Honors world history study guide

After 1848, both the unified German and Italian states rejected democracy. True False

True

American culture is highly influential in the globalized modern world, but it is also influenced by ideas and cultural traditions from other parts of the world. True/False

True

Both Chinese and Native American rebellions were inspired by popular religious movements. True/False

True

Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788? A. To improve the status of the French peasantry B. To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit C. To discuss new ways in which France could work against British interests D. To create a more egalitarian legal system in France

B. To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit

Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by: A. rejecting the Catholic Church and trying to align themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians. B. working toward closer ties to the other states on the Iberian peninsula. C. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors. D. adopting a pacifist ideology and built a lasting state around it.

C. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors.

During the 1920s and 1930s, most ideas about "being modern" acknowledged that modernity implied: A. stylistic innovation. B. realism in art. C. mass production and consumption. D.strong, authoritarian leadership.

C. mass production and consumption

The main goal of Zheng He's voyages was to: A. learn more about the cultures beyond China's borders. B. generate scientific knowledge. C. reestablish trade and collect tribute. D. search for new lands in which to export the surplus population.

C. reestablish trade and collect tribute.

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that: A. the prince had a responsibility to demonstrate good morals to his subjects. B. the main goal of the prince was holding and exercising power. C. the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values. D. the prince had a natural right to force religious uniformity on his kingdom.

C. the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values.

In general, the slave trade helped to shift wealth toward which African social group? A. Subsistence farmers B. Village elders C. Warrior elites D. Religious leaders

C. warrior elites

The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: A. the Beghards. B. the Yellow Turbans. C. the Red Turbans. D. the Uighurs.

Red Turbans

Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France? A. A centralized, efficient administration B. A separate legal code for the French colonies and future conquests C. An increase in popular democracy D. A respect for the authority of other European leaders

A. A centralized, efficient administration

The idea that a nation was composed of its entire population replaced what earlier definition of a nation? A. A nation was composed of kings, clergymen, and nobles. B. A nation was composed of everyone who participated in economic production. C. A nation was composed of those willing to fight and die for it. D. A nation was composed of everyone whose ancestors had followed the same king.

A. A nation was composed of kings, clergymen, and nobles.

What was Satyagraha? A. A philosophy of nonviolent resistance B. An Indian epic poem C. A philosophy of self-reliance D. A dance with martial overtones that upset authorities

A. A philosophy of nonviolent resistance

Why did the populations of richer nations grow more slowly than the populations of poorer nations at the end of the twentieth century? A. Access to birth control, education, and better career prospects encouraged women to postpone childbearing. B. The expense of raising children became so prohibitive that few people wanted to undertake it. C. Effective border controls ended most international migration, eliminating a factor that had inflated population growth. D. Cities were unhealthy places to live, so many children died at young ages.

A. Access to birth control, education, and better career prospects encouraged women to postpone childbearing.

What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in "legitimate" trade? A. Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe. B. Africans should stop using mercantilist forms of protectionism, and engage in free trade. C. Africans should begin to produce goods on an industrial scale for sale in the world market. D. Africans should only sell slaves to European traders who had been licensed by their home governments.

A. Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.

Which of the following is a similarity among European states' response to World War I? A. All states, even democracies, suspended many democratic rights and intervened in both production and consumption. B. Democratic states, such as Britain and France, held fast to liberal policies despite the war. C. The war and economic crises that followed led all states to reduce the scope of their control. D. In Russia, France, and Britain, liberal capitalism prevailed following the war.

A. All states, even democracies, suspended many democratic rights and intervened in both production and consumption.

What did American nation-states do with territories taken from indigenous peoples? A. American nation-states turned these territories into new provinces by sending settlers to the hinterlands. B. American nation-states incorporated Indian landholdings into the nation economically, but kept them distinct politically and socially. C. American nation-states treated conquered areas as colonial outposts. D. American nation-states allowed conquered peoples autonomy and the right to determine the fate of their territorial possessions.

A. American nation-states turned these territories into new provinces by sending settlers to the hinterlands.

In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise? A. Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world. B. The Dutch controlled the trade in East Indian spices and used their sale to generate capital. C. The English had not yet developed financial systems such as joint stock companies and banks. D. The Dutch monarchs provided large amounts of capital to the Dutch East India Company.

A. Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world.

During the 1950s, Americans expressed anxiety about communism in which of the following ways? A. Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. B. Hollywood produced fewer movies than before because so many directors, stars, and writers were blacklisted. C. American society became more egalitarian so that communism would be less appealing. D. Americans bought more consumer goods, which were usually made in the United States.

A. Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers.

Why did the development of more effective nuclear weapons ultimately decrease the risk of a direct confrontation between the United States and the USSR? A. Any conflict that involved nuclear weapons had the potential to destroy the world. B. Both countries felt secure in their own arsenals and were less concerned about their individual rivals. C. Cooperating to develop the new weapons minimized the tension between the two powers. D. The spread of nuclear weapons to other states created new common enemies for the old allies.

A. Any conflict that involved nuclear weapons had the potential to destroy the world.

In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders? A. Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state. B. Both were known for their ability to tolerate challenges from within their state. C. Both used cavalry and archers as the core of their military forces. D. Both came from peasant roots, rising to positions of authority based on their prowess as warriors.

A. Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state.

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions? A. Both introduced republican forms of government. B. Both granted political equality to all people. C. Both avoided written documents, preferring informal agreements on fundamental rights. D. Both emancipated slaves in their territories as part of the revolution.

A. Both introduced republican forms of government

In what way did the Mayans who followed José María Barrera resemble the Chinese who followed Hong in the Taiping Rebellion? A. Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends. B. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were driven by hunger to surrender to work on plantations. C. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were led by ruling elites who sympathized with the plight of the peasants. D. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were able to create enduring semiautonomous states within the larger nation.

A. Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends.

Which of the following was an important unintended consequence of the European partition of Africa in the late nineteenth century? A. Boundary lines drawn by Europeans divided existing African ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and commercial units among several different colonies. B. Increased immigration from Africa to Europe. C. European colonizers engaged in many wars with each other over African territory. D. People from throughout Africa began to think of themselves as members of a single nation.

A. Boundary lines drawn by Europeans divided existing African ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and commercial units among several different colonies.

How did Amnesty International respond to countries such as Argentina and Chile killing and torturing civilians? A. By cataloguing and publicizing human right violations B. By supplying legal defense for the accused C. By setting up a truth and reconciliation commission D. By working with the Red Cross to send medical supplies to the prisoners

A. By cataloguing and publicizing human right violations

11. Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires? A. China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. B. China alone relied on its own traditions for cultural inspiration. C. China had long been a center of learning, but the Islamic Empires relied on outside sources of learning. D. China, unlike the Mughals and Ottomans, ruled over a homogeneous population.

A. China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires.

As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic exploration: A. Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. B. the Ming were able to position themselves to more effectively defend against military threats from the south. C. European navies were able to conquer Chinese ports in the fourteenth century. D. Chinese commerce ground to a halt and imperial revenue declined.

A. Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.

Which of the following was often cited by Western imperialists as evidence for the improvement of women's lives under colonial rule? A. Colonial laws prohibited sati and female genital mutilation. B. Women had equal access to education in missionary and colonial schools. C. Women were freed from homesteading chores when African gold and silver mines opened. D. Colonial laws required equal pay for women employed in plantation agriculture.

A. Colonial laws prohibited sati and female genital mutilation.

Which of the following attitudes created tension between the concept of nation-state and colonial empire? A. Colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries, often with no representation in their governments. B. Colonies were viewed as valuable sources of new technological and scientific information. C. The mother countries refused to educate their colonial subjects. D. The mother countries drafted colonists to increase the size of their armies for European military campaigns.

A. Colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries, often with no representation in their governments.

By the end of the twentieth century, which of the following permitted large numbers of people to communicate across global networks more easily than with their neighbors? A. Commercial Web browsers and the Internet B. Satellite phones C. Smart phones D. Streaming video

A. Commercial Web browsers and the Internet

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following? A. Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. B. Scientific knowledge should be based on the work of traditional authorities, such as Aristotle. C. Only members of the clergy could safely conduct scientific experiments without imperiling their souls. D. The best way to learn was to inquire into the ways that other cultures did scientific research.

A. Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.

Progressive reformers' goals included which of the following? A. Creating a more efficient society and correcting the undesirable outcomes of urbanization and industrialization B. Protesting colonial rule and promoting independence for the world's peoples C. Encouraging industrial progress and developing financial centralization D. Recognizing cultural diversity and the protection of workers' ways of life

A. Creating a more efficient society and correcting the undesirable outcomes of urbanization and industrialization

Why did Egypt emerge as a potent symbol of pan-Arab nationalism in 1956? A. Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis. B. Because Egypt was the site of the oldest civilization in the region, it had great prestige. C. Egypt was the site of origin of the Muslim Brotherhood, which soon came to power after they overthrew the king. D. Egypt had been the capital of the last Muslim Caliphate, so it was the symbolic home of pan-Arab sentiments.

A. Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis.

Which British colony served as a model for later European endeavors by developing the colony's infrastructure to maximize profits from trade? A. India B. The Gambia C. Algeria D. Australia

A. India

How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world? A. Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. B. Europe pulled back from its earlier interest in overseas colonization. C. Europe became more dependent on other parts of the world for financial support. D. Europe became vulnerable to trade embargoes by Asian empires.

A. Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported.

Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire? A. Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government. B. The huge French army defeated the Ottoman Empire and provided freedom for oppressed minorities in North Africa and the Middle East. C. Nationalism was crushed once and for all, leaving Europe at the mercy of large, multiethnic states ruled by foreign monarchs. D. The reforms of the French Revolution were totally wiped out after Napoleon's defeat and an absolutist monarchy was reinstituted.

A. Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system? A. European elites B. African warriors C. African elites D. European sailors

A. European elites

Which of the following encouraged the European powers to surrender their African colonies? A. European powers were too deep in debt to invest more in pacifying the discontented Africans. B. The treaty ending World War II called for immediate decolonization. C. The European powers determined that it was time to live up to their Enlightenment ideals. D. The United States encouraged decolonization, but the USSR opposed it.

A. European powers were too deep in debt to invest more in pacifying the discontented Africans.

Which of the following European claims did the systematic implementation of the Nazi genocide challenge? A. Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all. B. Europeans had claimed that their democratic political system was superior to all others. C. Europeans had claimed that liberal capitalism was the most efficient governmental and economic system. D. Europeans had claimed that social Darwinism supported their racial superiority.

A. Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all.

Why was electricity the most important power source for the second industrial revolution? A. Factories could be located near concentrations of workers and production costs were lower. B. Some new industries, such as the iron industry, were dependent solely on electricity. C. Electrical power generation plants were pollution free. D. Britain was rich in coal, so it did not have to rely on foreign supplies to power its factories.

A. Factories could be located near concentrations of workers and production costs were lower.

By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony? A. France B. Portugal C. England D. Spain

A. France

Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states? A. Fulani tribes people B. Ruling elites C. Igbo merchants D. Hausa women

A. Fulani tribes people

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century? A. Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. B. The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas, so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere. C. The Portuguese were denied access to the Mediterranean trade in gold by their rivals, the Dutch. D. The Holy Roman Empire refused to allow the Portuguese merchants a share of trade in gold mined in the Carpathian Mountains.

A. Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

The tension in Europe that led to World War I was partly caused by a growing nationalist rivalry between which two states? A. Great Britain and Germany B. Great Britain and France C. France and Russia D. Russia and Great Britain

A. Great Britain and Germany

In which of the following situations were factors like a shared language, insufficient to create a national bond? A. Great Britain's relationship with Ireland B. Russia's relationship with Siberia C. Piedmont-Sardinia's relationship with Tuscany D. Prussia's relationship with Brandenburg

A. Great Britain's relationship with Ireland

On what was Sun Yat-sen's version of Chinese nationhood based? A. Han Chinese nationalism B. The modernization of the Qing military establishment C. The strength of China's multinational, multicultural population D. Communist political philosophy

A. Han Chinese nationalism

Which of the following techniques did Hitler use to create his racially based new world order? A. He set up puppet governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews. B. He authorized a land invasion of India to block supplies of petroleum from reaching the British. C. He assisted the Soviets in creating their own concentration camps to house those deemed racially inferior. D. He accepted the work of German Jewish scientists and artists if they would agree to support his programs.

A. He set up puppet governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews

Which of the following is the reason that Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in February 1917? A. His generals believed that protests against the tsar in the capital threatened the war effort along the Eastern Front. B. His generals believed that the troops along the Eastern Front were needed to fight the Ottomans, but the Tsar did not agree. C. The Tsar abdicated because his son was desperately ill and needed his father's care. D. The Tsar abdicated in protest over the failures of the Russian military against the German army.

A. His generals believed that protests against the tsar in the capital threatened the war effort along the Eastern Front.

Of the many factors that contributed to the unsettled nature of the turn-of-the-twentieth-century world, which of the following led most directly to the Maji-Maji Revolt? A. Increasing anticolonial sentiments B. Global labor migration C. Increasing economic inequality, despite growth in production D. Urbanization and industrialization

A. Increasing anticolonial sentiments

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change? A. India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials. B. The East India Company retreated from Bengal, ending years of lucrative tax collection. C. The East India Company sponsored scholarship to encourage Indians to adopt laissez faire philosophy. D. India turned inward and abandoned the Indian Ocean trade in favor of internal trade.

A. India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.

How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857? A. India came under the British crown's direct control. B. The British stopped allowing Indians to serve in the British army. C. The British restored control of cotton manufacturing to India. D. The British began to use railroads, roads, and telegraph lines to link the region together.

