing focuses on eliminating a group from a specific area.

BRICS

Brazil's Growing Global Influence Brazil is one of the five countries included in the acronym ___—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. In 2001, economists identified Brazil, Russia, India, and China as emerging economies that would be leaders in the world economy by 2050. They added South Africa to the list in 2010. Leaders of BRICS countries in 2019, from left to right: Xi Jinping of China; Vladimir Putin of Russia; Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil; Narendra Modi of India; Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa Through most of the twentieth century, Brazil was under dictatorships or military governments. In 1985, a candidate opposing Brazil's military regime won a presidential election. In the late 1980s, the new administration's policies led to a new constitution that replaced the authoritarian policies Brazil's government had previously used.

special economic zones

China China became a communist country in 1949 when the Chinese Communist Party won the Chinese Civil War and established the People's Republic of China on China's mainland. Mao Zedong collectivized agriculture and nationalized industry, establishing a command economy in China. Mao's policies caused famine by the Great Leap Forward but also created major economic growth in China. After Mao died, Deng Xiaoping held leadership positions in China from 1977-1997. Deng introduced some free market reforms and gave more control to private companies. During this period, China established special economic zones: areas with more free market economic policies with LESS government control. China established ___ in five cities in 1980, followed by 14 more cities four years later. Since then, China has continued to create new zones and enlarge existing ones. -Shanghai is one of China's special economic zones.

GDP gross domestic product GDP per capita

Conditions Over Time video- about conditions in Africa over time. hear the term ___, which stands for ___. GDP refers to the total value of the goods and services a place produces in a certain time period. It is a way to measure the SIZE of a place's economy. if gdp is good then the economy is good- A common measure of a population's economic status is ___, which is the value of goods and services each person in a population (rather than the population as a whole) produces in a certain time period. Which statement summarizes the video-Conditions in Africa have improved, but those improvements might not last. how does gdp relate to africa hu and tu were combined into one nation examining how conditions have changed over time.

Rwandan genocide

Division After Independence (remember tutsis is the one that they favored) A rebellion from a Hutu political group led Rwanda to gain independence in 1962. (Hutus were the larger group but had less power.) Rebelling Hutus targeted not only Belgians but also Tutsis (the smaller, politically powerful group). In the attacks, 20,000 Tutsis died and most other Tutsis fled Rwanda. Hutus, who had been treated as second-class, became Rwanda's leading group. In the following decades, Hutu leaders enacted discriminatory policies that expelled Tutsis from universities and limited their job opportunities. In 1990, a civil war occurred as a group of Tutsis fought to return to Rwanda, and the Hutu-dominated government fought back. In 1993, both sides agreed to end fighting and form a government that included both Hutus and Tutsis. The Rwandan Genocide Despite the peace agreement, distrust and tension between Hutus and Tutsis continued. In 1994, Rwanda's president, a Hutu, was killed when his plane was shot down. It is unclear whether the attacker was a Tutsi fighter or a Hutu hoping to pin blame on the Tutsis and create an excuse to attack Tutsis. Hutu extremists blamed the Tutsis and began carrying out the ___: a mass killing of Tutsis, as well as Hutus who tried to stop the killings. Military members attacked Tutsis in their homes. They offered rewards to civilians who joined the attacks and made threats against people who did not join. 800,000 civilians—over twice the population of Pittsburgh—died in the genocide. Another 2 million fled Rwanda. The genocide ended after Tutsi forces made advancements and caused extremist Hutu leaders to flee the country. War and genocide caused a large portion of Rwanda's population to die or flee. After the Rwandan genocide, African leaders took measures to prevent violence within the c

Indian diaspora

Migration From 1995 to 2005, India saw a major increase in emigration(migration out of India). Job opportunities abroad in English-speaking countries, was a major factor in this migration. This trend in migration, along with the fact that India's population is very large, means many countries around the world now have large Indian populations. The global spread of people with Indian heritage is called the ___. a diaspora is the spread of a population group from its historical homeland. Indian immigrants often maintain cultural ties to India and bring Indian culture to the places where they live. match to scenario it represents After independence, India had both government-run industries and private businesses.-mixed economy Delhi's population grew from 1.4 million in 1950 to 33 million in 2023.-urbanization More than 100,000 people of Indian descent live in Philadelphia.-Indian diaspora Japan, too, experienced major economic changes after the end of World War II.

African Union peacekeeping

The African Union During the Rwandan genocide, the international community did little to stop the violence. Before the genocide, the United Nations had already sent troops to Rwanda to arrange a ceasefire. However, when the genocide began, the United Nations could not find enough troops to stop the attackers. The Rwandan genocide and the weak international effort to stop it led to a growing drive among African leaders to handle problems of insecurity and instability within their own continent. In the 1990s, leaders began using the phrase "African solutions to African problems" to indicate they did not want to rely on global groups such as the United Nations for support. In the early 2000s, representatives from 32 African states agreed to restructure the existing Organization of African Unity and reform it as the ___. Like the European Union, the African Union focused on economic connections among its member states. However, it could also intervene in the internal affairs of its member countries to stop violence. Such interventions by groups such as the African Union and the United Nations are called PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS. Despite the word "peace" in the term, ___missions involve military operations with the goal of stopping another group from carrying out acts of violence or human rights violations.

