holloway exam 2 anatomy

Know the location and function of keratin in the skin

is the main protein in your skin, and makes up hair, nails, and the surface layer of the skin. protection

Articular cartilage of a long bone is found A) in the spaces of the spongy bone. B) on the outer surface of the diaphysis .C) on the outer surface of the epiphyses. D) inside the medullary cavity.

.C) on the outer surface of the epiphyses.

At what age are all bones completely ossified?

23-25

Cleft palete results from what

= if the tissue that makes up the roof of the mouth does not join together completely during pregnancy.

Where does Acne originate from?

A disorder of the sebaceous glands. Excess sebum and squamous epithelial cells clog the glands, producing blackheads and whiteheads. The clogged pores create a perfect place for anaerobic bacteria to grow.

One of your friend's femurs is abnormally short and curved. When asked about it, they tell you that when they were very young, they fell from a tree and fractured the femur at the distal end. Their pediatrician urged the parents to allow your friend to receive surgery for the fracture, but they refused. What most likely happened to result in the abnormal femur? A) Because the epiphyseal plate was not repaired, any subsequent growth in the bone was stunted and abnormal.B) Because he was young, the femur healed so rapidly that it grew incorrectly and no medical intervention prevented this from occurring.C) The hematoma stage of the fracture never filled in with fibrocartilage, which caused the bone to never heal properly.D) Lack of physical therapy caused the muscles of the leg to not heal correctly, inhibiting bone growth.

A) Because the epiphyseal plate was not repaired, any subsequent growth in the bone was stunted and abnormal.

Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin blisters in response to any touch? A) Collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down. B) The skin has too many melanocytes that produce too much melanin. C) The skin layers are reversed. D) Melanocytes cannot produce melanin.

A) Collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down.

A man donates part of his liver to his daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This procedure is a(n) A) allograft. B) isograft. C) xenograft. D) autograft.

A) allograft.

We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release A) beta endorphin. B) collagen. C) keratin. D) carotene.

A) beta endorphin.

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the A) epidermis. B) dermis. C) subcutaneous layer. D) basement membrane.

A) epidermis

Bacteria infecting the mucous membranes in the air cells of the mastoid process most likely spread from the A) middle ear. B) maxillary sinus. C) meninges. D) frontal sinus

A) middle ear.

The thyroid hormone thyroxine ________. A) stimulates replacement of cartilage with bone in the epiphyseal plate B) removes calcium from bone C) increases cartilage production in the epiphyseal plate D) stimulates osteoclasts

A) stimulates replacement of cartilage with bone in the epiphyseal plate

The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of A) the zygomatic and temporal bones. B) the maxillary and temporal bones. C) the zygomatic and maxillary bones. D) the temporal and parietal bones.

A) the zygomatic and temporal bones.

List the features & locations of the parts of a long bone

Articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage Spongy bone- branching bony plates called trabeculae, reduce weight Endosteum- bone forming cells, lines the medullary cavity Compact bone- tightly packed tissue, wall of diaphysis, continuous extracellular matrix no gaps Medullary cavity- hollow chamber in diaphysis Yellow marrow- stores fat, does not produce blood cells Periosteum-covers bone, dense connective tissue Epiphyseal plates- band of cartilage between spongy bone, turns to bone in adulthood Proximal epiphysis- top part that has the bulge Distal epiphysis- bottom with no bulge Metaphysis- widening part of bone between diaphysis and epiphysis Diaphysis- shaft of bone

A landscaper accidentally had their leg crushed by a tree. Their femur was impacted with such force that a section of the bone completely shattered into fragments. What type of break is this? A) A greenstick fracture B) A comminuted fracture C) An oblique fracture D) A fissured fracture

B) A comminuted fracture

Which three bones fuse to form the hip bone? A) The ilium, the sacrum, and the pubis B) The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis C) The ilium, the femur, and the pubisD) The ischium, the coccyx, and the pubis

B) The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the A) papillae. B) epidermis. C) basement membrane. D) hair.

B) epidermis

Once a scab has formed, what happens next? A) blood vessels send out new branches under the scab. B) fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers. C) phagocytic cells remove dead material. D) the scab sloughs off.

B) fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.

If the atlas and axis were replaced with typical cervical vertebrae, ________ would be affected. A) stability of the cervical intervertebral disks B) the ability to pivot the head from side to side C) the ability to move the arms D) protection of the spinal cor

B) the ability to pivot the head from side to side

Which of the following is the most abundant form in which calcium is found in the inorganic matrix of the bone? A) Calcium oxalate B) Calcium carbonate C) Hydroxyapatite D) Calcium pyrophosphate

C) Hydroxyapatite

Which of the following describes the female pelvis compared to that of the male? A) The obturator foramen is more oval in a female. B) The female iliac bones are less flared. C) The distance between the female ischial spines is greater. D) The angle of the female pubic arch is smaller.

C) The distance between the female ischial spines is greater.

Which of the following bones is not part of the orbit of the skull? A) Sphenoid B) Frontal C) Vomer D) Ethmoid

C) Vomer

The dermis is composed largely of A) stratified columnar epithelium. B) stratified squamous epithelium. C) dense irregular connective tissue. D) dense regular connective tissue

C) dense irregular connective tissue

Corns are A) scaly scalp areas. B) growths emanating from the nostrils. C) keratinized conical masses on toes. D) areas of white skin pigmentation.

C) keratinized conical masses on toes.

The subcutaneous layer is A) between the epidermis and the dermis.B) made of squamous epithelium. C) not part of the skin. D) part of the basement membrane. C) not part of the skin.

C) not part of the skin.

25) The human integumentary system includes A) only one type of tissue. B) the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. C) skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands. D) bones and muscles.

C) skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

Exercise ________ and ________ bones. A) thickens; strengthens B) elongates; weakens C) thickens; elongates D) thins; atrophies

C) thickens; elongates

The primary curves of the vertebral column are the A) lumbar and sacral curvatures. B) cervical and lumbar curvatures. C) thoracic and sacral curvatures. D) cervical and thoracic curvatures

C) thoracic and sacral curvatures.

Briefly describe how endochondral bones develop

Cartilage then bone

Define Corn= Callus= Bedsore=

Corn= keratinized conical masses on the toes Callus= growth of thickened areas on the palms and toes Bedsore= cell dies (necrosis), the tissue breaks down, and a pressure ulcer appears

A person slams their fingers in a door. Their fingernails are damaged near the lunula, forming large white ovals at the site of the injury. As time progresses, what happens to the damaged (white) area? A) The white ovals will be pushed up and out of the nail as raised bumps, with that section of nail eventually peeling off. B) The white ovals will slowly dissipate and disappear as the damage is replaced from underneath via the nail bed. C) The white ovals will split vertically and each half will gradually move toward the lateral (horizontal) edges of the nails. D) The white ovals will gradually move upward toward the free edge of the nail and then be worn away with the free nail edge.

D) The white ovals will gradually move upward toward the free edge of the nail and then be worn away with the free nail edge.

26) Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include A) the very old and the very young. B) very thin people. C) homeless people exposed to the outdoors. D) all of the answer choices are correct.

D) all of the answer choices are correct.

A bone thickens A) due to increased production of bone matrix by osteoclasts. B) as a result of cell division in the medullary cavity. C) as a result of increased activity within the epiphyseal plate. D) as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphy

D) as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphy

The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the A) subcutaneous layer. B) basement membrane. C) epidermis. D) dermis.

D) dermis.

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the A) pelvis. B) skull. C) hand. D) foot.

D) foot

The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate A) fat cells in the subcutaneous layer. B) blood vessels in the epidermis. C) melanocytes in the epidermis. D) muscles and glands in the dermis.

D) muscles and glands in the dermis.

Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with A) hair, melanocytes, and pores. B) fingernails and toenails. C) bone, tendons, and muscles. D) muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.

D) muscles, glands, and sensory receptors

Distinguish between the 2 types of sweat glands

Eccrine= They respond to body's temp. the whole body Apocrine= less numerous sweat glands with secretion that develop odors. Puberty. Mainly where hair grows

What type of tissues (from ch 5) are the 3 layers of the skin?