A. India came under the British crown's direct control.

How did the international division of labor in the production of goods change between the period immediately following World War II and the end of the twentieth century? A. Industrial production increasingly moved to new centers of manufacturing, especially in East Asia. B. The end of the Cold War allowed the former Soviet bloc to become a manufacturing powerhouse. C. North America's share of world industrial production increased at the expense of Europe and Asia. D.The growth of regional trade blocs lessened the global nature of industrial production.

A. Industrial production increasingly moved to new centers of manufacturing, especially in East Asia.

At the turn of the twentieth century, "modernism" reflected which of the following? A. Intellectuals, artists, and scientists sensed that traditional answers were no longer adequate to explain the changes in society. B. Confidence that nineteenth-century economic and social progress would extend into the twentieth century. C. Enlightenment ideals and trust in reason were extended into a new intellectual environment. D. Intellectuals were unwilling to look beyond Europe for cultural and intellectual inspiration.

A. Intellectuals, artists, and scientists sensed that traditional answers were no longer adequate to explain the changes in society.

In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document? A. It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights. B. It proposed that democracy was the best form of government. C. It argued for the rise of a meritocracy based on talent, not rank. D. It avowed that only a government based on Christian ideals could provide a just society.

A. It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights.

How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate? A. It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region. B. It changed from an urban religion to the religion of rural pastoralists. C. It changed from a polytheistic religion to a monotheistic religion. D. It changed from a warlike religion to a peaceful religion.

A. It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region.

How did the Franco-Prussian War encourage the growth of French nationalism in the late nineteenth century? A. It encouraged the French to unify around their antipathy toward the Germans. B. It encouraged the French to end class struggles. C. It encouraged the French to support and promote their national literature and language. D. It encouraged the argument that national identity was more important than class identity for the French.

A. It encouraged the French to unify around their antipathy toward the Germans.

How did World War I change the role of states? A. It led to an increase in the size and scope of their role in society. B. It encouraged them to cooperate more closely with one another after the war. C. It made them afraid of overstepping and causing another war. D. It led to more autonomy for individual citizens and subjects.

A. It led to an increase in the size and scope of their role in society.????

Which of the following was a consequence of Rachel Carson's book, The Silent Spring? A. It led to the environmental movement which questioned many of the ideas about economic progress and material prosperity upon which the "American Dream" had rested. B. It led to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act. C. It led to more pesticides being used on crops in Third World countries in order to increase food production. D. It, along with Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, created the modern women's liberation movement.

A. It led to the environmental movement which questioned many of the ideas about economic progress and material prosperity upon which the "American Dream" had rested.

How did the United States' understanding of itself change after the Civil War? A. Its sense of national identity, and the strength of the national government, grew stronger. B. Its sense of national identity grew weaker, since serious unresolved regional differences continued to exist. C. Its identity as a major agricultural exporter grew to be equal to that of Germany or of Great Britain. D. Its identity as a multiethnic state grew stronger.

A. Its sense of national identity, and the strength of the national government, grew stronger.

How did the Korean War transform Japan's relationship with the winners of World War II? A. Japan became an important ally of the United States in the fight against communism. B. Japan became an important ally of the Soviet Union in the fight to expand communism. C. Japan once again became a strong, aggressive neocolonial power. D. Japan used the Korean War as an opportunity to attempt to redress the war crimes it had committed in World War II.

A. Japan became an important ally of the United States in the fight against communism.

Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century? A. Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources. B. Larger states were more efficient at gathering goods for trade with Europeans, and benefited from European technologies. C. Larger states were better at utilizing agricultural land, allowing them to relieve population pressure more effectively than smaller settlements. D. Larger states were able to experiment with new leadership styles, ending their dependence on traditional forms of political order.

A. Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources.

Which of the following led to the survival of local cultures at the end of the twentieth century? A. Local cultures lived on, and in some cases were revived, through challenges to the authority of nation-states. B. Local cultures were encouraged by the expansion of global media. C. Local cultures were revived by the arts and crafts movement. D. Local cultures were protected by the United Nations as part of its declaration of human rights.

A. Local cultures lived on, and in some cases were revived, through challenges to the authority of nation-states

Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas? A. Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners B. Simon Bolivar, who went on to found the federation of "Gran Columbia" C. Andean tribes, who were now free from the domination of the peninsulares D. Mestizos, who were able to take control of the new republics from the creole elites

A. Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners

What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted? A. Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. B. Riots occurred in university towns against the imposition of secular knowledge in the schools. C. Artisans guilds passed rules against applying Newtonian physics to their crafts. D. Women wrote in their journals that they refused to conduct experiments because they feared a loss of femininity.

A. Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers.

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia? A. Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. B. Many wanted to improve their economic status by acquiring free land from the government. C. Some believed they were taking part in a glorious crusade against polytheistic native Siberians. D. Some wanted to work in the lucrative salt mines.

A. Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another? A. Mercantilism B. Monetarism C. Capitalism D. Absolutism

A. Mercantilism

How did the European missionary presence differ in the Americas from that in East Asia before 1800? A. Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. B. Missionaries to East Asia were more willing to accept the blending of multiple religious traditions. C. Missionaries to the Americas were more successful at impressing their audiences with examples of European cartography. D. Missionaries to the East Asia failed to learn anything about the people they sought to convert.

A. Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power.

Which of the following best describes the beliefs of a social Darwinist in the late nineteenth century? A. Modern culture was created by white Europeans and Americans, who were more fully evolved than the darker peoples of the world. B. The American Declaration of Independence demonstrated that all men possess the unalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. C. The French Revolution proved that all people deserve to be members of a sovereign, culturally homogeneous nation. D. All of humanity was created by God, in God's image, and all people are therefore equal.

A. Modern culture was created by white Europeans and Americans, who were more fully evolved than the darker peoples of the world.

Which of the following people provided the model for protest that Martin Luther King, Jr. adopted in his pursuit of civil rights? A. Mohandas Gandhi B. Nelson Mandela C. Ho Chi Minh D. Gamal Abdel Nasser

A. Mohandas Gandhi

Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas? A. Nationalism and democracy B. Absolutism and capitalism C. Nationalism and mercantilism D. Absolutism and socialism

A. Nationalism and democracy

Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the tabula rasa? A. People should be free to rise in society according to their talents. B. The only way to create moral people is through stern rules and harsh punishments. C. All people have an inerasable drive to truck, barter, and exchange. D. There are tables cataloguing innate cultural differences between different ethnic groups.

A. People should be free to rise in society according to their talents.

Which of the following was a response to Khrushchev's speech in 1956 attempting to separate Stalinism from true communism? A. Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls. B. Supporters of Stalin attempted to regain control of the Politburo. C. The Soviet army commanders withdrew troops from Eastern Europe. D. The Politburo gave orders to have Stalin's supporters quietly poisoned to avoid open disunity among the communist elite.

A. Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls.

On what idea could disparate groups of radicals agree? A. Popular sovereignty B. Return to the status quo C. Constitutional monarchy D. Abolishing private property

A. Popular sovereignty

Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint Domingue? A. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States. B. Napoleon, having restored slavery in France, waged a successful war that restored French control and slavery on Saint Domingue. C. After defeating the French in Saint Domingue, the revolutionaries offered their assistance to those who wished to rebel in Brazil. D. It discouraged the revolutionaries in Latin America.

A. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.

Which of the following is a reason why homesteaders' attempts to farm and ranch in the Amazon rainforest ultimately were unsuccessful? A. Rainforest soils were poor and easily eroded, and land titles were not secure. B. Excessive use of pesticides and herbicides poisoned the land. C. Government geologists supplanted the farmers searching for sources of fossil fuels. D.Growing "green" fuels, such as sugarcane biomass, was more lucrative but not suited to the rainforest ecosystem.

A. Rainforest soils were poor and easily eroded, and land titles were not secure.

Why did Europeans turn for inspiration to the art and learning of classical Greece and Rome as they rebuilt society after the devastation of the plague? A. Renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world. B. Humanist ideals were similar to the Ming dynasty's successful Confucian world view. C. Renaissance scholars defended the traditional teachings of the church in medicine and science. D. Islamic teachings supported the validity of Greek science.

A. Renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world.

Which of the following was Mustafa Kemal's first action to create a European-style secular state in Turkey? A. Replacing the sultanate with a republic B. Reinforcing the role of Islam in law and politics C. Putting a Swiss legal code into place D. Instituting Western-style dress codes for Turkish public life

A. Replacing the sultanate with a republic

Why did Gandhi choose salt as the testing ground for his principles of civil disobedience? A. Salt, a government monopoly, symbolized Indians' subjugation to British rule. B. Salt was easy to make in India and so it would not be difficult to replace British sources. C. The British were not as heavily invested in the salt trade as they were in tea and opium production. D. The British would likely react more leniently to civil disobedience if its purpose was to collect salt for personal use.

A. Salt, a government monopoly, symbolized Indians' subjugation to British rule.

The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following? A. Secularization of the state B. Curtailment of royal privileges C. Rejection of change D. Reversal of the beginnings of industrialization

A. Secularization of the state???

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations? A. Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days. B. Plantation managers, in order to have a healthy and productive workforce, provided their slaves with an adequate diet. C. Indentured Europeans and convicts provided the bulk of plantation labor. D. Family groups provided stability for Caribbean slave populations.

A. Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.

What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin? A. Sophisticated bronzes B. Detailed paintings of plant life C. Intricate silver jewelry D. Enormous marble palaces and temples

A. Sophisticated bronzes

Which of the following is a reason why some First World powers supported South Africa during the 1950s and 1960s? A. South Africa was anticommunist. B. South Africa was a strategic military and commercial outpost. C. South Africa had developed a democratic society. D. South Africa, especially Johannesburg, was an important center for global finance.

A. South Africa was anticommunist.

In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers? A. Supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose B. Exporting European innovations to other parts of the world C. Continuing to pursue political reforms without attempting economic reforms D. Returning to prerevolutionary patterns of political and economic authority

A. Supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose

On what did Soviet governance under Stalin rely to ensure citizen compliance with its policies? A. Terror B. Tacit support from church hierarchies C. Cooperation D. Bribery and corruption

A. Terror

Which of the following was required of Shawnee culture if they were to be able to cooperate with U.S. government officials? A. That men rather than women take over farming B. That they commit to communal life, similar to Fourier's phalanxes C. That men move to urban areas and take jobs for cash payments D. That they abandon their native language

A. That men rather than women take over farming

How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development? A. The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. B. The Asante used their gold to trade across the Saharan caravan routes for salt, which was a necessity of life in the rain forest. C. The Asante used gold to bribe the Europeans to keep them from capturing Asante people as slaves. D.The Asante used gold to finance scholarly and architectural centers like Timbuktu.

A. The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves.

Which of the following first tested President Truman's containment policy? A. The Berlin blockade B. The bombing of Nagasaki C. The Marshall Plan D. The siege of Stalingrad

A. The Berlin blockade

Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe? A. The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others. B. All Chinese people shared one religion, so there was nothing to cause conflict. C. Chinese government was so centralized that regional leaders lacked the ability to fight in defense of their religious beliefs. D. European visitors told Chinese leaders about religious warfare in their homeland, and the Chinese vowed to avoid making the same mistake.

A. The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.

Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy? A. The Constitution B. The Bill of Rights C. The Declaration of Independence D. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A. The Constitution

Which Cold War event brought the world closest to nuclear war? A. The Cuban Missile Crisis B. The Bay of Pigs invasion C. The Prague Spring D. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A. The Cuban Missile Crisis

In what way did late nineteenth-century Japanese colonial rule in the Ryukyu Islands differ from that of the British in India or the Americans in Puerto Rico? A. The Japanese refused to train a Ryukyu governing class. B. The Japanese believed that the Ryukyu were civilized people, equal to themselves. C. The Japanese required a large military presence to control the heavily armed islanders. D. The Japanese built railroads and bridges to connect the islands.

A. The Japanese refused to train a Ryukyu governing class.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century? A. The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy. B. The influence of merchants in Ottoman politics increased. C. The Koprulu reforms failed to re-energize the Ottoman government. D. The Ottoman sultans turned to the Safavids for military support.

A. The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

Which of the following explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution? A. The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors. B. The Qing put too much emphasis on overseas trade, draining capital needed to industrialize. C. The Qing believed that science was against the principles of Confucianism. D. The Qing passed protective tariffs to protect local merchants, which stifled trade and innovation.

A. The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors.

During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following most significantly weakened the Soviet bloc? A. The Soviet bloc's Western rivals outpaced the bloc economically. B. Some of the Soviet bloc member-states defected to the Balkan alliance. C. Religious warfare broke out within the Soviet bloc. D. Border disputes devastated the Soviet bloc.

A. The Soviet bloc's Western rivals outpaced the bloc economically.

Which of the following was the main reason that the United States became involved in the conflict between North and South Vietnam? A. The United States supported South Vietnam because it feared the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia. B. The United States supported North Vietnam because it admired Ho's nationalist goals. C. The United States felt it could be a neutral arbitrator in the region, since the United States had not been a colonial power in the region. D. The United States became involved in order to get access to petroleum reserves off the eastern coast of Vietnam.

A. The United States supported South Vietnam because it feared the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia.

The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups? A. The bourgeoisie B. The yeomanry C. The nobility of the robe D. The proletariat

A. The bourgeoisie

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s and the Prague Spring in 1968? A. The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it. B. Solidarity had government support, while the Prague Spring was outlawed by the government. C. Both were crushed by Soviet tanks. D. Both led to their countries breaking out of the Warsaw Pact.

