Honors Biology 9 Midterm Review Quizet
Many sugars end in the letters
-ose
What is an outlier in an experiment and what do you do with it?
A piece of data that is not consistent with all of your other data. You must discuss it in your conclusion but not factor it into deciding if you proved your hypothesis correct.
What metric unit would I use for each? a. measuring the length of a table. B. measuring the mass of a pencil c. measuring the amount of water in a glass.
A. meter b. gram c. liter
Explain why you would put multiple lines on the same graph.
Comparison made easier
Explain why you would do an experiment many times.
Consistency =accuracy
Cytosine and Thymine have similar structures are called ___. They have a ___ ring structure:
Cytosine and Thymine have similar structures are called PYRIMIDINES. They have a SINGLE ring structure:
What is the full scientific term for DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Name 3 pieces of lab safety equipment in the classroom.
Goggles, fire shower, red button, sinks, eye wash, fire blanket, fire extinguisher
Cats shed in the summer. What theme is represented here? We have to get new textbooks every few years. What theme is represented here?
Homeostasis. The Nature of Science is always changing.
What is a phospholipid?
It is a lipid that has a phosphate group attached to the glycerol and only two fatty acid chains.
Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?
It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
During fermentation,
NAD+ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Particles that are too big get carried through the membrane by proteins (moving from high to low concentration) without the use of energy.
Which of the following is one of the ways that cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes?
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it
Which characteristic of life would be: a cat gave birth to 4 kittens
Reproduction
Which statement regarding Rf value is incorrect?
Rf will get smaller as solubility increases
Beef and Pork would contain
Saturated fatty acids
Explain the real function for the petri dish.
To grow microorganisms
What is the shape of DNA like?
Twisted ladder/Spiral staircase
Some viruses attack cells by inserting their own DNA into the host cells' DNA. Why might it be simpler for these viruses to attack (get in/enter) prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cells?
Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus
Carrier molecules in the membrane and metabolic energy are required for
active transport
Polymers are broken apart by ________ water in the process of ___________
adding, hydrolysis
Plant cells use sunlight to make their own food. Which structure allows plant cells to perform this function?
chloroplast
What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
This polysaccharide is stored in the liver and muscles of animals:
glycogen
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally regardless as to whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
muscle cells
In hot environments, when plants begin to lose water, some will close their stomata (pores on the underside of leaves) to keep prevent water loss. This type of feedback loop would be considered a:
negative feedback loop
During photosynthesis, where is glucose a reactant?
neither the light reactions nor the light independent reaction
All of the following molecules are part of the cell membrane except
nucleic acids
The monomer of nucleic acids is called a
nucleotide
Of the following, which is probably the most common route for protein flow in the endomembrane system?
rough ER to vesicles to Golgi to plasma membrane
What are the 3 main functions of carbohydrates?
short term energy, storage of energy, structure for plants and insects
What are grana?
stacks of thylakoids
When a P is added to ADP forming ATP, energy is
stored
Where does the light independent reaction take place?
stroma of the chloroplast
A substance has a pH of 12. This substance is a
strong base
During photosynthesis, where is ATP used?
the light independent reaction alone
What happens to most enzymes if the temperature is raised too high?
they denature
Which of the following molecules is NOT organic?
water
Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true?
water is split, Chlorophyll (and other pigments) absorb light energy, which excites electrons, ATP is made
Which of the following has the highest melting point?
waxes
How many millimeters in a centimeter? How many centimeters in a meter?
10 mm= 1 cm 100 cm= 1 meter
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
2 layers of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer)
How many strands is DNA composed of?
2 long strands made of nucleotide monomers
How many parts are each nucleotide made out of?
3 parts (deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base)
Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately
36 ATP
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4 electrons
If the eyepiece has a magnification of 10x and the total magnification is 500x. What is the magnification of the objective lens that you are looking through?
50x
Give an example of unity within diversity in nature.
A squid and a human both must obtain and use energy. Their methods of doing this are different. (many answers would be acceptable)
What are the 3 main functions of the Plasma Membrane?
Acts as a boundary for the cell, determines what can enter/leave a cell, and maintains homeostasis and is selectively permeable
What are the base pairing rules?
Adenine always pairs with Thymine Guanine always pairs with Cytosine
Adenine and guanine have similar structures and are called ___. They have a ___ ring structure:
Adenine and guanine have similar structures and are called PURINES. They have a DOUBLE ring structure:
Which characteristic of life would be: an animal grows thicker fur in the winter time
Adjusting to the environment
I have a test tube, and beaker and graduated cylinder in front of me. How are they similar? How are they different?
All can hold liquids. Only the test tube doesn't measure. Only the graduated cylinder cannot be heated. The beaker is less precise in measuring than the graduated cylinder.
Science shouldn't have any bias. What is bias and why does it have no place in science?
Bias is strong opinion in one direction. Science is about finding THE truth, not YOUR truth.
What elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What is exocytosis?
Cell expels vesicles of waste (active transport).
Which characteristic of life would be: a tadpole slowly becomes a frog
Change over time
What is the difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins?
Channel proteins are like a tunnel, with a straight opening through membrane. Carrier proteins are more specific. They are like a gate. The cell must open and close them. They fit around specific molecules.
What pieces of lab equipment are used when working with a microscope? What are the functions of these 2 pieces of lab equipment?
Cover slip and glass slide. Glass slide is where the specimen is placed. The cover slip goes on top of the specimen and will hold the specimen in place and also flatten it a bit so it is easier to see through.
What is active transport?
Diffusion from low to high concentration - goes against the concentration gradient with the use of energy.
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy.
What are the 6 types of cellular transport?
Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
END RESULT OF REPLICATION: ___ DNA molecules, each ___ to each other and the ___ strand
END RESULT OF REPLICATION: 2 DNA molecules, each IDENTICAL to each other and the PARENT strand
Each strand of DNA acts as a template for a new strand; each molecule of DNA contains one ___ strand and one ___ strand-this is called ___ replication
Each strand of DNA acts as a template for a new strand; each molecule of DNA contains one 'OLD' strand and one 'NEW' strand-this is called SEMI-CONSERVATIVE replication
Which statement best compares eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not.
Which of the following is possible due to the high surface tension of water?
Fallen leaves can float on the surface of a pond.
How are hypothesis, theory and law different and similar?
Hypo: educated guess. Theory: time tested statement. Law: rules of 'nature'. Laws will never change, whereas the other 2 could. A theory develops out of a hypothesis. The hypothesis has been researched, but has not been challenged/tested yet.
Sugar dissolves completely in water. The solubility of the substance in water is determined by measuring the maximum amount of the substance that dissolves in a given amount of water at a given temperature. Hypothesis: If I increase the temperature of the water then then I will be able to dissolve more sugar. What are the dependent and independent variables?
IV: temp of water DV: how much sugar dissolves
Communicating your results from experiments is very important. Please explain how this has changed in the last 50 years. Give some examples how to communicate results in 2016.
Internet: online journals, websites, data bases, text, email, blogs, face time, skype
Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
It is found in the cytoplasm, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.
You walk into a lab and you see the following: Bob eating a candy bar, Sue quietly dissecting with no goggles and Jen wafting chemicals. Which person is practicing safe lab techniques and why?
Jen b/c wafting is the technique used to smell chemicals. There is no eating in lab and you must use goggles when dissecting
Which characteristic of life would be: the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus (all of them connected)
Living things are organized
Which statement best describes how active transport differs from passive transport?
Only active transport requires ATP.
Why collect large amounts of data before and during experiments?
So you can try to get rid of bias and have a random sample.
What is endocytosis?
Substances brought INTO cell (active transport)
A group of students hypothesized that the amount of alcohol produced during fermentation depends on the amount of glucose supplied to the yeast. They want to use 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30% glucose solutions. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
The amount of glucose supplied to the yeast.
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
The head of the phospholipid is polar/hydrophilic, meaning that the heads are attracted to water and point outwards. The tail of the phospholipid is non-polar/hydrophobic, meaning that the tails are afraid of water point in towards the middle of the membrane.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration that does not require energy. The rate of diffusion is temperature dependent.
Which statement best describes a function of the proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of cells?
They selectively allow certain particles into and out of the cell.
Why is the cell membrane considered a fluid mosaic model?
This is because the cell membrane is made of many different movable parts that all function together to create one structure.
What is the purpose of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
To keep tails of phospholipids from sticking together and to increase the stability of the membrane
What is the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
To produce ATP and NADPH2
Some viruses attack cells by inserting their own DNA into the host cells' DNA. Why might it be simpler for these viruses to attack (get in/enter) prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cells?
Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
Which characteristic of life would be: an elephant ate some hay
Use and obtain energy
Someone is on fire in the classroom!!!! What do we do?
Use either the fire blanket, or the fire shower. Last resort is the fire extinguisher.
When measuring liquid volume you are supposed to measure from the bottom of the meniscus. What does that mean?
Water/liquids don't sit 'flat' in a container. They sit lower in the middle than at the edges. That is the meniscus. To get an accurate measurement you must measure from the bottom of the meniscus, which is the middle, not the edges.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
When all molecules are evenly spaced and moving. Diffusion stops when the molecules reach Dynamic Equilibrium.
What is an isotonic solution?
Will have equal concentrations of solute and water inside and outside of the cell. The inside of the cell is isotonic to the environment and the environment is isotonic to the inside of the cell, which results in no net movement of water.
Which is bigger: a hectogram or a decigram? Which is bigger: a millimeter or a decameter?
a hectogram; a decameter
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
a plant or an animal cell
When microorganisms in milk produce acid under certain conditions, yogurt results. Which of these processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt?
alcohol fermentation
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
all eukaryotic cells
Why is DNA important? a. DNA controls production of proteins w/i cells b. Every cell in your body has an exact copy of DNA c. Humans need to be able to pass their DNA to their offspring d. The structure of DNA is related to its functions (to store and use info to direct activities of the cell/to copy itself exactly for new cells)
all of the above
Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?
anaerobic bacterium
How do organisms get the energy they need?
by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy
Which term would most likely be included in the explanation of the production of starch in a potato?
carbohydrates, monosaccharides, dehydration synthesis
All of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis except
carbon dioxide is used to help make glucose
Life functions are performed at many levels of biological organization. Which level of biological organization is the simplest level at which a structure can support life functions?
cell
Which of the following relationships between cell structures and their respective functions is not correct?
chloroplasts: chief sites of cellular respiration
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
decrease activation energy
When using a microscope, as the magnification increases, your field of view (FOV):
decreases
Which of the following organelles is not a common destination for small vesicles that bud off the Golgi apparatus?
endoplasmic reticulum
This molecule is needed for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
energy (ATP)
Baby food manufactures sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants. Proteases are which of the following types of molecules?
enzymes
All of the following processes take material into cells except
exocytosis
The main difference(s) between facilitated diffusion and active transport is (are)
facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient and active transport moves them against their gradient. facilitated diffusion does not rely on cellular energy and active transport does. facilitated diffusion uses channel or carrier proteins and active transport does not.
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
food molecules
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
glycolysis, fermentation, Citric Acid Cycle
Transport proteins in the plasma membrane...
help large molecules get through the membrane, and there are two types: channel proteins and carrier proteins
Which type of organism obtains energy by metabolizing molecules produced by other organisms?
heterotrophs
Which functional group is found in lipids?
hydrocarbon chains
What bonds hold the base pairs together?
hydrogen bonds
Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are
hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution
Where does glycolysis takes place?
in the cytoplasm
In the molecule ATP, energy is stored where?
in the high energy bonds between phosphates
You would find cellulose:
in vegetables
A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0.02 molar glucose is placed in a test tube of water containing 0.02 molar glucose. Assuming that glucose is not actively transported into the cell, which of the following terms describes the tonicity (isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic) of the external solution relative to the cytoplasm of the cell?
isotonic
Water is polar which means that:
it has a slight negative charge on the Oxygen end and slight positive charge on the hydrogens
Water is polar which means that
it has a slight negative charge on the oxygen and a slight positive charge on the hydrogens.
During photosynthesis, where is oxygen made?
light reactions alone
Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
mitochondria
Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?
most work well when heated to high temperatures
Amino acids are connect with ________ bonds to form __________.
peptide, proteins
White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?
phagocytosis
What are the two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis (for solid materials) and pinocytosis (for liquid materials)
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
Monomers combine to form ______ in the process of __________
polymers, dehydration synthesis
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin are enzymes secreted by cells in your stomach to digest proteins. The presence of partially digested protein in the stomach triggers the secretion of more hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Thus, once digestion begins, it becomes a self-accelerating process. This type of feedback loop would be considered a
positive feedback loop
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin are enzymes secreted by cells in your stomach to digest proteins. The presence of partially digested protein in the stomach triggers the secretion of more hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Thus, once digestion begins, it becomes a self-accelerating process. This type of feedback loop would be considered a:
positive feedback loop
All of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except
production of glucose
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?
structure for plants and insects
What is the primary function of the light independent reaction?
synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
