Honors World History 9: Ancient Greece

Cleisthenes

(500BC) Established the world's first democracy in Athens "father of democracy"-all citizens had the right to participate in assembly Broke up power of aristocrats and created Council of Five Hundred, chosen from local government units, with wide power

Hippocrates

-400 B.C. Greek physician studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures -Hippocratic oath set ethical standards for doctors "help the sick according to my ability and judgement but never with a view to injury and wrong" and to protect the privacy of patients -Doctor's today take similar oath

Hellenistic Civilization

-After death of Alexander the Great, this vital culture emerged blending Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian influences -New Schools of Thought - political turmoil during Hellenistic age led to rise of new schools of philosophy (STOICISM) -Advances in Learning - thinkers built on earlier Greek, Babylonian, and Egyptian knowledge (Pythagoras, Euclid, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, Archimedes) -Medicine - 400 B.C. Hippocrates studied causes of illnesses and looked for cures and set ethical standards for doctors (hippocratic oath - doctor's still take oath today)

Age of Homer

-After fall of Troy, Mycenaean civ. crumbled under attack of sea raiders -About same time, wave of Greek-speaking people (Dorians) invaded from north -Mycenaean power faded, people abandoned cities, trade declined -1100-800 B.C. Greek civ. seemed to step backward -People forgot skills (incl. art of writing)

Alexander the Great: How did he build a huge empire?

-Assumed throne at age 20 after his father was assassinated -Experienced soldier who shared father's ambitions -Greece was subdued so he began organizing forces to conquer Persia -334 B.C. he had enough ships to cross the Dardanelles (straight separating Europe from Asia Minor) -Persia not the great power it had been as emperor Darius III was weak and provinces were often in rebellion against him -Challenge was that Persian empire stretched more than 2,000 miles from Egypt to India -FIRST VICTORY AGAINST PERSIANS AT GRANICUS RIVER - then moved from victory to victory marching through Asia Minor into Palestine and South to Egypt -331 B.C. TOOK BABYLON AND SEIZED OTHER PERSIAN CAPITALS -After securing much of Persian Empire, he headed farther east to cross the Hindu Kush into northern India -326 B.C. TROOPS FACED SOLDIERS MOUNTED ON WAR ELEPHANTS (never lost a battle but soldiers were tired of the long campaign and refused to go farther east)

Ionic Order

-Based on slender female form according to Roman architectural historian Vetruvius -Signature element is volute on Ionic capital which looks like rolled ends of scroll -Shaft of columns 8 - 9 times as high as diameter with 24 flutes -More widespread in Greek settlements of Asia Minor and Aegean Sea -Example: Temple to Athena Nike, Athens, by Callicrates 448-421 BCE one of earliest surviving Ionic temples / tiny temple to Athena Nike on the Acropolis delicacy makes it perfect example of Ionic style -Example: Erechtheion 421-405 BCE / Ionic masterpiece on Acropolis (created during Pericles' building program/ Sloping site inspired irregular, split-level design, no continuous colonnade / 4 separate porticos and columns of different heights / shrine accommodated diverse hallowed areas (explains why floor plan departs from the Parthenon's pure symmetry) / temple shelters trident makes made when Poseidon smote a rock to bring spring of water in his contest with Athena for city's loyalty (she won by causing olive tree to sprout & it still grows by structure) / building stands at former site of former king of Athens and also den of snakes

Homer

-Blind poet lived about 750 B.C. wandered from village to village singing of heroic deeds -Iliad and Odyssey - epic poems about life during Age of Homer (may have been work of various people but credited to Homer, reveal much about the lives values of ancient Greeks including honor, courage, eloquence -His epic poems have inspired writers and artists for almost 3,000 years -His tales were passed on orally for generations before they were finally written down

Alexandria

-City in Egypt at the heart of Hellenistic World -Located on sea lanes between Europe and Asia -Markets boasted wide range of goods from Greek marble to Arabian spices, to East African Ivory -Greek architect drew plans for city which would become home to almost a million people -Greeks, Egyptians, Persians, Hebrews and many others crowded city -PHAROS - ENORMOUS LIGHTHOUSE THAT SOARED 440 FEET INTO THE AIR WAS ONE OF THE CITY'S MOST MARVELOUS SIGHTS

Corinthian Order, Hellenism

-Classical Greece "nothing to excess" was credo -Corinthian columns rare and used exclusively in interiors -Corinthian style popularity / Hellenistic period (when Greek culture spread widely) -Romans especially liked embellishment and used Corinthian columns throughout empire -Hallmark of Corinthian design = distinctive capital (shaped like inverted bell surrounded by acanthus leaves) -24 flute column is tallest of orders with height 10 times the diameter of a column -First known Corinthian column / temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae (420 BC) -Buildings associated with this style relied on grandiose effects / monumental scale -Rich is pictorial appeal / ostentatious -Hellenism gave us several of 7 wonders of ancient world like THE PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA (279 BCE), MAUSOLEUM OF HALICARNASSUS (349 BCE) -Spectacle, display, super human size replaced restraint of Classical Greece

Pericles' Funeral Oration

-Considered one of earliest and greatest expressions of democratic ideals -Recorded by Greek historian (Thucydides) at funeral of Athenians killed in battle; In oration, Pericles praised Athenian form of government with power in hands of the whole people instead of minority, stressed rights and duties of citizenship, Athenians had special responsibility as citizens of democracy

Crete

-Cradle of an early civilization which influenced Greeks on European mainland -People of this civilization absorbed ideas from older civs. of Egypt and Mesopotamia

Mycenae Rulers

-Dominated Aegean world from 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. -Indo-European people -Conquered Greek mainland before overrunning Crete -Sea Traders (like Minoans) -Reached out beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia -Learned many skills from Minoans (art of writing) -Also absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences and passed that later on to Greeks -City-states on mainland -Each warrior-king built thick-walled fortress from which he ruled surrounding villages in each city-state -Wealthy rulers amassed great deal of treasure (gold ornaments) unearthed by archaeologist from tombs

Greece: Looking Ahead

-During Hellenistic period - Rome emerged as powerful new state -After its conquest of Asia Minor in 133 B.C. it replaced Greece as dominant power in Mediterranean world -Greek ideas about law, freedom, justice, and government have influenced political thinking to present day -Arts and sciences - Greek works set standard for later people of Europe -Achievements of Greeks remarkable because they were produced by a scattering of tiny city-states whose rivalries cost them their freedom

Mycenaeans

-First Greek-speaking people for whom there is written record -Invaded Minoan Civilization -Lived in city-states -Wealthy rulers amassed treasure of gold found in their tombs -Trojan War (1250 B.C.)

Mycenaean Civilization Impact on Later Greeks

-First Greek-speaking people for whom there is written record -Invaded Minoan Civilization -Lived in city-states -Wealthy rulers amassed treasure of gold found in their tombs -Trojan War (1250 B.C.) -Dominated Aegean world from 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. -Indo-European people -Conquered Greek mainland before overrunning Crete -Sea Traders (like Minoans) -Reached out beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia -Learned many skills from Minoans (art of writing) -Also absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences and passed that later on to Greeks -City-states on mainland -Each warrior-king built thick-walled fortress from which he ruled surrounding villages in each city-state -Wealthy rulers amassed great deal of treasure (gold ornaments) unearthed by archaeologist from tombs -After fall of Troy, Mycenaean civ. crumbled under attack of sea raiders -About same time, wave of Greek-speaking people (Dorians) invaded from north -Mycenaean power faded, people abandoned cities, trade declined -1100-800 B.C. Greek civ. seemed to step backward -People forgot skills (incl. art of writing) -Got hints about life during this time period from two epic poems -Iliad and Odyssey - may have been work of various people by credited to poet Homer (lived 750 B.C.) -Iliad and Odyssey REVEAL MUCH ABOUT VALUES OF ANCIENT GREEKS (HONOR, COURAGE, ELOQUENCE) -Epic poems have inspired European writers and artists for almost 3,000 years

Stoicism

-Founded by Zeno during the Hellenistic age -Urged people to avoid desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought -Stoics preached high moral standards (protect rights of fellow humans) -Taught that all people (including slaves / women) though unequal in society were morally equal because all had the power of reason -Later influenced many Roman and Christian thinkers

Socrates

-Greek Philosopher (died from fatal sip of hemlock) -Strolled along Stoa of Zeus in Athens (favorite spot for his dialogues / conversations)

Zeno

-He and colleagues' philosophy on stoicism took name from stoa (where they worked out main tenets /important points)

Philip II of Macedonia

-King of Macedonia (Philip II) -Gained throne in 359 B.C. -Dreamt of conquering prosperous city-states to south -Built superb army -Formed alliances with many Greek city-states through threats, bribery and diplomacy (conquered others) -338 B.C. Athens and Thebes joined forces against him -Philip defeated them at battle of Chaeronea and brought all of Greece under his control -Grander dream was to conquer the Persian empire -Before he could achieve this goal he was assassinated at his daughter's wedding -Ushered in a new age that saw the spread of Greek influence from Mediterranean to borders of India by his son Alexander the Great -As a youth he had lived in Thebes and had come to admire Greek culture -Hired Aristotle to tutor his son (Alexander the Great)

Minoan Civilization

-Located on Crete in Aegean Sea -Location of brilliant early civilization -Do not know what people of this civ. called themselves -British archaeologists who found ruins called them Minoans after Minos (legendary king of Crete) -Civ. reached its height 1750-1500 B.C. -Success based on trade NOT conquest -Palace of Knossos (where Minoan rulers lived) -Traders set up outposts throughout Aegean world -From island home in eastern Mediterranean they crossed seas to the Nile Valley and to Middle East -Contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia led them to gain ideas and technology that was adapted to their own culture -Sea was important to them -Religion - worshiped bull and mother goddess -Women appeared freely in public and may have had more rights than in other civilizations -Disappears 1400 B.C. archaeologists not sure of reasons (volcanic eruption on nearby island, earthquake, tidal wave)??? -Invaders (Mycenaeans) certainly played role in destruction of civ.

Greek Trade: Egypt to Crete

-Minoan traders sailed Med. Sea and headed to Egypt -Some Egyptian tomb paintings show Minoan traders offering gifts to Pharaoh -Traders brought back valuable goods like linen to Crete -Trading good led to cultural borrowing -Early Greek painting (stiff, formal poses) is similar to Egyptian art styles -Egyptian ideas like life after death & ferry ride across river to underworld may have influenced Greek religious ideas

Greek Architecture: A Primer

-Monuments treated by Greeks as large sculpture and were built with same rules of symmetry and ideal proportions -Architectural system of "orders" defined ideal proportions for all components of temples (according to set mathematical ratios) -Oddity was that individual buildings were strictly symmetrical but layout of ensemble of buildings purposely asymmetrical -Order based on diameter of a column with other elements following from it -Public rites took place in front of temple (elaborate sculpture told story of temple's deity) -Most common location for sculpture were triangular pediments / horizontal frieze -Classic period (features on faces impassive -- giving rise to term Severe Style -Sculpted figures on building's pediment protruded sharply from background stone (painted red or blue) -Doric Order - referred to all standard components of A Doric Temple typical of Mainland Greece -Ionic Order - more widespread in Greek settlements of Asia Minor / Aegean -Corinthian Order - Columns topped with stylized leaves of acanthus plant developed later and not widely used until Roman times

Greek Theater: Background

-One of greatest single contributions of ancient Greeks to Western culture was invention of DRAMA -Historians trace birth of drama to centuries before Golden Age (consisted of primitive drams of religious festivals) -6th Century - worship of Dionysus (god of wine and fertility) became cult in Athens / Athenians expected to thank this god for gifts / celebration included dancing, wild music, speaking / earlier times goat was enemy of the vine where grapes grew -Greek word for goat similar to modern word for "tragedy" -Greek word "comedy" comes from Greek word for "revel" -Comedy and Tragedy stem from festivals of Dionysus worship

Antigone

-Play by Sophocles -Describes humanity as the peak of creation

Athenian Power and How it Led to War

-Power of Athens during Golden Age sewed seeds of disaster -Greeks outside Athens resented Athenian domination -Greek world split into rival cams -To counter Delian League (DL), Sparta and other city - states formed Peloponnesian League (PL) -Sparta encouraged oligarchy in cities of PL while Athens supported democracy in DL

Troy

-Rich trading city in present-day Turkey -Fought Trojan War against Mycenae -Controlled vital straits between Mediterranean and Black seas

Greek Painting

-Skilled Painters -Achieved breakthrough in trompe l'oeil effects (realistic/ lifelike) -So life-like that birds pecked murals of painted fruit -No early works survive -Can judge realistic detail of Greek painting by the figures on everyday pottery

Greek Philosophy

-Stressed Harmony, Order, and Clarity of Thought -Emphasis on Rational Inquiry -Challenging the status quo created society of intellectual and artistic risk-takers

Protagoras

-Summed up Greek philosophy "Man is the measure of all things." -He and other philosophers' emphasis on rational inquiry / challenging status quo created society of intellectual and artistic risk-takers

Alexander the Great: Legacy

-Unleashed changed that would last for centuries across the Mediterranean world and the Middle East -Most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture -Blending of Cultures across Alexander's far-flung empire - with many new cities named after him -Greek soldiers, traders, artisans settled in these cities (from Egypt to borders of India they built Greek temples, filled them with Greek statures, and held athletic contests as they had in Greece) In turn, Greek settlers adopted local customs -As locals assimilated or absorbed Greek ideas a blending of eastern and western cultures occurred -Alexander encouraged this blending by marrying a Persian woman and urging his soldiers to follow his example -He also adopted Persian customs (including Persian dress) -After his death a vital culture emerged blending Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences - CALLED HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION

What were the results of Alexander's conquests?

-Unleashed changed that would last for centuries across the Mediterranean world and the Middle East -Most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture -Blending of Cultures across Alexander's far-flung empire - with many new cities named after him -Greek soldiers, traders, artisans settled in these cities (from Egypt to borders of India they built Greek temples, filled them with Greek statures, and held athletic contests as they had in Greece) In turn, Greek settlers adopted local customs -As locals assimilated or absorbed Greek ideas a blending of eastern and western cultures occurred -Alexander encouraged this blending by marrying a Persian woman and urging his soldiers to follow his example -He also adopted Persian customs (including Persian dress) -After his death a vital culture emerged blending Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences - CALLED HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION

Greek Culture

-Value system did not revolve around autocratic ruler or unknowable deity -Value system revolved around man "the measure of all things" (Athenian philosopher Protagoras) -Modeled Olympian gods (strengths/flaws) on men and women -Thought people could seek truth and perfection through inquiry, debate, and striving for arete (excellence)

Knossos: Palace

-Where rulers of Minoan civilization lived -Housed rooms for royal family, banquet halls, working areas for artisans -Included religious shrines -Covered in colorful frescos telling about Minoan society -Frescos - leaping dolphins (importance of sea/lightness and sense of movement in art), religious images (worshiped the bull and mother goddess), young men and women strolling through gardens or jumping through horns of running bull (suggests women appeared freely in public and may have had more rights than other civilizations

Iliad

-Written by poet Homer -Chief source of info about Trojan War -Story involves gods, goddesses, talking horse -At start of poem ACHILLES (mightiest Greek warrior) is sulking in his tent because of dispute with his commander -War soon turns against the Greeks -Achilles refuses to listen to please that he rejoin fighting -After best friend is killed he returns to fighting

Odyssey

-Written by poet Homer -Tells struggles of Greek hero Odysseus to return home to faithful wife Penelope after fall of Troy -Long voyage home includes sea monster, race of one-eyed gains, and beautiful sorceress who turns men into swine

Wars of the Greek World

1. Athens fights Persia 2. Other city-states fight on the side of Athens 3. The Battle of Marathon (Athenians outnumbered by Persians, weaponless Greeks broke through Persian line and defeated them with hand-to-hand combat) 4. Battle of Thermopylae (hand to hand combat overpowered 300 Spartans were overcome by Persians who went on to burn Athens) 5. Battle at Strait of Salamis (Greeks lured Persian army into Strait and used oared boats as battering rams to sink Persian fleet)

Pericles Golden Age In Athens

1. Economy prosperity 2. More democratic - direct democracy -democratic ideals 3.Athens prospered during Age of Pericles -Economic prosperity due to riches of Athenian empire -Pericles hired bes architects and sculptors to rebuild Acropolis (new temples, statues rose from ruins destroyed by Persians) -Stone building increased Athenians' prosperity by creating jobs for artisans and workers -Building projects served as further reminder to citizens and visitors that gods favored Athens

Marathon

1. Plain north of Athens 2. Darius I sent huge force across Aegean to punish Athens for sending ships to Ionia and contributing to uprising 3. Persian army landed in Marathon 1490 B.C. 4. Athenians asked for help from neighboring city-states but got little support 5. Persians greatly outnumbered Athenian forces 6. Greeks (without horsemen or archers) broke through Persian line and rain of arrows to engage in hand-to-hand combat 7. Athenians overcame them and Persians retreated 8. Athenians and leader Themistocles celebrated but knew more was ahead...leader ordered fleet of warships and preparation of other defenses

Persian Wars Impact on Greece

1. Victory in the Persian Wars led to an increase in Greek pride in their uniqueness. 2. Greeks felt the gods had protected their better form of government (city-states) against Persia. 3. Athens came out of this time as the most powerful city-state in Greece and organized the Delian League. 4. The Delian League was an alliance with other city-states to continue the struggle with Persian. Athens dominated the "League" (moved treasury from island of Delos to Athens) and used money contributed by other city-states to rebuild Athens. 5. Allies protested but Athens used force to make them remain in League 6. Age of Pericles - Golden Age of Athens after Persian Wars (economy thrived, government more democratic)

Rome PANTHEON Details

118-128 BCE Building Form: Basilica, amphitheater, baths Shape: Circular, oval, complex Material: Concrete Structure: Arcuated with arch, vault, dome Distinguishing Feature: Arch Emphasis: Interior space, utility Ceilings: Soaring Interiors: Vast City Center: Forum Size: Huge Spirit: Ostentation

Trojan War

1250 B.C. -Conflict may have had its origins in economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy -Greek legend attributes way to romantic cause (Trojan prince Paris kidnapped Helen, wife of Greek king, Mycenaeans sailed to Troy to rescue her, 10 years fought until Greeks finally seized Troy and burned city to ground) -Was seen as legend until it was excavated by archeologists who found evidence of fire and war dating to about 1250 B.C. -Modern scholars agree that it was an actual event

Pharos of Alexandria

279 BCE -Hellenism -Wonder of Ancient world -Tallest lighthouse ever build -400 foot high marble structure of 4 tapering stories

Hellenistic Art

323-31 BC -Greek-derived style -Found in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt -More melodramatic than Classical Style

Alexander the Great

356 B.C. - 323 B.C. -Assumed throne at age 20 after his father was assassinated -Experienced soldier who shared father's ambitions -Greece was subdued so he began organizing forces to conquer Persia -334 B.C. he had enough ships to cross the Dardanelles (straight separating Europe from Asia Minor) -Persia not the great power it had been as emperor Darius III was weak and provinces were often in rebellion against him -Challenge was that Persian empire stretched more than 2,000 miles from Egypt to India -FIRST VICTORY AGAINST PERSIANS AT GRANICUS RIVER - then moved from victory to victory marching through Asia Minor into Palestine and South to Egypt -331 B.C. TOOK BABYLON AND SEIZED OTHER PERSIAN CAPITALS -Before Alexander could capture Darius, Persian Emperor was Murdered -After securing much of Persian Empire, he headed farther east to cross the Hindu Kush into northern India -326 B.C. TROOPS FACED SOLDIERS MOUNTED ON WAR ELEPHANTS (never lost a battle but soldiers were tired of the long campaign and refused to go farther east) -Alexander turned back and reached Babylon where he began planning a new campaign -DIED OF SUDDEN FEVER - AS HE LAY DYING COMMANDERS ASKED WHOM HE LEFT HIS IMMENSE EMPIRE "TO THE STRONGEST" HE SAID -No one leader proved strong enough to succeed Alexander -After years of disorder 3 generals divided up the empire (Macedonia & Greece went to one general, Egypt to another, and most of Persia to the third) -For 300 years their descendants competed for power over the lands Alexander had conquered Created a large empire and spread Greek culture throughout the region. 1. Son of Philip II (King of Macedonia) 2. Architect of new era in which Greek influence spread from Mediterranean to borders of India 3. Tutored as youth by Aristotle - he had love of learning and the arts but say himself first and foremost as a warrior 4. Alexander saw himself as a second Achilles (brave, daring, strong legendary Greek warrior and hero of the Illiad) 5. WHEN THEBES REBELLED, HE ORDERED THE CITY TO BE BURNED AND ITS INHABITANTS KILLED OR SOLD INTO SLAVERY -- SPARED ONE HOUSE WHERE GREEK POET PINDAR HAD ONCE LIVED

Acropolis

400 BCE Athens, Greece Erechtheion Propylaea Temple of Athena Nike Parthenon -Oddity of Greek way was that individual buildings were strictly symmetrical but layout of ensemble of buildings purposely asymmetrical -Each building on Acropolis is unique sculptural unit / located at irregular angle to neighboring building -This disalignment is in contrast to site plans of authoritarian states like pharaonic Egypt and Imperial Rome (strict bilateral symmetry limited freedom of viewer / centralized state controlled experience & thought) -Citizens' role in government in Greece incorporated concept of individual freedom into site plans -Irregular placement forced viewers to move around site at own pace / way allowing individuals to play starring role within larger whole (like the way Greek city-state operated / physical equivalent of choice)

Athens PARTHENON Details

447-438 BCE Building Form: Temple Shape: Rectangular Material: Marble Structure: Post and Beam Distinguishing Feature: Column Emphasis: Exterior Sculptural Form Ceilings: Low-pitched Interiors: Small, cramped City Center: Agora, framed by stoas Size: Based on human proportions Spirit: Moderation

Xerxes

480 B.C. Son of Darius I sent much larger force to avenge father's defeat at Marathon and to conquer Greece

Classical Art

480-323 BC -Peak of Greek art and architecture -Idealized figures exemplify order and harmony

Thespis

534 BC -Native of Attica near Athens -Patron of present-day actors -Actors call themselves "thespians" after this famous Greek playwright -Changed format of Greek drama -Added an "actor" who talked with chorus of satyrs (actors of earlier plays) -Revolutionized drama by adding actor -Dialogue on stage and opened possibilities for further changes over next two centuries

Athens

A Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy. Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Oligarchy

A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.

Tyranny

A government in which absolute ruling power is held by a person who is not a lawful king.

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility.

Chorus

A group of characters in Greek tragedy (and in later forms of drama), who comment on the action of a play without participation in it.

Tholos

A type of tomb in Mycenaean architecture with a bee-hive shaped circular plan, also called a bee-hive tomb; a temple with a circular plan.

Delian League

An alliance organized by Athens with other city-states after the Persian Wars to continue the struggle. Athens dominated the "League" (moved treasury from island of Delos to Athens) and used money contributed by other city-states to rebuild Athens; Allies protested but Athens used force to make them remain in League; Ironic because greek leaders were enforcing will abroad while championing political freedom at home

Strategos

An ancient Greek general. Pericles was a famous Athenian strategos. The common term for a military leader or the chief general. In the city-states, this office was usually political as well as military.

Great Dionysia

An ancient dramatic festival in which tragedy, comedy, and satyric drama originated; it was held in Athens in March in honour of Dionysus, the god of wine.

Minoans

An ancient, seafaring culture that was centered around the island of Crete from 2000 to 4000 B.C. An extremely advanced and rich culture, they suddenly collapsed around 1200 B.C. when the Thera volcano violently erupted distroying their civilization.

Greek Civilization Rise: Cause and Effect

CAUSES -Rise of civilizations in Persia, Egypt, Greece -Macedonian conquests of Greece -Growth of Alexander's empire from Greece to northern India -Growing contacts among kingdoms of eastern Mediterranean and Middle East EFFECTS -Rise of Hellenistic Civilization -Learning and arts encouraged by Alexander and his successors -Alexandria, Egypt became center of trade and learning -Spread of Greek, Middle Eastern, and Persian religions -Spread of Christianity CONNECTIONS TO TODAY -Continued practice of Christianity and Judaism in the region -Alexandria, Egypt still center of learning -Greek architecture still visible in ruins across Middle East

Peloponnesian War Causes and Effects

Causes: -Power of Athens during Golden Age sewed seeds of disaster -Greeks outside Athens resented Athenian domination -Greek world split into rival cams -To counter Delian League (DL), Sparta and other city - states formed Peloponnesian League (PL) -Sparta encouraged oligarchy in cities of PL while Athens supported democracy in DL -Despite riches and navy, Athens had geographic disadvantage -Sparta located inland so it could not be attacked by sea (but Sparta only had to march north to attack Athens by land) Effects: -Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from surrounding countryside to move inside city walls -Overcrowded conditions led plaque, killed 1/3 of population included Pericles -Successors after Pericles death from plague were not able leaders and power struggles undermined city's democratic government -War dragged on and each side did savage acts against the other -Sparta allied with Persia (enemy of Greeks) -404 B.C. with help of Persian navy - Spartans captured Athens -Victors stripped them of fleet and empire -Sparta did not destroy Athens (maybe due to respect for city's role in Persian Wars) Aftermath of War: -War ended Athenian domination of Greek world -Athenian economy eventually revived -Athens remained cultural center of Greece but spirit and vanity declined -Democratic government suffered -Corruption and self-interest replaced ideals like service to city-state -Next century fighting continued to disrupt Greek World -Sparta suffered defeat at hands of Thebes (another Greek city-state) -As Greeks battled themselves, new power rose in Macedonia (kingdom to N) -By 359 B.C. ambitious ruler was poised to conquer Greek city-states

Corinthian Order

Columns topped with stylized leaves of acanthus plant developed later and not widely used until Roman times

Solon

Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred Athenian reformer who cancels debts and allows the merchant class to take part in the government (594 BC) Name the 594 B.C. Athenian ruler whose reforms were popular among both nobles and the common people.

Arete

Excellence Participation in the Polis/competition Balanced/harmony/order

Triremes

Fast Greek ships with 3 levels of rowers

Greek Art Highlights

Golden Age: 480-430 BC Philosophy: Moderation in all Most Famous Work: "Winged Victory" Most Famous Building: Parthenon Characteristic Form: Male Nude Signature City: Athens Major Contributions: Democracy, Individualism, Reason

Hellas

Greek (original) name for Greece

Olympics

Greek athletic competitions to celebrate the Gods and feed city-state rivalries. What is the Greek event that is the first recorded date in history?

Sparta

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts Who won the Peloponnesian War?

Theatron

Greek for theatre. What was the "viewing place" of the early theaters called?

Peloponnesian League

Greeks outside Athens resented Athenian domination; Greek world split into rival camps; To counter Delian League, Sparta and other city - states formed the _________ League

Themistocles

He was an Athenian general and politician. He helped lead Athens to victory against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon. He distinguished himself by persuading Athenians to build a navy of Triremes and increase in Athenian defenses. Navy and bolstered forces went on to defeat Persia for the second time. This time at sea in the battle fought at Salamis in 480 BCE.

Aristarchus

Hellenistic astronomer who argued that the Earth rotated on its axis and orbited around the sun

Eratosthenes

Hellenistic astronomer who showed that the Earth was round and accurately calculated its circumference

Pythagoras

Hellenistic mathematician - derived formula (a2 + b2 = c2) to calculate the relationship between sides of right triangle

Euclid

Hellenistic mathematician - wrote textbook called The Elements that became the basis for modern geometry

Archon

In Ancient Greece, what name was given to the chief magistrate in ancient city-states?

Dorians

In about 1100 B.C. these people overcame the Mycenaean culture, Greece's earliest culture. a Greek-speaking people that, according to tradition, migrated into mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization Under which Greek people was writing forgotten for 400 years? Ruled Greece after the Trojan War 1150-750 B.C.E. Greece entered a period in history known as the Dark Ages.

Kouros / Kore Art

Kouros (nude male youth) Kore (clothed maiden) -Free standing statues of human figures -Frontal stance, left foot forward, clenched fists, grimace (known as Archaic style)

Lycurgus

Legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state; An almost mythic figure who is credited with creating the political, social and military systems of Sparta

Strait of Salamis

Location where Athenians lured Persian navy into; Athenian warships (powered by rowers) drove into Persian boats with underwater battering rams; Xerxes watched from shore as his might fleet sank

Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations: How did trade contribute to the development of these civilizations?

MINOAN -Success based on trade NOT conquest --Traders set up outposts throughout Aegean world -From island home in eastern Mediterranean they crossed seas to the Nile Valley and to Middle East -Contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia led them to gain ideas and technology that was adapted to their own culture MYCENAEAN -Dominated Aegean world from 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. -Indo-European people -Conquered Greek mainland before overrunning Crete -Sea Traders (like Minoans) -Reached out beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia -Learned many skills from Minoans (art of writing) -Also absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influences and passed that later on to Greeks

Encaustic

Mixture of powdered pigment and hot wax used to embellish hair, lips, eyes, and nails of early Greek Statues

Archimedes

Most famous Hellenistic scientist applied principles of physics to make practical inventions -Mastered the used of lever and pulley -Awed audience watched as he used his invention to draw a ship onto shore

Thermopylae

Narrow mountain pass guarded by small Spartan force (The 300); Led warrior-king Leonidas; Spartans held out against huge Persian force; Persians defeated Spartans here after 2-day stand and marched south to burn Athens (Athenians had withdrawn to safety)

Agora

Open public square or marketplace / center of political, social, commercial life in Greece / Where public debate and self-government took place

Frescoes

Paintings made on wet plaster walls; found in the Minoan civilization

Metics

Resident aliens

Helots

Spartan word for their slaves, who were the conquered Mycenaeans

Direct Democracy

System in which a large number of citizens take direct part in day-to-day affairs of government

Knossos

This was the capital city of the Minoan people, located on the island of Crete. The city was first excavated in the late 19th, early 20th centuries, and showed that the Minoans were an advanced and largely peaceful people. Capital of Crete; home of King Minos

Peisistratus

Tyrant who extended Athenian citizenship to those who did not own land Which Greek tyrant became popular by giving land to landless farmers? (546BC) A noble who overthrew the oligarchy in Athens and became a tyrant, but brought peace and prosperity

Ostracism

Used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy

Fresco

Watercolor paintings done on wet plaster

Contrapposto

Weight shift innovation in Greek sculpture in which the weight of the body rested on one leg with the body realigned accordingly (giving illusion of figure arrested in motion)

Hellenes

What did the ancient Greeks call themselves? This group was the descendants of the people who fled the Dorians. Name the greeks used in classical times to denote the greek people who were reputedly descended from a mythical ancestor Hellen

Dark Age of Greece

What was the period of time called after the Dorians took over the Mycenaeans? 1100 - 800 BCE a time when trade become standstill, written language disappeared, and people lived in isolated villages, famine, no artwork was produced, Minoan & Mycenae civilization ended Period when Dorians took over, city-states were created

Pericles

Wise and skillful statesman who oversaw golden age for Athens after Persian Wars; economy thrived; government more democratic;

Draco

characterized by very strict laws, rules, and punishments