A. The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it.

What new economic development permitted the accumulation of capital needed to invest in new industries? A. The limited-liability, joint-stock company B. Free trade with European empires C. The restoration of the silver standard D. A national commercial bank

A. The limited-liability, joint-stock company

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points most directly influenced which provision of the Treaty of Versailles? A. The organization of a League of Nations B. The requirement that Germany pay reparations to the victorious Allied nations C. The assignment of blame for the World War I to Germany D. The transfer of Germany's concessions in China to Japan

A. The organization of a League of Nations

Which of the following statements best reflects the impact of Enlightenment thinkers on nineteenth-century nationalists? A. The political boundaries of a nation should reflect people's shared past, culture, and tradition. B. People should be politically divided based on their religious beliefs and practices, with one state for each religion. C. Workers need to abandon local identities in order to band together and focus on overthrowing capitalism, their shared enemy. D. All people are equally prepared for self-government and political autonomy.

A. The political boundaries of a nation should reflect people's shared past, culture, and tradition.

Which of the following was a cause of the Great Depression? A. The rise of protectionism and decline of free trade B. Abandoning the gold standard C. Low interest rates in the United States D. The Soviet Union's isolation from the League of Nations

A. The rise of protectionism and decline of free trade

Advocates for imperialism reacted to news of the turmoil in the Belgian and German African colonies with sentiments reflected by which statement below? A. The specific situation that had led to the unrest was an exception to the enlightened rule of most European countries. B. European countries should grant their colonies independence as soon as the people were ready to assume self-government. C. African colonial subjects were too difficult to continue to control. D. Colonial subjects had been enthralled by hostile religious leaders.

A. The specific situation that had led to the unrest was an exception to the enlightened rule of most European countries.

Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control? A. The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership B. Reliance on Christian traditions taught by missionaries C. A rejection of traditional cultural and political resources D. Nonviolent resistance against colonial power

A. The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership

Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following? A. Their dislike of capitalism and colonialism B. The support they received from outside sources such as foreign missionaries C. The level of bureaucratic organization within their own societies D. Their embrace of Enlightenment ideals and European technology

A. Their dislike of capitalism and colonialism

Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka? A. They all rejected foreign religious ideas. B. They all believed that lack of harmony was caused by foreign rule. C. They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust. D. They all proposed a return to the ways of traditional Islam.

A. They all rejected foreign religious ideas.

Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science? A. They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work. B. They believed that astronomy was the key to a universal and objective understanding of the natural world. C. They wanted to decipher the mysteries of the universe and gain greater control over nature. D. They needed a clear understanding of the constellations and other celestial features in order to navigate the world's oceans.

A. They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work.

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce? A. They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes. B. They raised the price of shipping in order to help Europeans make a profit in the Atlantic trade. C. They encouraged the monetization of European economies by importing large quantities of silver and gold. D. They invented mercantilism.

A. They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s? A. They established the world's largest army. B. They abolished religion in all forms. C. They created a legal system based on reforming criminals instead of punishing them. D. They declared France to be a constitutional monarchy.

A. They established the world's largest army.

During the Cold War, what did the United States and the Soviet Union expect from Third World countries? A. They expected them to join one or the other of the two opposing Cold War camps. B. They expected them to encourage world peace and nuclear disarmament. C. They expected them to remain politically neutral. D. They expected them to adapt elements from First World and Second World political philosophies to their own specific circumstances.

A. They expected them to join one or the other of the two opposing Cold War camps.

How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas? A. They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features. B. They were ordered to create a free and open market economy in Australia. C. They were instructed to respect the heritage and cultural autonomy of Australia's Aborigines. D. They were organized by a group of intellectual women who wanted to promote scientific knowledge.

A. They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features.

What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common? A. They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites. B. They shared a belief in the triumph of the proletariat. C. The groups were all middle class, such as doctors, university professors and students, and lawyers. D. The groups were all working class, such as artisans, printers, and peasants.

A. They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites.

How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade? A. They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails. B. They commissioned the creation of epic poems about the divine origins of the Asantehene. C. They led religious ceremonies, characterized by lavish displays of ornate religious artifacts. D. They sponsored feasts to allow themselves an opportunity to dine with their subjects.

A. They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails.

29. Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie? A. They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form. B. They sought to create a catalog of all of the works of Western authors. C. They wanted to portray all other cultures as being inferior to European culture. D. They wanted to evaluate the world's regions according to their adherence to rational science.

A. They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form.

What was the role of the Ottoman tekkes schools? A. They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. B. They provided an elite corps of martial artists for the Ottoman army. C. They challenged Ottoman rule as insufficiently guided by religious principles. D. They led persecution of religious minorities such as Jews and Christians.

A. They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders.

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? A. They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. B. They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines. C. They received opportunities to trade in the Americas and Asia from the Catholic Church as part of an attempt to achieve rapprochement. D. They found a passage through the Americas to Asia and got rich through trade with China.

A. They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common? A. They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. B. They wanted to encourage European monarchs to rule as enlightened despots. C. They wanted to improve European technical expertise and encourage overseas expansion. D. They wanted to encourage people to become more religious so that they could achieve enlightenment.

A. They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? A. They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. B. They were responding to the Black Death, which had made their old trade routes too dangerous to use. C. They needed a new source of gold and silver and believed it could be found in Asia. D. They wanted to establish a closer relationship with the Chinese and learn more about their agricultural techniques.

A. They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

In general, anticolonial nationalist movements wanted to: A. use their indigenous cultural and religious traditions as sources for mobilization. B. use violent means to gain their independence from colonial rule. C. use local religions as a template that could lead to a better form of government. D.rely on indigenous prophetic movements to oppose colonial control.

A. use their indigenous cultural and religious traditions as sources for mobilization.

How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world? A. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. B. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, brought artists from all over the world to glorify their regimes. C. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, eagerly supported Christian missionaries. D. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were eager for trade contact with Europeans.

A. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans.

Which of the following was the ultimate result of China's unwillingness to change its political and economic systems? A. Vulnerability to external aggression and internal instability B. Growing isolation from the world economy C. Intensification of its cultural traditions D. Ongoing conflict between China and Korea

A. Vulnerability to external aggression and internal instability

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states? A. Weak rulers and internal divisions B. Loss of trade revenue and land to the Mughals C. Invasion by the Portuguese and Dutch D. The influence of Europeans and Indians at the Safavid court

A. Weak rulers and internal divisions

What happened to the global distribution of wealth by the end of the twentieth century? A. Wealth became concentrated in small groups of rich people scattered around the world. B. Access to wealth required turning away from the global economy. C. Regional disparities of wealth decreased as manufacturing industries spread wealth to the workers. D. The distribution of wealth became more egalitarian than it had previously been.

A. Wealth became concentrated in small groups of rich people scattered around the world.

Why were women especially drawn to Fourier's proposed reforms? A. Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers. B. Women were captivated by Fourier's charismatic speaking style. C. Women were pleased to see the unpleasant jobs spread around to all groups instead of being consigned to women. D. Women longed for a way to return to an idealized country life.

A. Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers.

In post-World War II western Europe, the "woman question" concerned what new problem? A. Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility. B. Women were being advised to focus their lives around acquiring a husband and children. C. Women were more likely to be sympathetic to communism than were men. D. More women were moving into the workplace, but there were not enough available jobs to accommodate them.

A. Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility.

9. To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans: A. adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam. B. left the protection of Islamic holy cities to the local inhabitants. C. left the city of Istanbul to crumble while building their new imperial capital at Bursa. D. embraced a warrior ideal, while shunning civil bureaucratic administration.

A. adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam.

To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty: A. constructed the Forbidden City. B. overthrew the Yuan dynasty. C. began building the Great Wall. D. began building the Grand Canal.

A. constructed the Forbidden City.

Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects, A. entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. B. placed all authority in the hands of imperial bureaucrats. C. emphasized social equality in order to earn loyalty from the marginalized members of society. D. encouraged his prime minister to focus on provincial rule.

A. entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders.

The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by: A. failure to respond effectively to natural disasters. B. decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization. C. failure to maintain a bureaucracy. D. decreased support for foreign trade.

A. failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.

In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers: A. fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source. B. turned to popularly elected councils and civil servants for support. C. rejected support from traditional religious leaders because of the people's loss of faith in the answers they provided. D. closed trade routes to concentrate on the problems of the local populace.

A. fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source.

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to: A. identify their religion with their local state and language. B. be more tolerant of one another. C. end the requirement that priests be celibate. D. revive ancient pagan traditions in Christian observances.

A. identify their religion with their local state and language.

The janissaries: A. maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers. B. were conscripts from Muslim villages, and maintained the religious purity of the bureaucracy. C. became bureaucrats who served the interest of their respective ethnic groups. D. were primarily warriors, and rarely became architects or bureaucrats.

A. maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers.

One result of the emergence of popular culture was: A. the use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity. B. the decline of institutions such as art museums and opera houses. C. increased cultural unity, as everyone read the same books and newspapers. D. the growth of the fashion industry.

A. the use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity.

19. In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by: A. using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state. B. opening new trade routes in the Mediterranean. C. financing exploration along the western coast of Africa. D. establishing a society where Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived in relative harmony.

A. using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.

In what way was the effect of the Forbidden City on the populace similar to that of Topkapi palace? A. Both provide an educational center for training the bureaucracy. B. Both projected a sense of awe and power. C. Both showcased Mongol arts. D. Both created labor for unemployed peasants.

B. Both projected a sense of awe and power.

Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the British Raj in India? A. The Indian subcontinent industrialized, replacing China as the Asian main exporter of finished goods. B. A new Indian identity emerged, despite the lack of a common language or political sovereignty. C. European diseases spread, killing a large percentage of the population. D. New European crops were introduced, leading to a population explosion and environmental disaster.

B. A new Indian identity emerged, despite the lack of a common language or political sovereignty.

What event sparked the Great Rebellion of 1857? A. A rumor that the food provided by the British East India Company violated soldiers' religious beliefs B. A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles C. The British East India Company issuing IOUs to soldiers in lieu of their salaries D. British reprisals against peasants who refused to pay their taxes

B. A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles

Which of the following is an element common to all the authoritarian systems of the mid-twentieth century? A. State-supported anti-Semitism B. A willingness to use violence and terror against their own citizens C. A willingness to allow private enterprises to manage themselves without state interference D. A refusal to allow public roles for women

B. A willingness to use violence and terror against their own citizens

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? A. The Mughals ruled over a Muslim state with few non-Muslim citizens, while European rulers ruled over states with many religious groups. B. Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. C. European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals, while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus. D. The Mughals relied on trade to generate wealth, while Europeans relied on agriculture.

B. Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period? A. All three controlled diverse populations through strong central government. B. All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power. C. All three consolidated power through identification with one religion. D. All three granted favorable trade status to the Dutch.

B. All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power.

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa? A. Power struggles between warrior elites decreased as they united to fight the Europeans. B. American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade. C. On top of the population lost to the slave trade, diseases from the Americas decimated the African people. D. Traditional holders of power, such as village elders and women, became even more powerful.

B. American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

What was the cause of the OPEC oil embargo of 1973? A. OPEC wanted to force increased exploration for petroleum and other energy resources. B. Arab oil-producing states wanted to pressure Israel's First World allies by halting oil exports to them. C. Threats of war in the Persian Gulf led to closing off the oil fields for fear that they might be destroyed in the fighting. D. OPEC states were running low on petroleum reserves and needed to find a way to slow down oil consumption.

B. Arab oil-producing states wanted to pressure Israel's First World allies by halting oil exports to them.

Which of the following led to the internal migration of 12 million South Asians in 1947? A. Millions of South Asians moved from rural poverty to seek better lives in urban centers. B. Both Hindus and Muslims left their homes to relocate to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts. C. Millions of dalits, the lowest caste in India, moved from Hindu provinces to Muslim provinces, where they were promised equality under law. D. Millions of people returned from overseas British-controlled plantations and factories to seek independent incomes in the new India.

B. Both Hindus and Muslims left their homes to relocate to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts.

In which of the following ways was the Prague Spring in 1968 similar to the Hungarian uprising in 1956? A. Both were responding to the Cultural Revolution. B. Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military. C. Both were primarily revolts conducted according to the principles of nonviolent civil disobedience. D. Both were attempts to undercut the Marshall Plan in eastern Europe.

B. Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military.

Which of the following is a similarity between the decolonization experiences of Algeria and South Africa? A. Both countries suffered violent civil wars to end colonial control. B. Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power. C. Both countries were independent before the end of World War II. D. Both countries had trained large numbers of indigenous people in the civil service and military, making transition to independence easier.

B. Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power.

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? A. Both empires' armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces. B. Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. C. Both empires lacked knowledge that the Spaniards had landed, giving the Spanish the element of surprise. D. Both empires' religions prevented them from mustering forces to oppose the Spanish.

B. Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas? A. Both groups were forced to work in silver mines for European owners. B. Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease. C. Both groups believed that the Europeans were gods. D. Both groups were taken as slaves and sent to Europe and Asia.

B. Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease.

The Boxer Rebellion was similar to the earlier Taiping Rebellion in which of the following ways? A. Both included a pro-Christian component in its ideology. B. Both responded to hardship and poor economic conditions in China. C. Both remained loyal to the Qing and vented their anger against foreigners. D. Both were composed primarily of Chinese scholar elites.

B. Both responded to hardship and poor economic conditions in China.

Which of the following accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic? A. European and American revolutionaries all agreed that free wage labor was inherently more productive than forced labor. B. Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator. C. The United States was the first North Atlantic power to prohibit the slave trade, and others followed its lead. D. The Dutch persuaded the French and other European governments to prohibit the slave trade.

B. Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator.

What was a consequence of the "native learning" movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals? A. Shinto beliefs were incorporated into "Dutch learning." B. Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. C. Shamanism was suppressed, especially among women. D. Zen monasteries spread across the country.

B. Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture.

How did German chancellor Otto von Bismarck seek to defuse socialist activism in his country? A. By infiltrating radical groups with secret state agents B. By enacting social welfare measures C. By deporting known prorevolutionary activists to Russia D. By starting his own revolution and overthrowing the Kaiser

B. By enacting social welfare measures

Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China? A. The primacy of silver made peasants' lives easier. B. China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation. C. The quantity of Japanese silver specie shipped to China rose steadily throughout the period. D. The Dutch, English, and Spanish cooperated with one another to ensure China received a steady supply of New World silver.

B. China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation.

Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade? A. Chinese and Muslim rulers established new universities to teach western knowledge. B. Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art. C. Chinese and Muslim rulers financed pure scientific research. D. Chinese and Muslim rulers lowered taxes on their peasant populations.

B. Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art.

In which African colonies was resistance to colonial rule the strongest? A. Colonies where Europeans ruled autocratically B. Colonies in which Europeans had conquered African peoples, regardless of the manner in which Europeans ruled C. Colonies where Europeans left African traditional leadership in place D. The arrival of railroads and telegraph lines, which bisected traditional ethnic boundaries

B. Colonies in which Europeans had conquered African peoples, regardless of the manner in which Europeans ruled

In the last decades of the twentieth century, which of the following had the largest impact on family life? A. Countries with more traditional cultures adopted the nuclear family. B. Divorce rates rose dramatically, diminishing the number of nuclear families. C. The legal definition of family became more rigid. D. The number of out-of-wedlock births decreased throughout the world.

B. Divorce rates rose dramatically, diminishing the number of nuclear families.

What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages? A. Hard winters and rainy summers in the central Asian steppes B. Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands C. The "Little Ice Age" D. Soil depletion from overfarming

B. Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands

How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives? A. Elite women's success as writers, readers, and editors encouraged them to assume a wider range of social roles. B. Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives. C. Elite women were not encouraged to participate in literary culture, but the most popular books had strong female characters. D. Elite women read about the lives of poor women and developed a new sense of female solidarity that crossed class boundaries.

B. Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives.

The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice? A. Increasing the Islamic presence in world markets B. Establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control C. Abolishing slavery in all Muslim lands D. Making alliances between Islam and other religious traditions

B. Establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control

Which of the following was an outcome of the end of colonial rule in sub-Saharan Africa? A. Many postcolonial states were divided into smaller, ethnically homogeneous, political units. B. Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface. C. Rigid dictatorships stifled cultural and economic innovation. D. Armed conflicts that started with the Cold War quickly died out.

B. Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface.

The Herero revolt in German Southwest Africa was so intense that the Germans resorted to which of the following? A. Withdrawal from their African colonies B. Extermination orders against the Herero C. Poisonous gas D. A negotiated truce

B. Extermination orders against the Herero

What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s? A. It ceded its control of India to the British crown. B. It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges. C. It encouraged the Mughal emperor to rule as an absolute monarch. D. It banned the practice of the Hindu religion in India.

B. It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges.

Which of the following is a reason why historians have described World War II as a total global conflict? A. World War II led to significant transformations of all the major prewar forms of government. B. Fighting in World War II took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica. C. All countries in the world were involved in the war, suffering severe financial losses and dislocation to their economies. D. Class, race, and gender boundaries were dissolved by the needs of total war in all the combating nations.

B. Fighting in World War II took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica.

Which of the following led European Jews to migrate to Palestine during the first half of the twentieth century? A. They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self-determination. B. They sought assimilation into an existing regional Semitic culture. C. They wished to create a new European colony in the Middle East, to replace the Ottoman Empire. D. They hoped to learn Palestinian agricultural techniques, in order to achieve economic success.

B. Following World War II, the British restricted the immigration of hundreds of thousands of concentration camp survivors.

Why did Henry Ford pay his automobile factory workers more than double the usual industrial wage? A. Ford was influenced by modern socialist ideals. B. Ford understood that consumers drove production and wanted his workers to be able to consume. C. Ford employed primarily veterans of World War I and saw high wages as his patriotic duty. D. High pay was the only way to entice workers to become cogs in a depersonalized labor process.

B. Ford understood that consumers drove production and wanted his workers to be able to consume.

10. Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle? A. Tribute from the conquered peoples in central Asia provided the funds for extravagant buildings such as the Taj Mahal. B. Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper. C. Confiscatory taxation on farmers funded the Mughal military-based nobility. D. Mughal nobles were entitled to collect a tithe from all non-Muslims.

B. Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the effects of globalization? A. Globalization has increased the overall diversity of the world's languages and cultures. B. Globalization has created new possibilities and also deepened disparities of income and power between and within the world's regions and peoples. C. Globalization has decreased the diversity of the information and cultural content to which individuals are exposed around the world. D. Globalization has uniformly increased the quality of life of people throughout the world's regions.

B. Globalization has created new possibilities and also deepened disparities of income and power between and within the world's regions and peoples.

Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century? A. Mercantilism B. Government by and for property holding citizens C. The emergence of international law D. Monarchical absolutism

B. Government by and for property holding citizens

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War? A. Russia completed its annexation of Siberia and controlled lands from the Baltic to the Pacific. B. Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another. C. France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas. D. Indigenous people who sided with the winners, the Dutch and the British, were able to gain favorable concessions including release of people held as forced laborers on plantations and in mines.

B. Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death? A. He kept the population in check to avoid famine and peasant revolts. B. He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession. C. He arranged marriages among the children of local authorities to solidify political bonds. D. He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin.

B. He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession

Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy? A. Only a monarchy could organize a strong army to protect Brazil from invasion by Simón Bolívar. B. He feared an uprising among the local elites. C. There was a rebellion among Amerindians in the Amazon region, but Portugal refused to send troops. D. He did not want Brazil to fall under Napoleon's control.

B. He feared an uprising among the local elites.

In what ways did Getulio Vargas seek support from Brazilian blacks? A. He supported public schools and paved roads. B. He legalized candomblé dances and samba schools. C. He built steel mills and factories. D. He enfranchised literate women voters.

B. He legalized candomblé dances and samba schools.

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) reach a new level of influence in the latter part of the twentieth century for which of the following reasons? A. During the Cold War, the populations of Third World countries needed a voice to advocate for their autonomy from the superpower conflict. B. In the 1970s, people could not rely on the world's many nondemocratic governments to protect human rights. C. At the end of the Cold War, the elimination of communism as a system of government created an ideological power vacuum. D. During the 1970s, developing nations began to push back against the demands of the World Bank and the IMF.

B. In the 1970s, people could not rely on the world's many nondemocratic governments to protect human rights.

Which of the following was a direct response to anxiety over a loss of dominance by people of European descent in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. The expulsion of Mexican Americans from the southwestern United States B. Increased support for more restrictive immigration policies C. The closing of the frontiers to new immigrants D. Increased support for more immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

B. Increased support for more restrictive immigration policies

Under what circumstances did the Cold War become a "hot" war? A. It became a hot war when the Soviet Union enforced its will on its Eastern European satellite states. B. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union armed their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars. C. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union became involved in armed conflict. D. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union established foreign military bases in Third World countries.

B. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union armed their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars.

What challenge did rising immigration in the latter twentieth century pose to nation-states in Europe and East Asia? A. It challenged their control of their territory. B. It challenged their sense of national selfhood that was built on cultural homogeneity. C. It challenged their ability to provide jobs for their populations. D. It challenged the legitimacy of their governments.

B. It challenged their sense of national selfhood that was built on cultural homogeneity.

6. How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society? A. It led to the argument that everyone should pay the same amount in taxes. B. It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank. C. It undermined the belief in the importance of private property. D. It led slave owners to use less force in controlling their slaves, eventually even freeing them.

B. It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank.

How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order? A. The most popular plays were those that made fun of the shogun. B. It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy. C. It argued that people should be able to rise in the social hierarchy through attention to propriety and virtuous behavior. D. It offered women opportunities for independence and autonomy.

B. It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

How did the French Popular Front government respond to threats of a rightist coup in the 1930s? A. It called up the military in Paris to suppress riots. B. It instituted a forty-hour workweek, the right to collective bargaining, and a minimum wage. C. It made the fascist party illegal in France and reaffirmed its adherence to liberal capitalism. D. It ejected the French Communist Party from its national coalition.

B. It instituted a forty-hour workweek, the right to collective bargaining, and a minimum wage.

Which of the following describes the overall impact of the New Deal? A. It offered a quick end to the Great Depression in the United States. B. It preserved the American system of capitalism. C. It caused the emergence of authoritarian rule in the United States. D. It generated an extensive redistribution of wealth in American society.

B. It preserved the American system of capitalism.

In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade? A. It allowed no official trade between Chinese and European merchants. B. It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees. C. It required European merchants to check in at Canton before proceeding into China's interior to trade. D. It only allowed Dutch merchants to trade with China.

B. It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

According to Sun Yat-sen, what was demonstrated by the existence of different racial or ethnic groups in China? A. China would be made stronger by having different groups, such as the Tibetans or Muslims, as part of their society. B. It showed incomplete assimilation into Han culture. C. Chinese nationalism was based on expelling the Manchus while accepting all other peoples within China's borders. D. It showed that the Manchus had failed to completely conquer China.

B. It showed incomplete assimilation into Han culture.

In what way was American imperialism in the 1890s different from earlier forms of U.S. expansionism? A. It sought to incorporate new territories into the national political body. B. It took control of new territories without seeking to incorporate them or their people into the national political body. C. It was undertaken in order to encourage American settlement in the newly conquered territories. D. It proposed that the United States had a mission to spread its culture beyond its current boundaries.

B. It took control of new territories without seeking to incorporate them or their people into the national political body.

What was the Marshall Plan's goal? A. Its goal was to build an "iron curtain" across the center of Europe, blocking the expansion of communism. B. Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments. C. Its goal was to ensure that eastern European states would have communist governments, providing a buffer between the USSR and Germany. D. Its goal was to humiliate the Soviets by showing how little resources the Soviets could muster to rebuild Europe.

B. Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments.

How did Japan justify its conquest of neighboring territory during World War II? A. Japan claimed that its conquests were protecting East Asia from American colonial aggression. B. Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians." C. Japan claimed that if it failed to take over, Europeans would extend their colonial presence into the region. D. Japan claimed that conquest was necessary in order to forestall the spread of world communism.

B. Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians."

How did World War I contribute to the rise of mass production? A. The state took greater control of economic decision making. B. Large amounts of standardized war materiel had to be produced as quickly and cheaply as possible. C. The development of economic nationalism was encouraged by the combatant states. D. Campaigns encouraged people to buy more goods in order to show their patriotism.

B. Large amounts of standardized war materiel had to be produced as quickly and cheaply as possible.

Which of the following helps to explain why privileged elites in Latin American held more political and economic power than elites in the United States? A. There were fewer immigrants to Latin America, so old colonial elites had no challengers. B. Large estate holders in Latin America controlled far more of the richest lands to produce export crops. C. There were fewer Amerindian and peasant uprisings in Latin America, and fewer challenges to the ruling elites. D. The threat of revolts in the homesteader frontiers in Latin American created the need for stronger central government.

B. Large estate holders in Latin America controlled far more of the richest lands to produce export crops.

What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies? A. The English had a strong tradition of agriculture and few commercial connections. B. Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies. C. The Dutch did not have the right technology to transport heavy cargos across the open ocean, so they turned to farming. D. Other European countries saw the negative impact of mineral wealth on Spain and so rejected it as a source of income.

B. Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.

In comparison with life in First World countries, which of the following best describes life for ordinary people in Second World countries? A. Higher standards of living, but lower levels of economic security B. Lower standards of living, but higher levels of economic security C. Higher standards of living, but greater demands for military and community service D. Greater social egalitarianism and more opportunities for self-expression

B. Lower standards of living, but higher levels of economic security

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? A. The Spanish now controlled all of the world's major entrepôt cities. B. Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe. C. The Spanish had become the first people to sail all the way around the world. D.Control of Manila enhanced Spanish power at the expense of the Mughals and Chinese, increasing Spanish control of trade networks.

B. Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Which of the following was a consequence of countries' imposing protective tariffs? A. Local industries and products were able to drive out foreign imports. B. Manufacturers cut back on production and laid off millions of workers. C. The flow of trade was made easier within a hemisphere. D. The production of raw materials soared.

B. Manufacturers cut back on production and laid off millions of workers.

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system? A. Land B. Military technology C. Labor D. Raw materials

B. Military technology

Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions? A. Millenarian movements were inspired by Confucian, not Daoist, ideals. B. Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles. C. Millenarian movements were supported by militias raised by the gentry. D. Millenarian revolts were often led by scholars.

B. Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles.

How did the assumptions made by scientists in the modernist era differ from those of Enlightenment-era scientists? A. Modernist scientists believed they had found the key to controlling nature. B. Modernist scientists thought in terms of probabilities rather than certainties. C. Modernist scientists relied more on received tradition than had Enlightenment scientists. D. Modernist scientists found their inspiration within the theories of Newton and Galileo.

B. Modernist scientists thought in terms of probabilities rather than certainties.

Which individual was most responsible for mobilizing a mass anticolonial movement in British-controlled India? A. Jawaharlal Nehru B. Mohandas K. Gandhi C. Mohammad Ali Jinnah D. Mustafa Kemal

B. Mohandas K. Gandhi

After revolts in several of their African colonies, what changes did Europeans make in their colonial structures? A. Europeans directly incorporated missionaries into colonial administration. B. More efficient administrations began to provide health care and education to the colonized peoples. C. Europeans focused on attempting to bring the benefits of superior civilization to Africa. D. Indigenous people were frequently promoted to officer rank in colonial armies.

B. More efficient administrations began to provide health care and education to the colonized peoples.

In the 1980s and 1990s, which of the following highlighted the declining efficacy of the nation-state? A. Nation-states could not define or protect human rights. B. Nation-states could not adequately regulate human impact on the environment, such as global warming. C. Nation-states failed to maintain sufficient military might to protect their borders. D. Nation-states failed to address economic issues that left their people in poverty.

B. Nation-states could not adequately regulate human impact on the environment, such as global warming.

Jawaharlal Nehru disagreed with Gandhi in which of the following ways? A. Nehru advocated for the creation of a separate Muslim state. B. Nehru believed that India needed to embrace science and technology to develop as a modern nation. C. Nehru wanted a revolution, not peaceful protests. D. Nehru backed the industrial proletariat and class consciousness as the motivation for resistance.

B. Nehru believed that India needed to embrace science and technology to develop as a modern nation.

Why did American officials fear Tecumseh's message even more than his brother's? A. Officials feared that Tecumseh's large army would be able to attack Washington, DC and other eastern cities. B. Officials feared that Tecumseh's attempt to create a confederation of Native American tribes could lead to a nation comparable to that of the Aztecs. C. Officials feared that Christians would begin to convert to the visionary future preached by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa. D. Officials feared that Tecumseh's support of the ghost dance would draw away workers for American farms.

B. Officials feared that Tecumseh's attempt to create a confederation of Native American tribes could lead to a nation comparable to that of the Aztecs.

Which of the following was the destination of most South Asian emigrants? A. The commercial centers of western Europe, where they could work as bankers B. Other British colonies, where they could work as laborers C. Port cities, where they established new trading houses D. Gold rushes in California and Brazil, where they profited from mining

B. Other British colonies, where they could work as laborers

Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century? A. The people in the agricultural hinterlands were largely unaffected by changing global markets. B. People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops. C. The global trade of luxury goods, such as silk and porcelain, profoundly changed the societies that produced them. D. Most goods were carried overland by railroad instead of by sea on sailing ships.

B. People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops.

Which of the following was a common pattern in global migration during the latter part of the twentieth century? A. People migrated from crowded cities to rural areas, seeking a better quality of life. B. People moved from former colonies to countries that had once colonized them. C. People moved from wealthier parts of the world to take advantage of investment opportunities in poorer parts of the world. D. People migrated from the Western world to the Soviet bloc.

B. People moved from former colonies to countries that had once colonized them.

Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam? A. People who believed their current version of Islam was too restrictive and needed to compromise with local cultural traditions B. People who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change C. People who belonged to Sufi sects and devoted themselves to Muslim saints D. People who supported the power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula

B. People who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change

In which of the following ways did the United States attempt to counter growing radicalism in Latin America? A. The United Sates accepted the right of Latin American peoples to choose their own form of governance. B. President Kennedy sent advisors to dole out aid, explain how to reform local land systems, and to demonstrate the benefits of liberal capitalism. C. President Kennedy condemned the persecution and execution of protestors in Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela. D. The United Sates supported policy makers supported the democratically elected government of socialist Salvador Allende in Chile.

B. President Kennedy sent advisors to dole out aid, explain how to reform local land systems, and to demonstrate the benefits of liberal capitalism.

In what way might the transporting of British prisoners to Australia be considered an Enlightenment concept? A. Once their terms of incarceration were completed, all residents in Australia were to have equal rights to life, liberty, and property. B. Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform. C. The costs of incarceration in Britain would go down according to free market principles. D. Transportation was a more enlightened form of punishment than hanging.

B. Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform.

How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain? A. Qing peasants migrated to the large coastal cities to take part in trade; British agrarian labor moved to the interior of the island. B. Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs. C. British agrarian labor voluntarily moved to newly enclosed lands; the movement of Qing peasants was state sponsored. D. British rural workers moved to work in move profitable agricultural jobs in Australia; the movement of Qing peasants was internal.

B. Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs.

In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change? A. Merchants refused to lend money to the Sultan to finance his reforms. B. Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers. C. The clergy promoted change, but the military resisted it. D. Land owners could not hire enough labor to grow crops for export.

B. Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers.

Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change? A. Political systems B. Religious and cultural systems C. Patterns of trade and commerce D. Feudalism

B. Religious and cultural systems

In the late-twentieth-century United States, which of the following was often attacked by religious conservatives? A. American participation in supranational organizations B. Social changes stemming from the liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s C. The growing gap between rich and poor in the United States D. American military intervention in Latin America

B. Social changes stemming from the liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s

South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because: A. South Asians had a natural immunity to the microbes that caused the plague. B. South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes. C. no rats live in South Asia because the climate does not support them. D. most people in South Asia are not pastoralists, but live in settled agricultural villages.

B. South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes.

Which of the following reflects Charles Darwin's key scientific theory? A. Europeans were superior to Africans and Asians. B. Species evolved under the pressures of natural selection. C. Individuals passed on to their offspring traits they had acquired. D. The weak would dominate the strong.

B. Species evolved under the pressures of natural selection.

What kind of states resulted from the unifications of Germany and Italy? A. States which became homogenous democracies B. States with persistent internal divisions and centralized power wielded by their monarchs C. States in which constitutional monarchs ruled in conjunction with strong Parliaments D. States in which economic development benefited people throughout society

B. States with persistent internal divisions and centralized power wielded by their monarchs

Which of the following is a reason that communism lost its appeal in post-World War II western Europe? A. Communist political parties were outlawed in western European countries. B. Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care. C. Observers who visited the Soviet Union were able to observe and report on the differences between communist theory and Soviet practice. D. Europeans had successfully prosecuted Nazis and Fascists, so saw nothing to be gained from another authoritarian system such as communism.

B. Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care.

Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe? A. The church, because of the charitable functions it organized in response to the Black Death, became more influential in the lives of Europeans. B. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church. C. In response to the devastation of the Black Death, the church's influence declined as millions converted to other religions. D. The church became more open and tolerant in an attempt to win more converts after so many of their congregants had died.

B. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church.

Which of the following characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India? A. The British bribed rebel leaders to stop the uprising. B. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed. C. The British expended a great deal of effort to preserve Indian lives and property to avoid alienating the population. D. As a gesture of goodwill, the British returned the land that they had previously annexed.

B. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? A. The Church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints. B. The Church sought to reform clerical corruption. C. The Church recalled missionaries from outside Europe to take part in the religious debates. D. The Church translated the Bible into local languages to appeal to more followers.

B. The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices? A. Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila. B. The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade. C. The Dutch introduced the opium trade to Southeast Asia. D. Dutch merchants used paper money and letters of credit to pay for spices.

B. The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Bandanese Islands? A. The Dutch wanted revenge after the traditional chiefs of Banda killed Dutch diplomats. B. The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe. C. The Dutch wanted to intimidate the inhabitants of the nearby Maluku islands to sell their silk only to the Dutch. D. The Dutch wanted to construct a fort to protect themselves from the Spaniards in Manila.

B. The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

Which of the following is a reason why the Algerian War of Independence shocked French citizens and the colons? A. The colons controlled Algeria's best land and finances. B. The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but an integral part of France. C. France had already granted independence to all of its other African colonies. D. The colons introduced terror tactics to force the population to choose between them and the nationalists.

B. The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but an integral part of France.

Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples? A. A stronger missionary presence meant that more Mayans converted to Christianity. B. The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land. C. Conflict between the Spanish and the Portuguese meant that more Mayans were killed in war. D. The Mayans were less able to participate in trade than other Mexican natives because they lacked port cities.

B. The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land.

Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following? A. The Napoleonic Empire B. The Ottoman Empire C. The House of Saud D. The British Empire

B. The Ottoman Empire

Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids? A. The Safavid capital, Isfahan, was modeled after the Topkapi palace in Istanbul. B. The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture. C. The Safavids created a blending of Sunni and Shia poetry. D. The art of the period reflected the majesty and aloofness of the Safavid shahs.

B. The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture.

Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans? A. The Ottomans taxed overseas trade to fill the imperial treasury; the Spanish and Portuguese rulers did not. B. The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories. C. The Ottomans used marriage as a way to consolidate their political power; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not. D. The Ottomans appointed leaders of local religions to their governmental bureaucracy; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not.

B. The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories.

What was the Western European Christian church's response to challenges to its authority following the plague? A. The church threw its support behind one ruler for all of Europe. B. The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines. C. The church gave up its attempts to reassert its former secular powers. D. The church became less hierarchical.

B. The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines.

Which of the following factors led to the failure of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward in 1958? A. The Red Guards were not behind the Great Leap Forward and undercut its effectiveness. B. The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine and the manufactured goods were inferior. C. Peasants refused to cooperate in communal living because it conflicted with traditional Chinese values. D. First World corporations refused to buy any of the items produced in the local Chinese communal factories.

B. The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine and the manufactured goods were inferior.

How did the development of nation-states contribute to the spread of imperialism? A. Imperialism allowed new nation-states to compete with large, established empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. B. The conquest of new territories was seen as a measure of a nation-state's strength. C. Imperial possessions provided more people who could potentially become members of the nation. D. Empires allowed nation-states to compensate for their lack of up-to-date industrial technology.

B. The conquest of new territories was seen as a measure of a nation-state's strength.

In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was an important initiative of the Chinese Self-Strengthening movement? A. The development of an expansive railway system B. The development of coal mines and shipyards C. Territorial expansion in the southeast D. Aligning Chinese culture with Western culture

B. The development of coal mines and shipyards

Which of the following developments contributed heavily to the growth of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe? A. The revival of religious faith B. The expansion of literacy and the periodical press C. An end to regional warfare D. The clergy's support

B. The expansion of literacy and the periodical press

Which of the following was a common response to class conflict in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century western Europe? A. Violent revolution and overthrow of repressive governments B. The growth of labor parties to participate in electoral politics C. Reinforcement of autocratic political systems D. The rise of anarchism as a major political force

B. The growth of labor parties to participate in electoral politics

45. Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? A. The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems. B. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy. C. The territorial expansion of Russia took provinces from both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. D. Religious strife within Islam sapped the government and social systems of both the Ottomans and Mughals.

B. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? A. Spain instituted broad religious toleration so that Jewish learning and finance could be used to support naval exploration. B. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces. C. The monarchs became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to make alliances with these "new" rulers. D. The Spanish economy oriented itself toward the Mediterranean to take advantage of new trade with the Ottoman Empire.

B. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint Domingue Revolutions? A. The American colonists wanted only economic freedom, but the people of Saint Domingue were guided by Enlightenment ideas. B. The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves. C. Both revolutions ended in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of representative rule. D. Neither revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment.

B. The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves.

From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters? A. The middle class and the landless peasants B. The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class C. The landed aristocracy and financiers D. The clergy and rural workers

B. The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class

Which of the following factors challenged the nineteenth-century idea of "separate spheres" for women and men? A. The cult of domesticity B. The movement of more women into the paid labor force C. The Red Lantern movement D. The participation of large numbers of women in electoral politics

B. The movement of more women into the paid labor force

In early-nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly? A. Cities provided free public education to their residents. B. There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities. C. Cities offered more comfortable and modern housing. D. Peasants wanted to avoid the rigid work discipline of the rural farms.

B. There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.

Which of the following contributed to Canada's difficulties in forming a robust national identity during the late nineteenth century? A. Many western Canadians wished to unite with Alaska. B. There were sharp cultural divisions between French- and English-speaking Canadians. C. Canada depended on immigrants to settle its western territories. D. Canada had bloody conflicts with indigenous peoples, just like the United States.

B. There were sharp cultural divisions between French- and English-speaking Canadians.

Why did many African leaders think that Africa would move swiftly to a special African form of socialism following decolonization? A. They believed that the colonial experience had provided them with strong economic principles to begin independence. B. They believed that the common African traditions that informed negritude would enable them to embrace social justice and equality. C. They believed that the model provided by the First World was best suited to African conditions. D. They believed that they had been most prosperous under, and wanted to return to, Islamic caliphates.

B. They believed that the common African traditions that informed negritude would enable them to embrace social justice and equality.

Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence? A. They feared that without a strong monarchy, the Catholic Church would gain too much influence. B. They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. C. They feared that independence would lead peninsulares to return to Europe. D. They feared that cooperation among the various colonies of the Spanish empire would undermine their positions of wealth and power.

B. They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians.

Why were the World Bank and International Monetary Fund accused of engaging in neo-imperialism at the end of the twentieth century? A. They backed up their economic prescriptions with military force. B. They forced changes in policy on recipients of aid in exchange for their assistance. C. They stripped resources and raw materials from poor, underdeveloped nations. D. They demanded that client states adopt Western culture.

B. They forced changes in policy on recipients of aid in exchange for their assistance.

Which of the following issues led to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union? A. Their expanding overseas empires impinged on one another, creating borderland conflicts. B. They had diametrically opposed political and economic ideologies. C. They had been on opposing sides during World War I and II. D. They both wanted to colonize western Europe's former colonies.

B. They had diametrically opposed political and economic ideologies.

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty? A. They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry. B. They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture. C. They promoted intermarriage between Manchus and the Han. D. They retracted the Ming canton system.

B. They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

In order to establish a modern national identity, both Indian and Latin American intellectuals turned to which of the following? A. They created a new literary tradition in indigenous languages. B. They rewrote the histories of ancient empires and kingdoms to create a cultural basis for national identity. C. They turned to universalizing religion to create a common bond. D. They disavowed all Western education and returned to traditional forms of knowledge.

B. They rewrote the histories of ancient empires and kingdoms to create a cultural basis for national identity.

How did Latin American governments respond to the decline of their export economies and access to foreign capital during the 1920s and 1930s? A. They created their own alternative international banking system. B. They worked to make domestic industry their main engine of economic growth. C. They withdrew from the world economy and became entirely self-sufficient. D. They convinced their citizens to accept a lower standard of living through an austerity program.

B. They worked to make domestic industry their main engine of economic growth.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean? A. Six months B. Three years C. Ten years D. Fifteen years

B. Three years

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies? A. To encourage international cooperation through free trade B. To enrich the states that had founded them C. To allow merchants to profit by diversifying their economic investments D. To act as laboratories in which new methods of state administration could be tested

B. To enrich the states that had founded them

Which of the following groups of Africans led anticolonial movements immediately following World War II? A. Religious leaders, rural peasants, urban artisans B. Urban unemployed, former servicemen, Western-educated indigenous elites C. Current and former members of colonial legislatures D. Primary school drop-outs unable to find gainful employment

B. Urban unemployed, former servicemen, Western-educated indigenous elites

From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? A. South Asia B. West Africa C. East Asia D. South Africa

B. West Africa

Which of the following accurately depicts the Vietnamese intelligentsia under French rule? A. The Vietnamese intelligentsia rejected Western culture and returned to traditional Shinto values. B. Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teaches, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement. C. Western-educated Vietnamese living overseas strongly supported the colonial government. D. The Vietnamese intelligentsia were granted land and mining concessions to ensure their loyalty.

B. Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teaches, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement.

Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century: A. the persecution of Renaissance humanists in Spain, causing them to move to Northern Europe. B. economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders. C. the drastic increase in literacy as a result of the use of the printing press. D. an influx of Muslim intellectuals after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

B. economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders.

The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by: A. seeking peace between the Moors and the Castilians. B. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants. C. allowing the Portuguese nobility to elect members of their own ranks to be king. D.using advanced scientific knowledge to prevent the Black Death from devastating the Portuguese

B. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants.

In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through: A. the leading role of the rulers of Granada. B. marriage. C. the establishment of a merit-based bureaucracy. D. warfare.

B. marriage

Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to: A. successfully undermine the practice of Confucianism among their subjects. B. show that the gods favored the Ming. C. eliminate civil and military cults as a threat to Ming authority. D. ensure that farmers would pay their taxes to distant rulers.

B. show that the gods favored the Ming.

During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following? A. Great pandemics B. Widespread famine C. A decline in centralized state control D.The loss of political independence

C. A decline in centralized state control

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the White Wolf movement in China? A. A communist party initiative to radicalize peasants B. A peasant uprising meant to rid the countryside of Christian missionaries C. A peasant-supported band of armed men who robbed the rich to give to the poor to restore justice D. Chiang Kai-shek's plan to instill moral purpose and discipline in the Chinese public

C. A peasant-supported band of armed men who robbed the rich to give to the poor to restore justice

Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence? A. Liberty, equality, and fraternity B. Laissez faire C. A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled D. Universal suffrage

C. A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled

Which of the following best describes a corporatist political system? A. A system in which large corporations control such a high percentage of national wealth that they are able to influence government policies and functions B. A system in which the state limits itself to performing functions that private interests are unwilling or unable to carry out C. A system in which the state establishes political parties and encourages interest groups such as chambers of commerce and trade unions to associate with those parties D. A system in which the state assumes complete control of economic activity and sets goals for the society as a whole

C. A system in which the state establishes political parties and encourages interest groups such as chambers of commerce and trade unions to associate with those parties

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? A. Africans were used as skilled craftsmen in urban areas. B. Africans were used as domestic servants. C. Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. D. Africans were used as labor in the silver mines.

C. Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

What was a consequence of Europeans' introducing firearms into North America? A. Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons. B. Amerindian groups used the weapons to unite against the European invaders. C. Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges. D. Native peoples traded guns for alcohol, which they then bartered for trade goods.

C. Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.

What characteristic of the present-day world economy emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Reliance on free trade ideology to justify economic expansionism B. Reliance on a gold standard C. An unequal relationship between the industrialized world and the non-industrialized world D. The growth of long-distance overland trade routes

C. An unequal relationship between the industrialized world and the non-industrialized world

How did the Arab-Israeli War of 1947-1948 help shatter the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites? A. Arab ruling elites did not have the funds to make adequate provision for large numbers of Palestinian refugees. B. Arab ruling elites counseled caution in challenging the partition, but their military fought anyway. C. Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition. D. Arab states lacked sufficient diplomatic training to effectively challenge the United Nations' partition.

C. Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition.

How did the Arab-Israeli War of 1947-1948 help shatter the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites? A. Arab states lacked sufficient diplomatic training to effectively challenge the United Nations' partition. B. Arab ruling elites counseled caution in challenging the partition, but their military fought anyway. C. Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition. D. Arab ruling elites did not have the funds to make adequate provision for large numbers of Palestinian refugees.

C. Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition.

Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories? A. A single official language of governance B. Overseas trade to generate revenue C. Artists and architects, who projected the ruler's grandeur and power D. Centralized governments with strong bureaucracies

C. Artists and architects, who projected the ruler's grandeur and power

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? A. As merchants in trading centers such as Macao B. As performers in the new entertainment districts C. As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City D. As authors of Confucian guides for proper behavior

C. As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City

Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism? A. Because their arguments were based in statistical analysis B. Because their inspiration came from Newton's grand synthesis of knowledge, the Principia C. Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history D. Because all of their statements had been verified through experimentation

C. Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history

Which of the following was a result of the influence of the city planning movement on urban life at the turn of the twentieth century? A. The development of growth boundaries surrounding urban areas B. Limits on the number of new migrants to cities C. Better sanitation and cultural amenities like museums and opera houses D. Suburban-style developments created to house members of the working classes

C. Better sanitation and cultural amenities like museums and opera houses

Which of the following is accurate for both Hitler and Mussolini? A. Neither won an electoral majority before being appointed to power. B. Both were appointed chancellor by their respective kings. C. Both began their political careers as socialists. D. Neither had actual military experience in World War I.

C. Both began their political careers as socialists.

Which of the following accurately compares the Germans and Japanese during the 1930s and 1940s? A. Both encouraged veneration of the emperor. B. The Germans, but not the Japanese, forced large numbers of POWs and conquered people to work for their war efforts. C. Both developed theories of racial superiority. D. The Japanese, but not the Germans, behaved brutally toward the peoples of the territories they conquered.

C. Both developed theories of racial superiority.

The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways? A. Both drew on native as well as Muslim traditions in their preaching. B. Both led rebellions that were ultimately successful. C. Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code. D. Both used western astronomy to prove their personal powers.

C. Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code.

Which of the following was a method that dominant elites used to spread their values and institutions throughout the nation-state? A. Creating local parliaments so that everyone had a say in government B. Making links with the working class through expanded suffrage C. Broadening public education in the national language D. Encouraging the preservation of local literature and folk tales

C. Broadening public education in the national language

How did nationalism challenge the Austrian Empire? A. By forcing it to define who was an Austrian B. By eroding the loyalty of its peasant population C. By encouraging groups such as the Czechs and Hungarians to press for autonomy D. By encouraging the emperor to foster a more democratic government

C. By encouraging groups such as the Czechs and Hungarians to press for autonomy

How did Stalin plan to replace capitalist agriculture with socialist agriculture in the Soviet Union? A. By replacing the market for agricultural products with a subsistence economy where everyone was responsible for growing their own food B. By requiring all farmers to sell their produce to state-run marketing cooperatives that would guarantee farmers a significant profit C. By forcing peasant farmers to join state-run agricultural collectives D. By making it illegal for anyone to profit from the sale of farm machinery or animals

C. By forcing peasant farmers to join state-run agricultural collectives

In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which of the following products? A. Tea, rum, and beef B. Coffee, chocolate, and vodka C. Coffee, tea, and sugar D. Tea, sugar, and turnips

C. Coffee, tea, and sugar

Which of the following attitudes created tension between the concept of nation-state and colonial empire? A. Colonies were viewed as valuable sources of new technological and scientific information. B. The mother countries drafted colonists to increase the size of their armies for European military campaigns. C. Colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries, often with no representation in their governments. D. The mother countries refused to educate their colonial subjects.

C. Colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries, often with no representation in their governments.

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? A. Some Spanish princes used Protestant beliefs as a way to challenge the authority of the Habsburg emperors. B. Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire. C. Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers. D. The growth of Calvinism led the Lutheran Church to call for a new crusade against unbelievers.

C. Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers.

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? A. Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers. B. Syphilis spread throughout the western hemisphere. C. Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa. D. The Afro-Eurasian landscape came to look more like the Americas.

C. Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

Which of the following was the most important device used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor? A. The imposition of the new caste of "Indians" meant Mayans had few political rights and could be forced into plantation servitude. B. Mayans were forced to work on plantations to free their wives and children who had been taken hostage by the plantation owners. C. Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations. D. Mexicans lured Mayans with promises of teaching them new agricultural techniques that would enrich Mayan villages.

C. Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations.

How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"? A. In terms of shared economic interests B. In terms of adherence to the same religion C. In terms of a common language, culture, and history D. In terms of shared family relationships

C. In terms of a common language, culture, and history

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)? A. Foreign powers forced Japan to modernize by adopting "modern" science and culture. B. Before the seventeenth century, Japan had not come into contact with foreign ideas or culture. C. Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country. D. Members of middle class idealized foreign culture, leading the shoguns to fear that learning about Enlightenment ideals might lead the merchants to overthrow the emperor.

C. Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country.

Which of the following initiated Japan's turn toward authoritarian rule? A. The Korean rebellion against Japanese rule B. World War I ending C. Emperor Hirohito's coming to power D.An uprising of naval officers and army cadets

C. Emperor Hirohito's coming to power

Which of the following is a reason that Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas? A. Creoles believed in the equality of all humankind. B. Enlightenment ideas were popular in Portugal and Spain. C. Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule. D. Creoles wanted to imitate their English counterparts in North America.

C. Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.

As the feminist movement became a global movement, women worldwide called for which of the following changes to their status? A. The abolition of gender differences B. Greater access to gender-specific education C. Equal pay and equal opportunity for advancement D. Subsidies for businesses owned by women

C. Equal pay and equal opportunity for advancement

Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states? A. A growing division arose between monarchs and merchants. B. An expanding diet led to a decrease in European tooth decay. C. European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another. D.A belief that European states should open up their colonial markets to trade with their European

C. European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another.

Which of the following was a way in which the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750? A. Ottoman and Qing rulers used architecture to communicate their wish for a more open relationship with their subjects. B. Intellectuals in Benin used poetry to express their longing for a bygone golden age. C. European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings. D. Mughal painters used styles imported from Europe to communicate their wish for greater cultural blending.

C. European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings.

Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans? A. Europeans' lack of female companions B. Europeans' light skin and eye color C. Europeans' hairiness and bad manners D. Europeans' unwillingness to trade

C. Europeans' hairiness and bad manners

Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors? A. Additional taxes on foreign merchants B. Savings from decreasing the cost of government C. Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles D. Tribute from overseas conquests

C. Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

What prevented the republic established in China in 1911 from gaining legitimacy? A. Opposition from the Guomindang B. Opposition from Chiang Kai-shek C. Factional and regional conflicts D. Lack of support from the military or rural elites

C. Factional and regional conflicts

Which of the following explains development economists' beliefs that modern famines in Africa are not natural disasters, but are man-made? A. Famines are caused by lack of knowledge about agricultural techniques best suited to the African continent. B. Famines are usually caused by scorched-earth tactics during wartime. C. Famines usually result from government policies that ignore rural areas and inhibit the production or distribution of food. D. Famines are caused by overpopulation and lack of resources.

C. Famines usually result from government policies that ignore rural areas and inhibit the production or distribution of food.

Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable? A. The nobility B. Jurists C. God D. The people

C. God

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people? A. He believed that they could become trade partners with the Spanish. B. He believed that they would not be able to understand Christian doctrine. C. He believed that they were childlike primitives. D. He believed that they were ferocious warriors.

C. He believed that they were childlike primitives.

Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia? A. He claimed that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government. B. He attempted to gain the loyalty of the people by abolishing serfdom. C. He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship. D. He bought the loyalty of the Decembrists with gifts of lands and titles.

C. He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship.

What allowed King Menelik II of Ethiopia to defeat Italian forces? A. He allied himself with the Germans against the Italians. B. Unlike other Europeans, the Italians did not use advanced weapons in the field. C. He was able to equip his loyal, united armies with European weapons. D. The Italian invasion forces were decimated by tropical diseases.

C. He was able to equip his loyal, united armies with European weapons

What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies? A. The crown hoped to gain votes from the growing middle class, who were fascinated by new scientific discoveries. B. If the crown supported the academies, the new ideas and technology that were discovered would belong to the crown. C. If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown. D. The crown hoped to gain the support of the women who hosted the salons.

C. If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown.

Which of the following contributed to the end of Brazil's rubber boom? A. Rain forest land was damaged by cattle grazing and wild fires. B. The expense of building the Manaus Opera House bankrupted many elites. C. Increased production outside of Brazil led to more competition and lowered prices. D. Hostile Amerindians attacked rubber plantations and convoys.

C. Increased production outside of Brazil led to more competition and lowered prices.

Which of the following was one of the causes of the protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989? A. Frustration over the reversal of the Cultural Revolution B. Failure of economic reforms C. Increasing public awareness of government corruption D. Little change in the standard of living

C. Increasing public awareness of government corruption

Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas? A. Amerindians sought to ally themselves with European Christians in order to hasten the conversion process. B. Amerindian women were attempting to repopulate the Americans after the deaths brought by European disease. C. Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male. D. European wives died out rapidly in the harsh climates of North America.

C. Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male.

Which of the following was an effect of U.S. President Richard Nixon's decision to take the dollar off the gold standard? A. Nation-states such as Italy and Britain tied their currencies to the U.S. dollar. B. Second World nations found it harder to get loans from First World banks. C. International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities. D. The Japanese yen gained strength in currency markets with a corresponding decline in the value of the Swiss franc.

C. International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities.

Which of the following religiously based groups had a long tradition of offering alternatives to Western forms of government and political philosophy? A. Hindu nationalism B. Christian fundamentalism C. Islamic conservatism D. Falun Gong

C. Islamic conservatism

Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty? A. It inherited a society and kingdom from the Yuan dynasty that was relatively peaceful and prosperous. B. It tried to reestablish order and stability in China through the use of Islam, which the Mongol Yuan dynasty had introduced. C. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague. D. It faced the challenge of establishing foreign rule over the Chinese people, much like its predecessor, the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

C. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague.

How did late-nineteenth-century Japanese capitalism differ from late-nineteenth-century American capitalism? A. It excluded women from all financial affairs. B. It focused on exporting rice to other Asian countries. C. It relied on personal relationships instead of impersonal investment. D. It was less dependent on imported raw materials for success.

C. It relied on personal relationships instead of impersonal investment.

Why was the Mexican revolution considered to be the most successful turn-of-the-twentieth-century revolution? A. The country finally threw off colonial control and joined the other independent nations in Latin America. B. Peasants gained complete control of the economy and political system after purging the rich land owners. C. It transformed the country and forced later politicians to respect peasants' rights and land reform. D. The economic strength of Mexican ranchers was left intact, while more political power was given to the middle classes.

C. It transformed the country and forced later politicians to respect peasants' rights and land reform.

Which of the following demonstrated authoritarian governments' inability to exercise total control over mass culture? A. Germany was unable to suppress Triumph of the Will. B. Powerful radio transmitters permitted stations to reach larger national audiences. C. Jazz recordings were available in Germany and the Soviet Union. D. Josephine Baker was very popular after the war.

C. Jazz recordings were available in Germany and the Soviet Union.

Hong Xiuquan believed that he was: A. a representative leader of the Chinese peasantry. B. an administrative prodigy who could reform Qing governance. C. Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil. D. the heir to the tradition of Muhammad.

C. Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil.

Which African leader invoked precolonial traditions as a basis for resisting British colonialism in Kenya? A. Blaise Diagne B. Mohandas K. Gandhi C. Jomo Kenyatta D. Bambatha Zondi

C. Jomo Kenyatta

Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence? A. Britain's North American colonies were impoverished and would not be able to prosper as long as Britain retained control. B. Many Amerindians turned to the American revolutionaries to help them resist the aggressive advances of the land-hungry British. C. King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire. D. North American colonists did not have local assemblies, which they required to be democratic.

C. King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire.

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy? A. A bureaucratic government B. A federation of allied nations C. Kinship and clan networks D. Guild and professional groups

C. Kinship and clan networks

Which group was most likely to resist the system created by Frederick Winslow Taylor? A. Farmers B. Financiers C. Laborers D. Women

C. Laborers

What factor contributed most to Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821? A. Calls for redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the poor B. Cooperation between creoles and peninsulares C. Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively D. Cooperation between Mexican and South American elites

C. Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively

In the period from 1845 to 1900, what factors in China led large numbers of people to emigrate to the Americas and Oceania? A. Promises of freedom from oppressive rule B. Expulsion of dissidents by the Qing government C. Population pressure and a shortage of cultivatable land D. The one child policy

C. Population pressure and a shortage of cultivatable land

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church? A. Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation. B. Luther wanted German cathedrals to rival those of Rome in their grandeur. C. Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. D. Luther was shocked by what he experienced as an itinerant monk.

C. Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

Why did communism appeal to many Europeans after World War II? A. The USSR offered a large amount of aid for economic and military redevelopment throughout Europe. B. Capitalism failed to provide adequate supplies of weapons to protect them from German invasions. C. Many eastern Europeans, reacting to the horrors of fascism, looked to the Soviets for solutions to rebuild society. D. The Soviet Union demonstrated how effective communism was at protecting human rights.

C. Many eastern Europeans, reacting to the horrors of fascism, looked to the Soviets for solutions to rebuild society.

Which of the following was a response to the rise of giant banks and industrial corporations? A. Decreasing support for zaibatsu B. International financial integration decreased C. Many economists and politicians wanted the state to manage national economies D. Many economists and politicians wanted a return to truly free markets

C. Many economists and politicians wanted the state to manage national economies

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? A. Mesoamerica and Brazil B. The Andes and the Caribbean C. Mesoamerica and the Andes D. Brazil and the Andes

C. Mesoamerica and the Andes

The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition? A. Confucian codes of administration B. Rejection of outside influences as inferior to Chinese ideas C. Millenarian peasant revolts D. Violent uprisings by members of ethnic minority groups

C. Millenarian peasant revolts

Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire? A. Speaking Arabic allowed the Ottomans to communicate with neighboring tribes B. The Ottomans had an intensive agricultural base which led to a large population C. Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region D. The Red Turban revolt

C. Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region

Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reform program included which of the following? A. Less autonomy for the individual republics of the Soviet Union B. Privatization of state-run businesses C. Multicandidate elections for Communist party posts D. Legalizing all political parties

C. Multicandidate elections for Communist party posts

Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people? A. Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade network B. European Russia and Siberia C. Northwestern Europe and British North America D. Southern Europe and the Mediterranean

C. Northwestern Europe and British North America

What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture? A. Europeans had much less wealth than the Ottomans. B. Nowhere else could the famous tulips of the Tulip Period be grown. C. Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture. D. Ottoman science was more advanced than European science.

C. Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture.

During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa? A. Outbreaks of epidemic disease that depleted the population B. The introduction of opium by the British C. Overpopulation that strained the region's resource base D. Islamic reform movements challenging existing rulers

C. Overpopulation that strained the region's resource base

In what way did pan-Germanism differ from German nationalism? A. German nationalism rejected the inclusion of German-speaking people outside of Prussian national borders, but all German-speakers were included in pan-Germanism. B. German nationalism, unlike pan-Germanism, created a vibrant political and social movement. C. Pan-Germanism motivated people to define their identity by race or blood instead of national boundaries. D.Pan-Germanism only existed in eastern Europe, in areas not under the control of the German

C. Pan-Germanism motivated people to define their identity by race or blood instead of national boundaries.

Which of the following contributed to the Qing dynasty's downfall? A. Manchu military victories B. The Qing court's refusal to admit that reforms were needed C. Peasants and laborers resented the high cost of reform D.Direct intervention by European military forces

C. Peasants and laborers resented the high cost of reform

Which of the following was a reason why the populations of poorer regions of the world suffered more often from preventable diseases such as cholera than the populations of wealthier regions? A. More people were migrating from country to country, searching for farmland or work, spreading the disease. B. Doctors from more affluent Western countries refused to go to stricken areas because of concerns for the doctors' safety. C. People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies. D. For religious reasons, laws prohibited vaccination in much of the underdeveloped world.

C. People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies.

By the end of the twentieth century, what type of marketable products had become key to any country's acquisition of wealth and power? A. Steel and textiles B. Agricultural products and precious minerals C. Pharmaceuticals, computers and software, as well as services D. Automobiles and consumer electronics

C. Pharmaceuticals, computers and software, as well as services

31. What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories? A. Artistic ability and linguistic sophistication B. Form of governance and linguistic sophistication C. Physical appearance and form of governance D. Linguistic sophistication and physical appearance

C. Physical appearance and form of governance

The impetus of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following? A. The presence of multiple Islamic empires such as the Mughals and the Ottomans B. The tendency of some Muslims to experiment with European ideas and technologies C. Polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims D. Debates among representatives of different religions at the Mughal court

C. Polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims

Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa? A. Decreasing opium consumption B. Declining involvement in foreign trade C. Pressure from a growing population D.Increased standards of living among the peasantry

C. Pressure from a growing population

Which of the following undermined the authority of national governments after the 1970s? A. The women's movement sought international reforms, bypassing nation-states. B. Labor unions often fought for their workers' rights and destabilized repressive regimes. C. Religious groups often came into conflict with one another and with secular governments. D. The United Nations' charter took power away from individual nation-states.

C. Religious groups often came into conflict with one another and with secular governments.

What was the primary reason that Russia expanded south into the Caucasus and east into Manchuria? A. Russia was proving its religious toleration by integrating Muslims into its empire. B. Russia wanted to acquire important deposits of rare minerals necessary for industrial growth. C. Russia was responding to perceived threats from rivals in those areas. D. Russia wanted to acquire new land on which to settle former serfs.

C. Russia was responding to perceived threats from rivals in those areas.

Which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty? A. China's agricultural production and population decreased because of drought. B. Europeans gained a larger trade presence in China's western provinces. C. Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets. D. The importation of European goods led to a negative balance of trade.

C. Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets.

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs? A. The Spanish overwhelmed the Aztecs by force of numbers. B. The Aztecs thought that Cortez was a god and were afraid to fight him. C. Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites. D. The Aztecs were hated by their neighbors, who joined forces with the Spanish.

C. Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.

The "open door policy" for access to China included which of the following concomitant attacks on traditional Chinese culture? A. Imposing Western-style music B. Ending foot binding C. Support for Christian missionaries D. Forcing all publications to be printed in English

C. Support for Christian missionaries

Which of the following caused some Americans to fear the loss of their pioneering individualism? A. Increased immigration from Central and South America B. The growth of cities C. The 1890 announcement, closing the American frontier D. Increasing industrialization

C. The 1890 announcement, closing the American frontier

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare? A. The Aztecs' neighbors were unwilling to trade with them, requiring warfare to secure highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers. B. The Aztecs' neighbors attempted to choke off their access to the sea, denying the Aztecs sources of fish protein and coastal trade. C. The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. D. The Aztecs and their neighbors were engaged in a bitter struggle to obtain control of the Yucatan Peninsula.

C. The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

Which of the following accurately characterizes the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution? A. The Bolshevik Revolution was initiated by the Ottomans in order to pull Russia out of World War I. B. The Bolshevik Revolution was an overthrow of the Russian monarchy. C. The Bolshevik Revolution was proclaimed by socialists in order to overtake the earlier "bourgeois" revolution. D. The Bolshevik Revolution was an attempt by military and political elites to restore order.

C. The Bolshevik Revolution was proclaimed by socialists in order to overtake the earlier "bourgeois" revolution.

Which of the following characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India? A. The British expended a great deal of effort to preserve Indian lives and property to avoid alienating the population. B. As a gesture of goodwill, the British returned the land that they had previously annexed. C. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed. D. The British bribed rebel leaders to stop the uprising.

C. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed.

How did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans east of the Mississippi? A. Both the British and the French slaughtered large numbers of Native Americans in the conflict. B. The Shawnee migrated to Canada, leaving the lands south of the Great Lakes free of Native American tribes. C. The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry American settlers. D. Other tribes west of the Mississippi who had sided with the Americans supported the removal of the eastern tribes.

C. The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry American settlers.

The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power? A. Syria B. The Holy Roman Empire C. The Byzantine Empire D. The Franks

C. The Byzantine Empire

For what reason did the Chinese take little interest in the maps brought by Matteo Ricci? A. Chinese maps exhibited a higher degree of geometric and mathematical precision. B. The Chinese knew that the earth was round, and ridiculed the flat earth shown in Ricci's maps. C. The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world. D. Chinese maps reflected more knowledge of other parts of the world.

C. The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world.

. Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing? A. The Chinese acquired the right to tax the opium being imported. B. The British acquired the right to trade at all Chinese ports. C. The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British. D. The British agreed not to export more opium to China.

C. The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch? A. The Japanese did not have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies. B. The Japanese feared that British technology would destabilize Japan. C. The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize. D. The Dutch would not undercut the Japanese economy by importing silver.

C. The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize.

Which regional trade group expanded its scope to include the creation of a new international currency? A. NAFTA B. OPEC C. The European Union D. The IMF

C. The European Union

Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians? A. The French allied with the English against Amerindians. B. Wars with the French displaced native peoples from their homelands. C. The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways. D. The French brought new agricultural techniques, which improved the diet of native peoples.

C. The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.

Which of the following saved Chinese communists from being overwhelmed by Nationalist forces in the Chinese Civil War? A. The Soviet Union changed its support from the Nationalists to the communists. B. Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek died suddenly, throwing the Nationalist army into disarray. C. The Japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior. D. The Nationalist army was diverted to fight against the Germans, who had hopes of conquering China.

C. The Japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior.

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? A. The Portuguese developed the joint stock company, which allowed them to invest more freely. B. The Portuguese used their superior navigational abilities to travel outside the sight of land. C. The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. D. The Portuguese negotiated an exclusive trade relationship with the Ming for porcelain.

C. The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao? A. The Portuguese were the largest group of traders at Macao. B. The Portuguese took over much of the silver trade between China and Korea. C. The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China. D. The Portuguese established a permanent colony in China.

C. The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following is an example of the foreign pressure that led to the decline of Qing dynastic authority? A. The Self Strengthening movement B. The Maji-Maji Revolt C. The Sino-Japanese War D. The Taiping Rebellion

C. The Sino-Japanese War

Why did Stalin believe that the Soviet Union deserved to dominate eastern Europe? A. The Soviet Union had been promised control of eastern Europe at the Yalta conference. B. The Soviet Union had more money than did the United States to rebuild the devastated region after the war. C. The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism. D. The Soviet Union had refrained from using nuclear weapons in Europe, and should be rewarded.

C. The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism.

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires? A. The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force. B. The Spanish relied solely on European economic structures in order to gain access to goods and labor from native peoples. C. The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. D. The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

C. The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? A. The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines, which was closer to China than Japan was. B. The Japanese closed their doors to all external trade, in order to avoid European domination. C. The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. D. Japanese silver was mined out, leaving them with little to trade internationally.