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous

List symptoms of Hypothermia= Hyperthermia=

Hypothermia= lowered body temp. results from prolonged exposure to cold or as part of an illness. Begins with shivers. Hyperthermia=higher body temp. The skin becomes dry, hot, and flushed.

List the steps in wound healing

If injury extends to the dermis or subcutaneous layer, blood vessels break, and the released blood forms a clot in the wound. A clot consists of mainly fibrous proteins. Tissue fluids seep into the area and dry. A scab forms and protects the tissue. Epithelial cells are busy fixing the wound. Then fibroblast start secreting collagen fibers that bind the edges of the wound. The connective tissue matrix releases growth factors to help regenerate cells. Phagocytic cells remove dead cells.

Know the rules of nine and specific percentages for the head, trunk, and limbs

Legs 9 in front 9 in back. Arms 4 ½, head 4 ½, trunk 18

Know the examples of the 5 shapes of bones

Long bone- forearm, short bone- wrist and ankles, round bone- knee cap, flat bone- sternum, clavicles, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, irregular bone- vertebrae

List the bones that are intramembranous

Made of connective tissue. Flat skull bones, clavicle, sternum, some facial bones- mandible, maxilla, zygomatic

Differentiate between. Be sure to relate them to skin temperatures. Radiation= conduction=. convection= evaporation=

Radiation= Primary means of body heat loss. Infrared heat rays escape from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings. Like bulb on heat lamp. conduction= release less heat than radiation. Heat moves from the body directly into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface. convection= release less heat than radiation. Continuous circulation of air over a warm surface. evaporation= Body heat loss. When the body temp. rises above normal, the nervous system stimulates merocrine sweat glands to release sweat onto the surface of the skin.

Distinguish between sebaceous and sweat glands

Sebaceous= contains groups of specialized epithelial cells and usually associated with HAIR FOLLICLES Sweat glands= also called sudoriferous glands, are widespread in the skin. SWEAT

Distinguish between compact & spongy bone

Spongy bone has trabeculae- bony plates Compact bone has osteons (spiral circles), central canal, and perforating canal

Define the axial skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk

Know key terms associated with accessory structures (nails, hair follicles)

They make up the integumentary system Hair follicles= bulge (area the bulges out, little sac like), root (from surface to dermis), bulb (base of hair follicle), shaft (extends outside skin) Nail= plate (nail), bed (what nail lays in), lunula ( bottom where nail grows)

Differentiate between red and yellow marrow

Yellow makes fat cells, red makes blood cells when younger you have more red blood cells

Structure & function of paranasal sinuses

air filled cavities in the cranial bone that are lined with mucous membranes and are connected by passageways to the nasal cavity. reduces weight of skull and serves as sound chamber.

Know all structures from the dermis layer

basement membrane= anchored to dermis, separates the 2 skin layers dermal papilla= fingerprints, extends from dermis to empty space capillary= gives oxygen and nutrients tactile (meissners) corpuscle= senses light touch and texture lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle= heavy pressure sebaceous gland= oil producing arrector pili muscle merocrine sweat gland, hair bulge, hair follicle

Another name for the skin is __________ membrane

cutaneous

Formal name for soft spots in a babys skull

fontanels

Maxillae bones - parts form what structures

form the upper jaw, four processes (frontal, zygomatic, alveolar, and palatine) and helps form the orbit, roof of the mouth, and the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Name the 4 skull bones and their sutures

frontal- forms the anterior portion of the skull, forehead patietal- each side of the skull occipital- back of the skull temporal- side of skull

Put the following terms regarding fracture repair in order. bony callus, cartilagenous callus, hematoma, granulation tissue, fibrocartilage

hematoma, granulation tissue, fibrocartilage, bony callus

Role of melanocytes

produce the pigment melanin (provides skin color and absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sunlight

Identify key structues in the stratum corneum and also in the stratum basale

stratum corneum =outermost layer stratum basale =Deepest layer of epidermis

Role of the atlas and axis in cervical vertebrae

the two most superior bones in the vertebral column, and they are part of the seven cervical vertebrae. The atlas is the top-most bone, sitting just below the skull; it is followed by the axis. Together, they support the skull, facilitate neck movement, and protect the spinal cord