HLTH 231 Chapter 1 Key Terms, Chapter Questions, and quiz

1.What term is used to describe the expected number of years of full health remaining at a given age, such as at birth? A. Healthy life span B. Healthy life expectancy C. Health-related quality of life D. Wellness

B. Healthy life expectancy

The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions

Health

Which health model views treating disease through medications and surgery as the surest way to improve health?

Medical model

Observing a friend's successful attempt to quit smoking and trying some of the same tactics to quit yourself is an example of

Modeling

Social determinants of health

Social, economic, and physical conditions in the environments in which people live that affect a range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

food desert

a community in which residents lack ready access to fresh, healthful, and affordable food

self-efficacy

belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully

countering

substituting a desired behavior for an understandable one

culture

the collective attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors that distinguish one group of people from another

health belief model (HBM)

a model for explaining how beliefs may influence behaviors

disease prevention

actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick

well-being

an assessment of the positive aspects of a person's life, such as positive emotions and life satisfaction

mindfulness

awareness of the present moment, including sensations, thoughts, feelings, and the environment, without evaluation, qualification, or judgement.

imagined rehearsal

practicing, through mental imagery, to become better able to perform an event in actuality

mortality

the proportion of deaths to population

Emotional health

- being able to express emotions when appropriate and to control them when not - self-esteem, self-confidence, trust, and love

Social health

- broad social network, maintain satisfying interpersonal relationships with friends, family members, and partners. - adapting to various social situations - being able to give and receive love are all part of social health

Spiritual health

- creating and expressing meaning and purpose in your life - Includes: believing a supreme being, following a particular religion's rules, or feeling that you are a part of a greater spectrum of existence

Environmental health

- understanding how the health of the environments in which you live, work, and play - protecting yourself from hazards in your own environment - working to preserve, protect, and improve environmental conditions for everyone

All of the following are basic mindfulness skills EXCEPT

...

8. Suppose you want to lose 20 pounds. To reach your goal, you take small steps. You start by joining a support group and counting calories. After 2 weeks, you begin an exercise program and gradually build up to your desired fitness level. What behavior change strategy are you using? A. Shaping B. Visualization C. Modeling D. Reinforcement

A. Shaping

9. After Kirk and Tammy pay their bills, they reward themselves by watching TV together. The type of positive reinforcement that motivates them to pay their bills is a(n) A. activity reinforcer B. consumable reinforcer C. manipulative reinforcer D. possessional reinforcer

A. activity reinforcer

10. The aspects of a situation that cue or stimulate a person to act in certain ways are called A. antecedents B. setting events C. consequences D. active inducements

A. antecedents

5. Healthy People (2010) is a(n) A. blueprint for health actions designed to improve health in the United States B. projection for life expectancy rates in the United States in the year 2020 C. international plan for achieving health priorities for the environment by the year 2020 D. set of specific goals that states must achieve in order to receive federal funding for health care

A. blueprint for health actions designed to improve health in the United States.

Missy is motivated to lose weight. She has begun taking a 30-minute walk every morning, has worked with a nutrition counselor to design a new diet, and on Monday will begin following new eating plan. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Missy is in a stage of...

Action

2.What statistic is used to describe the number of deaths from heart disease this year? A. Morbidity B. Mortality C. Incidence D. Prevalence

B. Mortality

1. Assigning a generalized and typically negative attribute to an individual of a different population group is known as.... A. othering B. Stereotyping C. negating D. discriminating

B. Stereotyping

4. Janice describes herself as confident and trusting, and she displays both high self-esteem and high self-efficacy. The dimension of health this relates to is the A. physical dimension B. emotional dimension C. spiritual dimension D. intellectual dimension

B. emotional dimension

4. Which of the following initiatives would be most likely to achieve a more equitable distribution of health care? A. Conduct research into the root causes of the neighborhood violence B. Increase taxes on tobacco products C. Establish educational programs and policies to encourage members of minority groups to pursue careers in the health professions. D. Raise the age for Medicare eligibility

C. Establish educational programs and policies to encourage members of minority groups to pursue careers in the health professions

3. Which of the following is thought to be an effect of mindfulness training? A. It can more effectively activate previously established neurological pathways by which we perceive and respond to others B. It can help reinforce negative stereotypes C. It can reduce the brain's activation of automatic negative associations D. It can increase

C. It can reduce the brains activation of automatic negative associations

6. Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? A. The technique of mindfulness was discovered and developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn in the late 1970's. B. Although there has been a surge of interest in mindfulness in the last decade, very little research links the practice to improved health C. Meditation is a helpful but not essential tool for developing mindfulness. D. One technique that is recommended for developing mindfulness is to contemplate your perfection.

