hofstede countries
mixed economy
both capitalist and socialism Blend of private enterprise and government involvement
average masculinity/femininity
Emphasize both goal-oriented work and cooperation. Encourage a balance between ambition and collaboration, valuing both achievement and teamwork.
low to medium for masculinity/femininity
Emphasize both goal-oriented work and cooperation. Encourage a balance between ambition and collaboration, valuing both achievement and teamwork.
medium to high long-term/short-term orientation
Emphasize strategic planning and efficiency while being adaptable to changing circumstances. Highlight the importance of both immediate results and long-term strategies.
average long term/short term orientation
Emphasize strategic planning and efficiency while remaining adaptable to changes and new opportunities
medium to high for masculinity/femininity
Encourage a work culture that values cooperation, work-life balance, supportive relationships, and consensus-building in decision-making. Emphasize goal-oriented work, ambition, and success while balancing the importance of cooperation and work-life balance.
low to medium for uncertainty avoidance
Encourage an environment that embraces change, fosters innovation, and supports experimentation and new ideas.
average individualism
Encourage collaboration and teamwork while also valuing individual contributions and initiatives.
low to medium for power distance
Encourage open communication, participative decision-making, and a collaborative approach among team members. Emphasize accessibility to management and promote teamwork.
average power distance
Encourage open communication, respect for hierarchy, and a balance between authority and team involvement in decision-making. Promote an accessible management style.
average uncertainty avoidance
Foster a culture that encourages adaptability, innovative thinking, and risk-taking while maintaining structured processes.
average indulgence
Foster a work environment that appreciates achievements, celebrates successes, and encourages a positive work-life balance while maintaining discipline and professionalism.
medium to high for indulgence
Foster a work environment that appreciates achievements, celebrates successes, and encourages a positive work-life balance.
low to medium for indulgence
Foster a work environment that appreciates achievements, celebrates successes, and encourages dedication while maintaining professionalism.
low to medium for individualism
Foster teamwork, collaboration, and a collective approach to problem-solving. Emphasize group achievements over individual success.
low to medium long-term/short-term orientation
Highlight immediate results and emphasize the importance of adapting to change while balancing tradition and innovation.
medium to high for uncertainty avoidance
Provide clear guidelines, structured processes, and support for stability. Emphasize risk assessment and planning to mitigate uncertainty.
medium to high for power distance
Respect for hierarchical roles is essential. Encourage clear reporting lines and decision-making and well-defined roles while providing guidance and support from management.
mixed market economy
combining elements of both capitalism and socialism. It has a strong emphasis on free-market principles, but the government also plays a role in certain sectors, particularly in supporting innovation and technology development. While it has a significant private sector, the government also plays a role in certain industries and provides social welfare programs. It encourages private enterprise while the government plays a role in certain sectors, provides social services, and supports economic development through policies and incentives.
halls dimensions
context, space, time, information flow
netherlands
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1958, Euro area member since 1999, Schengen area member since 1995. major absolute advantage: the agri-food sector. The country is known for its advanced agricultural practices, innovative techniques, and high-quality agricultural products. It's a leading exporter of agricultural goods, including vegetables, dairy, flowers, and processed foods. currency: euro production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: the Netherlands is considered a highly developed country with a strong economy. It has a diverse economic base, including not only agriculture but also manufacturing, trade, logistics, technology, and services. The country benefits from its strategic location, excellent infrastructure, and a well-educated workforce. issues related to sustainable development, such as environmental concerns and balancing economic growth with ecological preservation. Additionally, like many other developed nations, the Netherlands grapples with aging demographics and the associated pressures on social security and healthcare systems. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 38 Individualism: 100 femininity/masculinity: 14 Uncertainty avoidance: 53 Long-term orientation: 67 Indulgence: 68
ireland
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1973, Euro area member since 1999, opt-out from Schengen area major absolute advantage: Technological and digital sector currency: euro production mode: mixed market economic development and possible issues: Ireland has seen substantial growth and transformation since the 1990s (Celtic tiger). economic expansion driven by foreign direct investment, particularly in the tech and pharmaceutical sectors. Housing shortages, particularly in urban areas, have led to affordability concerns. Brexit also poses challenges for Ireland due to its close economic ties with the UK. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 28 Individualism: 58 femininity/masculinity: 68 Uncertainty avoidance: 35 Long term orientation: 51 Indulgence: 65
Denmark
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1973, opt-out from euro, Schengen area member since 2001 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in the production of pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, and green technology. currency: danish kroner production mode: mixed market economic development and possible issues: The nation has a high standard of living, a well-educated workforce, and a robust social welfare system. Denmark has also made substantial investments in renewable energy and sustainability, aiming for a green economy. addressing demographic changes such as an aging population, maintaining the balance between economic growth and sustainability, and adapting to technological advancements. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 18 Power distance: 89 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 16 Uncertainty avoidance: 23 long-term/short-term: 59 Indulgence: 70
greece
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1981, Euro area member since 2001, Schengen area member since 2000 major absolute advantage: tourism currency: euro production mode: mixed economy economic development and possible issues: severe economic crisis that began in 2009, characterized by high public debt, budget deficits, and economic contraction. bailouts from international creditors and strict austerity measures. issues such as high unemployment, brain drain due to emigration, weak competitiveness, and social inequalities persist. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 60 Individualism: 59 feminism/masculinity: 57 Uncertainty avoidance: 100 Long-term orientation: 51 Indulgence: 50
spain