Arab Spring

The Arab Spring In 2010 and 2011, a wave of protests called the ___ spread throughout Southwest Asia and North Africa. The movement was a response to issues many people were enduring due to actions of the region's governments: authoritarianism, human rights violations, political corruption, economic decline, unemployment, and extreme poverty. Like the Prague Spring of 1968, the name connects revolution to the sense of new life and hope that comes with the season of spring—this time in countries with large Arab populations. about the Arab Spring.

learned: several groups have used Islamist ideology to justify violence, but most Muslims do not support these actions; the United States and its allies carried out wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to fight terrorism; and the Arab Spring sought to remove oppressive governments from power and had mixed results.

The Arab Spring Spreads The Arab Spring began in the North African country of Tunisia, where revolutionaries removed an unpopular longtime president from power and held democratic elections. image- an anti-government protest in Tunisia. Inspiration from Tunisia's revolution caused the movement to spread throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, to varying degrees in different countries. By the end of February 2012, revolutionaries had ousted leaders in Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. Digital Communication- played an important role in the Arab Spring. Major social media platforms had risen to prominence in the previous few years. The populations of Tunisia and Egypt had high Internet usage, and protestors used social media to organize protests. People also used social media to show issues such as police brutality against protestors. image: a protestor in Egypt Results The Arab Spring's consequences varied greatly. In Tunisia and Egypt, which held free and fair elections, the revolutions were considered short-term successes. image- Tunisians lining up to vote in 2011. Tunisia remains a democracy today. However, in Egypt, the democratically elected president attempted to pass a constitution that would greatly increase his power. A military coup in 2013 removed him from power and established an authoritarian government. In Syria, protests against President Bashar al-Assad grew into a civil war between the Syrian government and various groups trying to remove al-Assad from power. The Syrian Civil War has continued into the 2020s and resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths.

Yugoslavia

The Breakup of Yugoslavia- btwn greece and italy The area that was once the country of ___, faced a period of violence after the end of the Soviet Union. Similar to how the Soviet Union was a single state composed of multiple socialist republics, Yugoslavia was a country containing six republics. learn how Yugoslavia broke into multiple states. Yugoslavia During the Cold War Yugoslavia's population was made up of distinct ethnic groups, and Yugoslavia as a whole did not have a shared identity. During the Cold War, a totalitarian communist government held Yugoslavia together. When communist regimes fell throughout Europe, Yugoslavia's government lost the support of its neighbors. Like the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia fell apart.

European Union euro

The European Union As the Soviet Union collapsed and Europe underwent major political changes, leaders thought about how to create a peaceful and prosperous Europe. In 1993, a group of European states approved a treaty that formed the ___, or EU. The EU expanded upon treaties that had already been in place before its creation. By the end of 1995, the EU had 14 members. In 2020, the United Kingdom left the EU, leaving the number of member states at 27. The EU formed closer economic ties among European nations, including some former members of the Eastern Bloc. The EU opened up the movement of goods and workers among its member states. It also introduced the ___, a common currency shared among most of its member states. These changes made it easier for people to conduct business, sell goods and services, and take job opportunities across international borders.

In this lesson, you learned: India has become a major source of outsourced work, but it struggles with economic inequality; Japan experienced rapid economic growth after World War II, but an aging population presents challenges today; China's economy is a mix of a command economy and a free market economy; pressure from China to not recognize Taiwan as a country creates obstacles for Taiwan, but Taiwan is a major exporter of high-tech products; North Korea's isolation and repressive government have stifled economic growth, while South Korea's economy has grown rapidly; and Southeast Asian countries formed ASEAN to support their economic growth after they gained independence.

description to the place it best describes. formed a regional economic union-Southeast Asia experienced an "economic miracle"-Japan is a leading provider of outsourced work-India formed special economic zones-China Over the past several decades, many Asian countries have undergone significant economic growth. The specifics of how they achieved this growth vary. Choose two countries in Asia. How have their economies been similar over the past few decades? An optional way you may start your response is: (Country's name) and (country's name) both . . . Choose two countries in Asia. You may choose the same two countries as you chose above, or you may choose a different pair of countries. How have the countries' economies been different over the past few decades? An optional way you may start your response is: (Country's name) and (country's name) have differences in . . .

food insecurity

food Shortages Environmental factors can lead to food crises and famines. For example, in mid-2000s, people in Nigeria experienced ___, a lack of dependable access to sufficient food. Severe food shortage due to drought and damage to crops by desert LOCUSTS caused the food shortage. Similarly, in 2011 and 2012, a severe drought affected the entire region of East Africa. The effects of food shortages are especially strong on children and are a leading cause of death among small children. Graph- includes the percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa's population with access to safely managed drinking water. How long did it take this percentage to increase from 20 percent to 30 percent?-about 15 years Although the region faces significant challenges, many people in Sub-Saharan Africa are working to solve the problems their communities face. some of these efforts: