Holocaust and Night vocab

Death Camps

(Nazi death camps in Poland) Treblinka, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Auschwitz, Majdanek

Police round up Paris Jews

6,000 Paris Jews were brought to a ghetto type place called Drancy. Although they were not brought to a camp yet, there was very strict rules. This was in Paris on July 16th and the 17th in 1942.

Eisenhower Asks Congress and Press to Witness Nazi Horrors

After the Soviet union came into the most populated concentration and death camps by the Nazis, the United States army marched into some camps and told the world what was really going on in poland and with the Nazis. The Soldiers first entered the camp of Ohrdruf, a suburb of Buchenwald, on April 4th, 1945. On April 12th, General Dwight D. Eisenhower saw this happening and decided to bring General George C. Marshall.

Jewish Police

Another mechanism for doing the dirty work for Nazis. Often went from ghetto to round people up.

Auschwitz Complex

Auschwitz I: labor camp Auschwitz II: Birkenau (labor and death camps) Auschwitz III: Buna or Monowitz (slave labor camp)

1942

Auschwitz in full operation

Tattooing of the Numbers

Auschwitz was the only camp in which prisoners received tatoos. Each prisoner selected for labor was given a number. The lower the number the earlier the prisoner's arrival in the camp. In other camps, prisoners wore a number sewn unto their uniforms. Along with a number, a symbol was sewn unto the uniforms to indicate the reason for their captivity.

1923

Beer hall Putsch Hitler and Nazis attempt to overthrow the government, however, the attempt fails and Hitler is imprisoned. While in prison, Hitler writes his autobiography Mein Kampf (meaning my struggle)

Deportation of Hungarian Jews

By late march of 1944, Germans had made themselves at home in Hungary. But it wasn't until April 1944 till the deportation process began, Hungarian authorities ordered roughly 500,000 Hungarian Jews living outside Budapest to live in ghettos located in certain cities throughout Hungary. Hungarian policemen were sent into the rural regions to round up Jews and dispatch them to the cities. None of these ghettos existed for more than a few weeks, and many were liquidated within days. In mid-May 1944, the Hungarian authorities, in coordination with the German Security Police, began systematically to deport Hungarian Jews. Colonel Adolf Eichmann was chief of a team of "deportation experts" that worked with the Hungarian authorities. The Hungarian police carried out the roundups and forced the Jews onto deportation trains.

Dorothy Thompson expelled from Germany

Dorothy Thompson, a journalist, met with Hitler and interviewed him. Later she wrote a book about Hitler, showing him as a bad man and a bad future leader. Hitler did not want to be seen this way and didn't want others to question him, what he was doing, and his authority. Dorothy was then kicked out of Germany for this reason.

Charles Lindbergh makes "Un-American" speech:

Charles Lindbergh delivered a speech in Des Moines, Iowa. Many people were scared America was going to be drawn into another World War. Lindbergh then said, "The three most important groups who have been pressing this country toward war are the British, the Jewish and the Roosevelt Administration."

May 8, 1945

End of War in Europe (VE Day)

Germany Annexes Austria

On march 12, 1938 Germans invaded Austria. There was a plebiscite that said that 99% of austrians wanted to unite with Germany. There was a lot of anti-semitism in Germany Jews were and humiliated on the streets. The Gestapo, and other german people looted Jewish belongings, seized Jewish businesses, and arrested those who refused to surrender their property. The Nazis forced Jews from their positions and expelled them from the country's economic, social, and cultural life. Tens of thousands of Jews fled Nazi persecution, and by December 1939 only 57,000 Jews remained in Austria.

Shekhinah

Female side of God, God was in exile during the Holocaust

Father Coughlin

From 1926-1939 a priest named Charles (father) Coughlin had an anti-semitic radio program. His program was funded by CBS until 1931 when he started his own fundraising and gained over a million listeners. It really got bad in 1934 when he started expressing hate for Roosevelt and trying to justify the Nazi narrative. His program was eventually silenced by a new law in 1939.

The Crime Has a New Name: "Genocide"

Genocide means the attempted mass annihilation of a large group of people. Raphael Lemkin was a Polish-Jewish jurist. In 1933 he was working to introduce legal safeguards for ethnic, religious, and social groups at international forums, but without success. When the German Army invaded Poland in 1939, Lemkin escaped from Europe, eventually reaching safety in the United States, where he took up a teaching position at Duke University. In 1942 Lemkin moved to Washington D.C. where he became a war analyst. He documented Nazi cruelty throughout the war. In that book He coined the word "Genocide."

1929

Great Depression hits and Germany slides into mass unemployment, poverty, and unrest.

Judgment

I think we have to be careful about judging what people did to survive the Holocaust.

1889

Hitler born in Braunau, Austria

1933

Hitler comes to power

1939

Hitler invades Poland and WW2 begins

Final Solution Confirmed

In 1942, there was a leak in America that there were 700,000 Jews that died. The World Jewish congress first waited to confirm this report and then a Rabbi went on BBC, a network, and told America about this event.

Jewish Refugees Desperately Seek Safe Harbor

In 1939, there were about 937 Jewish Refugees on the boat St. Louis and they were on their way from Germany to Cuba. When they got there, the president, Federico Laredo Bru, didn't allow a lot of people in because he made an agreement that ruined the temporary settlement certificant of the Jews. After they were told to leave, they sailed to Miami, Florida and asked Roosevelt for a refuge. They were also asked to leave. Belgium, the Netherlands, England, and France heard about Cuba, let the people go into their land. Then the Germans took the Jews away.

We Will Never Die

In 1943, a poll asked Americans: "It is said that two million Jews have been killed in Europe since the war began. Do you think this is true or just a rumor?" This rumor had been confirmed already but the poll found that only 47 percent of respondents believed it was true, 29 percent dismissed it as a rumor and 24 percent had no opinion. Ben Hecht was a newspaper columnist and an Award-winning screenwriter. He was determined to alert the American public of the Nazi slaughter of the Jews and Hecht created a pageant called "We Will Never Die." He worked with Peter Bergson also known as Hillel Kook, who was a Zionist from Palestine who created a political action committee in the state of Washington. Hecht landed his project in two huge places: Hollywood and Broadway. Edward G. Robinson, Paul Muni, Sylvia Sydney, and Luther Adler starred in We Will Never Die. Moss Hart directed it, and Kurt Weill wrote music for it. Local stars joined in when the play reached their towns. With great reviews and great starts, "We Will Never Die" became a very famous and popular play. We Will Never Die played for more than 40,000 in two shows at Madison Square Garden on March 9 and March 10, 1943. It got a lot of media and even people who did not see the play knew about it. During the spring and summer of 1943, the play campaigned using newspaper ads, public rallies, and lobbying on Capitol Hill. We will Never Die played on the stages of five major cities. Overall, it was a huge hit.

Safe Haven:

In 1944 FDR opened the first and last refugee camp in America. Jews from Italy where sent to America and were placed in Fort Ontario. It was traumatic for many to be placed in another camp. At the end of the war the Jews were either put into American Society or went back to Europe to live with family.

Dachau opens

In March 1933, the first concentration camp opens up in Germany. The first prisoners included, Communists, socialists, trade-unionists, and political opponents to Nazi regime.

Nazi plan to kill all Jews confirmed

Information about Nazis killing Jews leaked out of Europe; fragmentary reports of mass killings had appeared in the US press in 1941. In May 1942, the Polish-Jewish underground smuggled out a report, which estimated that 700,000 Polish Jews had already been killed by the Germans. The report was broadcast over the BBC on June 2, 1942. In August 1942, the US State Department received a report from a World Jewish Congress representative in Geneva, Switzerland, that the Germans were implementing a policy to murder the Jews of Europe. The same report was cabled to Rabbi Stephen Wise, president of the World Jewish Congress, but the State Department requested that Wise not go public with the information until they could confirm its general accuracy.

The Truman Directive

Many DPs wished immigrate to America and The American Jewish Community was upset with congressional inaction. On December 22, 1945 President Truman passes the Truman Directive which required that the current immigration quota focused on DPs being admitted into the country.

Orchestras

Jews forced to play music in Auschwitz I and Birkenau

Choiceless choice

Jews had to choose between bad and worse

Kappos

Jews in charge of the Barracks

Langerkapo

Jews in charge of the kapos

Sonderkommandos

Jews who had various functions in the camps. They forced people off the trains, collected and sorted goods, cleaned the trains of human waste, worked as barbers, tattooers, dentists, job and food distributors. They were also the ones who worked in the crematoria.

Possible requirements for group protest or social action.

Leadership Followers Communication Strategies--might include boycotts, demonstrations, Commitment to an idea or purpose

Kabbalah

Mystical Judaism

Nazi's Boycott Jewish Businesses

On April 1, 1933 Germans begin to boycott the Jewish businesses and professionals throughout Germany, leaving them struggling.

Warsaw Ghetto Jews Revolt

On April 19, 1943, the Warsaw ghetto uprising began after German troops and police entered the ghetto to deport its surviving inhabitants. Seven hundred and fifty fighters fought the heavily armed and well-trained Germans. The ghetto fighters fought the heavily armed and well-trained Germans. The ghetto fighters were able to hold out for nearly a month, but on May 16, 1943, the revolt ended. The Germans had slowly crushed the resistance. Of the more than 56,000 Jews captured, about 7,000 were shot, and those who remained were deported to camps.

President establishes War Refugee Board

On January 22, 1944 President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board (WRB). Their job was to rescue victims of the war in Europe. The War Refugee Board functioned until the war ended on September 15, 1945. The first director John Pehle said that the board started too late into the war. Instead they should have started when the war began. Even though the WRB started late, they were able to rescue 200,000 people. If they had started rescuing people at the beginning of the war, they could have possibly saved over 2 million people.

Kristallnacht

On November 9 to November 10, 1938, in an incident known as "Kristallnacht" a.k.a. Night of Broken Glass, Nazis in Germany and Austria torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses, and killed close to 100 Jews. The pretext was because of the a Jewish man murdered Nazi Ernst vom Rath.

Hitler Announces Nuremberg Race Laws

On September 15,1935 a few new laws were passed by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. These laws were known as the Nuremberg Laws. One of the laws was The Reich Citizen Law. The other law was the Protection of German Blood and German Honor Law. These laws protected Nazi Ideology and the legal framework for the systematic persecution of Jews in Germany. They identified who was a Jew. They were enforced in Germany. It made sure that people couldn't be able to vote if they were Jewish and have mixed marriages of religion.

Life unworthy of life (Useless Eaters)

Physically and mentally infirm who were killed as a part of the T-4 program (so named because the office was located on 4 Tiergartenstrasse street). Between 70,000-200,000 killed as part of the program. Served as a model for the Death Camps. As a result of protests by Church officials, the Nazis formally ended the program but continued to kill in secret.

FDR Shelters Refugees in Oswego, NY:

President Roosevelt came up with the idea to create a port for refugees. 1,000 refugees were moved from an Allied-liberated territory in Italy, to a shelter created by the War Refugee Board at Fort Ontario. These refugees were mostly Jews. The refugees had to return to Europe when conditions allowed them to return. The refugees could not leave Fort Ontario because of their undefined immigrant status. They couldn't even leave to work or visit family members settled in the US, (but some children were allowed to leave to attend schools). The war was ending and many of the refugees had family in the United States, so they didn't want to return to Europe. People who supported the refugees tried to convince Congress and the president to allow them to stay in America. The refugees had spent over a year in the camp, and finally President Truman allowed them to legally enter the country. The camp closed in February, 1946. This event happened on June 12th, 1944, and this happened in Oswego, NY.

Congress Passes Lend-Lease Act

President Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease bill into law on 11 March 1941. It permitted him to "sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article."

Rosenstrasse

Protest performed largely by German women against the deportation of their Jewish husbands.

The Berlin Olympics

The Berlin Olympics were the olympics that were hosted in Berlin, Germany in 1936. It gained fame from the Nazis trying to boost their global image, Jesse Owens winning 4 gold medals, and Jewish American Athletes Sam Stoller and Marty Glickman being pulled out of the 4 x 100 relay. This was in order to not embarrass Hitler and his regime's anti-Jewish views. People like Judge Jeremiah Mahoney, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, and Governors Al Smith and James Curley were opposed to sending Americans to the Berlin Olympics.

Appelplatz

Roll call area. Roll call was highly dangerous in that people could be killed if they slouched or fell down. Sometimes prisoners were forced to stand at attention for hours.

Child Refugee bill

The child refugee bill was a rescue effort to transport children in danger during the holocaust and bring them to Britain, where they would be placed in homes and taken care of. World Jewish relief (At that time is was known as Central British Fund for German Jewry) It was established in 1933 and it's goal was to support the needs of Jews in Austria and Germany. On 9th of February, 1939, Senator Wagner of New York and Representative Edith Rogers, made a bill that permitted the entry of 20,000 children (14 and younger) invited children from the World Jewish relief. The bill was criticized by many people because many american's were very anti-semitic. They did not want Jews in their country, even children. The bill was eventually dropped and they did not do anything to get it back.

Cattle cars

The cattle cars were a mechanism for killing Jews

German Government Forces Jews To Wear Yellow Stars:

The Reich Minister of the Interior said that Jews older than six were required to wear a yellow star. The Jews were forced to wear the star on the outside of their clothing in public, all of the time. Non-Jews in Germany noticed what the Nazis were forcing the Jews to do, and they started to feel bad for them. The Ministry of Propaganda and Enlightenment had to instruct Germans on how they should respond when they see a Jew wearing the yellow star. This happened on September 1st, 1941, and this happened in Germany. They did this to the Jews because the yellow star means to publicly identify, humiliate, and isolate the Jews. A lot of the time, this led to deportation of Jews to ghettos and killing sites.

Pipels

The kapos kept little children in their rooms to satisfy their sexual desires

Vel' d'hiv

The mass deportation and murder of Jews in France. In 1940 as the Nazis successfully invaded france. The Germans worked with French police to round up all the jewish residents and refugees and sent them to a massive sports stadium. They suffered there for 5 days until they were shipped to concentration camps.

Resistance

There were different kinds of resistance. However, the clearest form of resistance was physical resistance. There were rebellions in virtually all death camps, including Auschwitz. Jews fought against the Nazis will hiding in the forest. The most famous act of resistance was what took place in the Warsaw ghetto.

Evian Conference--July, 1938

This was an international conference called by President FDR. 32 delegates from different countries met in Evian, France to discuss the growing problem of Jewish refugees.

The Auschwitz Report:

This was the first public reports of what happened to the Jews which was the Jews being gassed. This took place in 1945. First Public reports of Auschwitz: Between June 18 and June 22, 1944 media in Switzerland started a worldwide press campaign so they could publicize the Auschwitz Report (written by two prisoners) that followed the journey of two slovakian Jews trying to escape on April 7, 1944.

1941

beginning of Final Solution of Jewish problem with the Holocaust by bullets; Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and America enters the war

Sept 2, 1945

WW2 is over (VJ Day)

1914-1918

WWI. Hitler served as a German soldier during the war and learned to love war for to him it represented the Darwinian idea of survival of the fittest.

August 6 and 9, 1945

bombs dropped on Hiroshima and then Nagasaki ending the war with Japan

Zohar

book or Jewish mysticism; it translates as light or resistance

Holocaust

burnt offerings

Gas chambers

Zyclon B, where Jews were sent and gassed to death

Hasidic

a sect of orthodox Judaism

ghettos

closed areas, often by fences or walls, where Jews were temporarily held

Hungarian Police

complicit in rounding up Jews for deportation

Shoah

destruction by light

Jewish councils or Judenrats

established in all ghettos; mechanism so Jews did dirty work for Nazis

Collective Responsibility

group held responsible for the action of one person

Jewish star armband

identifying Jews in public

Moshe the Beadle

may be real or an imagined person, may be a metaphor for God or a prophet

Einsatzgruppen

mobile killing squads who executed at least 1.5 million Jews. This was the Holocaust by bullets. There were 3000 members of this group but they were aided by ordinary policemen in Germany, also by locals, and army soldiers. Christopher Browning, a historian, examined why ordinary policemen from Germany would have participated in the mass murder of Jews.

Madame Schachter

possibly another prophet

Selection

selection made by a physician of who would live and who would die

Kommandos

work force in camps