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1986, Euro area member since 1999, Schengen area member since 1995 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in the tourism and hospitality sector. currency: euro production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Spain experienced significant growth in the late 20th century, particularly during the period known as the "Spanish miracle." However, the country faced challenges during the global financial crisis in the late 2000s, resulting in a severe economic downturn, high unemployment rates, and a housing market crisis. Since then, Spain has shown signs of recovery, but some challenges persist. Issues facing Spain include high levels of unemployment, especially among young people, income inequality, regional disparities in economic development (with more prosperous regions like Catalonia and Madrid contrasting with less developed areas), and a need for labor market reforms to address structural issues. Additionally, the country has been grappling with political tensions, including movements for independence in some regions like Catalonia, which could impact stability and economic growth. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 57 Individualism: 67 femininity/masculinity: 42 Uncertainty avoidance: 86 Long term orientation: 47 Indulgence: 44
Portugal
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1986, Euro area member since 1999, Schengen area member since 1995 major absolute advantage: its significant absolute advantages lies in sectors such as tourism, agriculture (including wine production), and renewable energy. currency: euro production mode: mixed economy economic development and possible issues: some issues, including high public debt, relatively low productivity compared to some other European nations, and youth unemployment. Additionally, demographic changes, such as an aging population and emigration of skilled workers, present challenges for the labor market and economic growth. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 59 Power distance: 63 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 31 Uncertainty avoidance: 99 long-term/short-term: 42 Indulgence: 33
austria
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1995, Euro area member since 1999, Schengen area member since 1997 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in the machinery and equipment manufacturing sector. The country is known for producing high-quality machinery, particularly in areas like automotive manufacturing, aerospace, and specialized machinery. currency: euro production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Austria is considered a highly developed country with a strong and stable economy. It has experienced consistent economic growth, diversified industries, and a high standard of living. issues related to maintaining competitiveness in a globalized economy, adapting to technological advancements, addressing environmental concerns, and managing demographic changes such as an aging population. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 77 Power distance: 11 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 79 Uncertainty avoidance: 70 long-term/short-term: 47 Indulgence: 63
Finland
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1995, Euro area member since 1999, Schengen area member since 2001 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in the technology and telecommunications sector currency: euro production mode: mixed market economic development and possible issues: Finland is considered a highly developed country with a strong and diversified economy. Historically, Finland has experienced steady economic growth, driven by innovation, a highly educated workforce, and a focus on research and development. These include issues related to an aging population, which poses challenges for the sustainability of social welfare systems. Additionally, while the country has a robust technology sector, there is a need to diversify the economy to reduce dependency on specific industries. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 75 Power distance: 33 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 26 Uncertainty avoidance: 59 long-term/short-term: 63 Indulgence: 57
Sweden
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1995, Schengen area member since 2001 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in the innovation-driven sectors such as technology, telecommunications, and engineering. currency: krona sek production mode: mixed market economic development and possible issues: Sweden is considered a highly developed country with a strong economy. It has experienced consistent economic growth, high living standards, and low unemployment rates. These include issues related to managing an aging population, ensuring sustainability in welfare programs, and adapting to technological changes and global market dynamics. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 87 Power distance: 31 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 5 Uncertainty avoidance: 29 long-term/short-term: 52 Indulgence: 78
Slovenia
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004, Euro area member since 2007, Schengen area member since 2007 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in manufacturing, particularly in areas like machinery, automotive parts, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. currency: euro production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Slovenia has made significant progress since gaining independence in the early 1990s. It successfully transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one and joined the European Union in 2004. issues related to the efficiency of public institutions, high levels of bureaucracy, and the need for further structural reforms to enhance competitiveness and innovation. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 71 Individualism: 81 femininity/masculinity: 19 Uncertainty avoidance: 88 Long term orientation: 50 Indulgence: 48
malta
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004, Euro area member since 2008, Schengen area member since 2007 major absolute advantage: Tourism and hospitality industry currency: euro production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Malta has experienced robust growth over recent years. It has become a hub for financial services, gaming, and information technology. there are concerns about sustainability, including environmental challenges due to increased tourism and development. Additionally, there have been issues related to governance and rule of law, leading to calls for reforms and greater transparency. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 56 Individualism: 59 femininity/masculinity: 47 Uncertainty avoidance: 96 Long term orientation: 47 Indulgence: 66
Slovakia
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004, Euro area member since 2009, Schengen area member since 2007 major absolute advantage: Its major absolute advantage lies in automotive manufacturing. The country has a strong automotive industry, with several major automobile manufacturers having production facilities in Slovakia. currency: euro production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Slovakia has made substantial progress since its independence. It transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-driven one and experienced economic growth. issues related to income inequality, regional disparities, corruption, and the need for further reforms to enhance competitiveness, innovation, and infrastructure. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 100 Individualism: 57 feminity/masculinity: 100 Uncertainty avoidance: 51 Long term orientation: 53 Indulgence: 28