C. Meditation is a helpful but not essential tool for developing mindfulness

2. Which of the following social determinants of health contributes significantly to chronic stress? A. Poverty B. Discrimination C. Exposure to neighborhood violence D. All of the above

D. All of the above

3. Everyday tasks, such as walking up the stairs or tying your shoes, are known as A. wellness behaviors B. healthy life expectancy C. cues to actions D. activities of daily living

D. activities of daily living

7. The social cognitive model of behavior change suggests that A. understanding the seriousness of a health problem and our susceptibility to it motivates change B. contemplation is an essential step to adequately prepare ourselves for change C. behavior change usually does not succeed if it begins with action. D. the environment in which we live, from childhood to the present, influences change

D. the environment in which we live, from childhood to the present, influences change

Leading Causes of death in the US (All Ages)

Diseases of the heart, Malignant neoplasms (cancer), Chronic lower respiratory diseases, Accidents (unintentional injuries), Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke)

Manuela joined a group exercise class. Her instructor, who was formerly inactive and overweight, motivates the class and participates with them. In class, Manuela tries to emulate her instructor's moves, and she has also become more physically active as part of her daily routine. Which technique is Manuela using to reach her goal of becoming more fit?

Modeling

An adolescent smoker might think lung cancer happens only to old people. This is an example of which factor of the health belief model?

Perceived Susceptibility

The dimension of physical health encompasses the ability to

Perform activities of daily living

Jim was successful at meeting his exercise goal and rewarded himself by taking a three-day vacation at a golf resort. This is an example of a

Reinforcing behavior

Changing your seat in class to one closer to the front to help change your habit of napping during the lecture is an example of

Situational inducement

locus of control

The location, external (outside oneself) or internal (within oneself), that an individual perceives as the source and underlying cause of events in his or her life

Major public health achievements of the 20th century include

Vaccinations Motor Vehicle safety Workplace safety Control of infectious diseases Reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke deaths Safe and healthy foods Maternal and infant care Family planning Fluoridated drinking water Recognition of tobacco as a health hazard

Health equity

a condition characterized by an absence of avoidable or remediable differences in health and the attainment of optimal health for all

diversity

a condition characterized by varied composition, especially in terms of culture, race/ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and the like.

chronic disease

a disease that typically begins slowly, progresses, and persists, with a variety of signs and symptoms that can be treated but not cured by medication.

social cognitive model (SCM)

a model of behavior change that emphasizes the role of social factors and thought processes (cognition) in behavior change

Transtheoretical Model

a model of behavior change that identifies six distinct stages people go though in altering behavior patterns; also called the stages of change model.

Mrs. J. is trying to get her third grade students to remember to get their homework signed by a parent every night. Students who remember every day for a month receive a gift card from a local bookstore. This is an example of

a possessional reinforcer

motivation

a social, cognitive and emotional force that directs human behavior

risk behaviors

actions that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes

privilege

advantages and rights, often unearned, that are available to only some members of a society

belief

appraisal of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of that object, action, or idea

health-related quality of life (HRQoL)

assessment of impact of health status- including elements of physical, mental, emotional, and social function- on overall quality of life.

stereotyping

assigning a generalized and typically negative attribute to an individual of a different population group

situational inducement

attempt to influence a behavior through situations and occasions that are structured to exert control over that behavior

Health disparities

differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other health conditions among specific populations

Dimensions of health

intellectual health, emotional health, environmental health, physical health, spiritual health, and social health

food insecure

lacking reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

modeling

learning and adopting specific behaviors by observing others perform them

positive reinforcement

presenting something positive following a behavior that is being reinforced

relapse

returning to a pattern of negative behavior after a period of time successfully avoiding that behavior

health literacy

the ability to obtain, process, and understand health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

The contemporary definition of wellness is

the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions

wellness

the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions

health promotion

the combined educational, organizational, procedural, environmental, social, and financial supports that help individuals and groups to reduce negative health behaviors and promote positive change

self- talk

the customary manner of thinking and talking to oneself, which can affect one's self-image

healthy life expectancy

the expected number of years of full health remaining at a given age, such as at birth.

life expectancy

the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age

Determinants of health

the range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that influence health status

difference

the recognition of another person as being unlike oneself in some important way

Physical health

the shape and size of your body, body's ability to function at optimum levels with adequate sleep and rest, nutrition, and physical activity

shaping

using a series of small steps to gradually achieve a particular goal