Estonia
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004, Euro area member since 2011, Schengen area member since 2007 major absolute advantage: the IT and technology sector. known for advancements in digital innovation, e-governance, and a thriving tech startup scene. strong base in information technology and digital services, which has become a significant contributor to its economy. currency: euro production mode: mixed market economic development and possible issues: experienced rapid growth and modernization, independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. challenges: income inequality, regional disparities, and demographic issues, including emigration of skilled workers. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 40 Individualism: 62 feminism/masculinity: 30 Uncertainty avoidance: 60 Long term orientation: 71 Indulgence 16
Lithuania
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004, Euro area member since 2015, Schengen area member since 2007 major absolute advantage: manufacturing, particularly in industries like machinery and equipment manufacturing, electronics, and furniture production. The country has a strong industrial base and skilled workforce, contributing significantly to its economy. currency: euro production mode: mixed economy economic development and possible issues: Lithuania has seen notable progress since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. The country underwent significant reforms to transition to a market economy, challenges remain, such as emigration of skilled workers, demographic issues like an aging population, regional disparities in development, and the need for continued reforms to enhance competitiveness and attract further investment. Additionally, geopolitical tensions in the region can impact Lithuania's economic stability and growth prospects. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 42 Individualism: 55 femininity/masculinity: 19 Uncertainty avoidance: 65 Long term orientation: 49 Indulgence: 16
Hungary
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004, Schengen area member since 2007 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in automotive manufacturing and electronics. currency: forint production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Hungary has experienced periods of growth, especially after transitioning from a centrally planned economy to a market-based system following the fall of communism. Hungary has experienced periods of growth, especially after transitioning from a centrally planned economy to a market-based system following the fall of communism. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 71 Power distance: 46 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 88 Uncertainty avoidance: 82 long-term/short-term: 45 Indulgence: 31
Czech Republic
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004, Schengen area member since 2007 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in manufacturing, particularly in automotive manufacturing, machinery, engineering, and electronics. currency: czech koruna production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: the Czech Republic has seen substantial growth since the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one after the fall of communism. issues related to maintaining competitiveness, innovation, and adapting to technological changes in a globalized economy. The country also deals with labor shortages in certain sectors due to a mismatch between available skills and market demands. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 70 Power distance: 57 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 57 Uncertainty avoidance: 74 long-term/short-term: 51 Indulgence: 29
Bulgaria
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2007 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in sectors like information technology (IT), outsourcing services, and agriculture. currency: Bulgarian lev production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Bulgaria has made progress since its transition, joining the European Union in 2007 and experiencing periods of growth. However, the country faces challenges related to economic development, including issues with corruption, an inefficient judicial system, and demographic challenges such as emigration, aging population, and brain drain. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 50 Power distance: 70 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 40 Uncertainty avoidance: 85 long-term/short-term: 51 Indulgence: 16
Romania
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2007 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in the automotive and manufacturing sectors. The country has a growing automotive industry with several major manufacturers having production facilities in Romania. Additionally, the IT and software development sectors have been expanding, attracting investment and contributing to the economy. currency: romanian leu production mode: mixed market economy economic development and possible issues: Romania has seen growth and modernization since joining the European Union in 2007. It has experienced economic expansion, especially in sectors like manufacturing, services, and agriculture. challenges persist, including issues related to corruption, infrastructure development, income inequality, and regional disparities between urban and rural areas. Additionally, emigration of skilled workers has led to a brain drain, impacting the country's workforce and development prospects. hofstede/halls: Power distance: 90 Individualism: 46 femininity/masculinity: 42 Uncertainty avoidance: 90 Long term orientation: 32 Indulgence: 20
Luxembourg
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 1958, Euro area member since 1999, Schengen area member since 1995 major absolute advantage: its major absolute advantages lies in financial services and investment management. currency: euro production mode: mixed market economic development and possible issues: Luxembourg is considered one of the wealthiest countries globally with a high standard of living. It has a highly skilled and multilingual workforce, a stable political environment, and a favorable business climate. issues related to managing the influx of cross-border workers and maintaining the balance between economic growth, urban development, and environmental sustainability. hofstede/halls: Individualism: 60 Power distance: 40 Motivation towards achievement and success (masculinity/femininity): 50 Uncertainty avoidance: 70 long-term/short-term: 64 Indulgence: 56
Cyprus
part of an economic integration: EU member country since 2004 Euro area member since 2008 major absolute advantage: tourism currency: euro production mode: mixed market economy Cyprus has an open, free-market, service-based economy with some light manufacturing. economic development and possible issues: Moderately developed economically Issues: heavily relies on services (tourism and financial services), high public debt, unemployment, structural issues within its economy hofstede: medium on individualism medium to high on power distance, medium to high masculinity medium to high long-term orientation very high on uncertainty avoidance.
medium to high for individualism
strong emphasis on personal freedom, autonomy, and individual achievements. Acknowledge and support individual initiatives while fostering a culture that values teamwork and collaboration when necessary.