C. The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions? A. The empire's legal system B. The palace at Isfahan C. The Taj Mahal D. The peacock throne

C. The Taj Mahal

In Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which of the following upset traditional racial hierarchies? A. Theories of evolution that implied all humans had shared origins B. The growth of industries that valued cheap Amerindian labor over higher-priced European labor C. The arrival to the region of large numbers of poor immigrants from Europe D.The growth of a large, wealthy class of mestizo entrepreneurs

C. The arrival to the region of large numbers of poor immigrants from Europe

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? A. The belief that clergymen need to be celibate B. The belief that ordinary people needed priests to act as intermediaries between themselves and God C. The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures D. The belief that humans could gain admittance to heaven through their pious actions

C. The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success? A. Peasant revolts against the cash economy undermined the empire's tax base. B. The policy of religious toleration encouraged fighting among representatives of different religions. C. The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous. D. Mughal support for the orthodox ulama led to rebellions among heterodox Muslims and non-Muslims.

C. The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following caused internal trouble for both the Soviet Union and the United States? A. High unemployment B. Dependence on imported goods C. The cost of the arms buildup D. Antinuclear protest movements

C. The cost of the arms buildup

During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following caused internal trouble for both the Soviet Union and the United States? A. Dependence on imported goods B. High unemployment C. The cost of the arms buildup D. Antinuclear protest movements

C. The cost of the arms buildup

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? A. The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians. B. The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas. C. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. D. The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations.

C. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? A. The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas. B. The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians. C. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. D. The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations.

C. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

In the 1970s, which of the following led to declining migration northward from southern European countries, such as Spain and Italy? A. Immigrants from North Africa were willing to work for less money and supplanted southern Europeans as workers in Germany and France. B. Northern European countries established limits on immigration to maintain their countries' ethnic homogeneity. C. The economic situation improved in southern Europe, slowing the emigration rate. D. Japan replaced northern Europe as the economic magnet, luring immigrants with the promise of high-paying jobs and permanent residency.

C. The economic situation improved in southern Europe, slowing the emigration rate.

Which of the following contributed to the globalization of the late-twentieth-century world? A. The Cold War B. The growth of empires C. The emergence of a unified world market D. The increasing primacy of the nation-state

C. The emergence of a unified world market

Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform? A. The rejection of the corrupting power of wealth in the established Islamic empires B. The similarities between Islam and other Abrahamic religions C. The life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices D. The connections that had emerged between Islam and regional religious traditions

C. The life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices

In what way did nineteenth-century nationalist goals prove destructive in the twentieth century? A. Nationalist goals led to class warfare. B. Nationalist goals conflicted with economic modernization. C. The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another. D. The nationalist goals of the nineteenth century limited twentieth-century cultural and literary experimentation.

C. The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another.

Which of the following was a consequence of the development of limited-liability, joint-stock companies? A. The influence of individual financiers declined. B. Employee ownership of corporations increased. C. The scale of industrial enterprises dramatically increased. D. Imperial expansion decreased.

C. The scale of industrial enterprises dramatically increased.

In early nineteenth-century Europe, what hampered the implementation of the nationalistic idea that the location of "the people" should form the basis for setting national boundaries? A. Monarchs felt that allegiance to them should determine national boundaries. B. Multiethnic land empires collapsed. C. There was no agreement as to who "the people" should be. D. Each side in military conflicts tried to gain control of as many people as possible.

C. There was no agreement as to who "the people" should be.

In the United States, how did Americans of European descent justify expanding their territory westward? A. They justified their expansion under the concept of enlightened self-interest. B. They justified their continental expansion by walking softly and carrying a big stick. C. They claimed that their expansion across the North American continent was God's will. D. They appealed to common law and demanded that the British respect U.S. expansion into Canadian territory.

C. They claimed that their expansion across the North American continent was God's will.

Multinational corporations had which of the following impacts on Third World countries? A. They removed raw materials, and then left the local government to clean up the mess. B. They provided important technical knowledge that Third World countries could use to build their industrial bases. C. They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms. D. They allowed Third World countries to free themselves from dependence on the institutions of international capitalism.

C. They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms.

Indian intellectuals used Western culture to promote Indian nationalism in which of the following ways? A. They set up schools to ensure that Indians of all classes could read and understand important documents such as the Jamaica Letter. B. They created a unifying national language and religion so all Indians could concentrate on expelling the British. C. They facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas throughout British India by creating modern cultural forms such as newspapers, pamphlets, and journals. D. They popularized and translated into Hindi and Urdu stories about Western heroes of independence such as Rob Roy and William Tell.

C. They facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas throughout British India by creating modern cultural forms such as newspapers, pamphlets, and journals.

How did conservative Chinese leaders react to the first railroads built in China? A. They used the railroads to reinvigorate China's internal trade networks. B. They were worried that the railroads would change the relationship between people and nature, but recognized that they were necessary. C. They saw the railroads as a threat to Chinese social harmony and had them torn up. D. They sold concessions to operate the railroads to the British and Americans.

C. They saw the railroads as a threat to Chinese social harmony and had them torn up.

How did Pacific Rim nations such as South Korea and Taiwan escape the typical Third World cycle of poverty and dependence? A. They used the World Bank to fund infrastructure projects and the International Monetary Fund to prop up their currencies. B. They closely followed the international market model. C. They used regulation to promote new industries and required multinationals to cooperate with local firms. D. They built a new system from the basic ideas of Karl Marx.

C. They used regulation to promote new industries and required multinationals to cooperate with local firms.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? A. They formed closer tributary ties with Ming China. B. They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade. C. They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art. D. They sponsored their own voyages of exploration.

C. They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

Which of the following was a reason that Europeans colonized Africa? A. To live in healthier climates than those of industrialized European cities B. To prevent Africans from converting to Islam C. To acquire personal power and imperial glory D. To assist in Africa's industrialization

C. To acquire personal power and imperial glory

What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems? A. To continue the orientalists' respect for India's classical languages, philosophies, and cultures B. To increase education in science and engineering C. To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture D. To end the exploitation of India's rural people

C. To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture

How did social Darwinists use the idea of "survival of the fittest"? A. To justify allowing species to go extinct B. To argue for instituting physical education programs in schools C. To justify strong nations' domination of weaker ones D. To argue against social inequality

C. To justify strong nations' domination of weaker ones

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? A. To develop cooperative relationships with local rulers B. To conquer as much territory as possible C. To take over the trade or tax local merchants D. To sell African products in Asian markets

C. To take over the trade or tax local merchants

Which of the following was a consequence of the mass mobilizations required by World War I? A. Fewer colonial soldiers were required since a high number of European men were called up. B. European food production to supply the military rapidly increased. C. Traditional gender boundaries were undermined. D. Unionized labor movements demanded higher wages.

C. Traditional gender boundaries were undermined.

By the end of the 1930s, how did most people perceive the liberal democratic model of governance? A. Established and successful B. Revolutionary and exciting C. Weak and vulnerable D. Incompetent and disastrous

C. Weak and vulnerable

By the end of the nineteenth century, how did European and American nationalist and racial ideas compare to those of the rest of the world? A. Westerners became increasingly fascinated with their own racial identity and cultural past, while people in Africa and Asia maintained their own sense of racial identity but were drawn to Western culture, which they felt was more modern. B. Westerners rejected ethnic nationalism as unworkable in the modern world, but people in Africa and Asia clung to nationalism as a way to reject colonization. C. Westerners were increasingly concerned with protecting their national and racial purity, while discussions of identity in other parts of the world were part of the opposition to Western domination. D. Westerners, because of immigration, became more comfortable with multiethnic societies, while people in other parts of the world were drawn more to define themselves in terms of racial and ethnic purity.

C. Westerners were increasingly concerned with protecting their national and racial purity, while discussions of identity in other parts of the world were part of the opposition to Western domination.

Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as: A. an important source of government revenue. B. a means of expanding the influence of the ruler. C. a potential source of disorder and instability. D. a means of expanding the reach of Buddhism.

C. a potential source of disorder and instability.

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? A. 30 percent B. 50 percent C. 70 percent D. 90 percent

D. 90 percent

Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance? A. Peasant revolts against the feudal order in Western Europe. B. The church regained much of the power it lost in the aftermath of the Black Death. C. The desire to create states based on Athenian models of democracy. D. A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church.

D. A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church.

What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? A. A victory by the bourgeoisie that would reduce the proletariat to slavery B. A victory by the bourgeoisie that would result in the reinforcement of capitalism and private property, and things would stay as they were C. A victory by the proletariat that would lead to the return of an idealized form of feudalism D. A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

D. A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

Which of the following resulted from late-nineteenth-century industrial capitalism? A. Many small producers competing with each other B. Decreasing disparities in accumulated wealth C. Decreasing the number of agrarian poor D. Acceleration of economic boom-and-bust cycles

D. Acceleration of economic boom-and-bust cycles

In the latter part of the twentieth century, weak states and limits to the rule of law led to many gruesome outbreaks of violence in which of the following regions? A. Southeast Asia B. Latin America C. The Caribbean D. Africa

D. Africa

Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people? A. Pacific peoples B. Amerindians C. East Asians D. Africans

D. Africans

Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of attempts to convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. Africans and Amerindians cynically used conversion as a ploy to increase their attractiveness as trade partners. B. Africans and Amerindians became ultra-orthodox, criticizing the behavior of their European missionary teachers. C. Africans and Amerindians completely gave up their previous gods and belief systems. D.Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

D. Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

What role did African people play in governing Europe's African colonies in the post-World War I period? A. People of African descent were often elected to the legislative bodies of their colonizer. B. Africans had a significant voice in colonial administration and governance. C. African traditions provided the templates that Europeans used to rule their colonies. D. Africans had little voice in colonial governance and made their opinions known through protest.

D. Africans had little voice in colonial governance and made their opinions known through protest.

What did the authoritarian political systems of Germany, Japan, and Italy have in common? A. All were defeated in World War I. B. All of them lost their colonies after the Versailles Treaty was signed. C. All were excluded from the League of Nations. D. All disliked the left-wing government that emerged in the Soviet Union.

D. All disliked the left-wing government that emerged in the Soviet Union.

How would life in Fourier's phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe's economic order? A. All members would learn how to do all of the necessary tasks to keep the phalanx running. B. All members would receive the same pay for their work. C. All members would do what they could, and take what they needed from the community. D. All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time.

D. All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time.

For which of the following reasons did President Harry Truman authorize use of the atomic bomb in 1945? A. Germany refused to surrender, even though the Soviets, British, and Americans were converging on Berlin. B. Truman feared that if he didn't use the bomb that the Russians would continue their drive to spread Communism into western Europe. C. The bomb had never been tested, and scientists needed to know if the theory behind it was valid. D. An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, or child.

D. An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, or child.

Which of the following was called for in the People's Charter? A. Creating land charters to protect the property rights of small farmers B. Creating charters outlining the rights of workers in mines and mills C. The eight-hour day, weekends off, and safer working conditions in factories D. Annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot

D. Annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot

Which of the following was implied by the economic theories promoted by John Maynard Keynes? A. The role of business and economic production was to serve the interests of the state. B. Human nature was best served by an economy made up of many small producers in competition with one another. C. The ideal human society was one in which everyone contributed what they could and took what they needed. D. At times states needed to compensate for failures in the market by stimulating the economy with job creation and increasing supply of currency.

D. At times states needed to compensate for failures in the market by stimulating the economy with job creation and increasing supply of currency.

Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common? A. Both of them sailed to obtain scientific knowledge as well as empire. B. Both of them were killed by people they met in their travels. C. Both of them returned home with news of gold that could be exploited. D. Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.

D. Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.

In what way was the effect of the Forbidden City on the populace similar to that of Topkapi palace? A. Both created labor for unemployed peasants. B. Both provide an educational center for training the bureaucracy. C. Both showcased Mongol arts. D. Both projected a sense of awe and power.

D. Both projected a sense of awe and power.

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? A. Both prided themselves on restoring indigenous rule after a period of foreign conquest. B. Both ruled over homogeneous populations. C. Both faced declining populations due to the arrival of diseases from the Americas. D. Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

D. Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

What did Bismarck of Germany and Cavour of Italy have in common? A. Both were liberal prime ministers who exploited national sentiment to promote unification. B. Both were popular newspaper publishers who promoted nationalism. C. Both were popular newspaper publishers who opposed national unification. D. Both were conservative prime ministers who exploited liberal national sentiment to promote unification.

D. Both were conservative prime ministers who exploited liberal national sentiment to promote unification.

What motivation drove Canada's nineteenth-century policy toward its indigenous population? A. Canadians acknowledged the legitimacy of native cultural traditions. B. Canadians wished to make a quick profit by displacing the Amerindians. C. Canadians maintained their French colonial tradition of cooperation with the Amerindians. D. Canadians wished to avoid bloodshed and conflict with indigenous peoples that might drive off settlers.

D. Canadians wished to avoid bloodshed and conflict with indigenous peoples that might drive off settlers.

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the widespread circulation of which of the following advanced imperialism? A. Enlightenment ideas B. New diseases C. Vernacular literature D. Capital

D. Capital

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War? A. Russia emerged as a great European power in the power vacuum that followed the Treaty of Westphalia. B. Protestant states triumphed in Central and Eastern Europe, replacing the Austrian Habsburgs. C. The German economy prospered as it was a center for manufacturing new weapons such as cannons. D. Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

D. Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

Which of the following countries used both rewards and strict penalties to bring down their birth rate in the 1980s? A. India B. Brazil C. Nigeria D. China

D. China

What military tactics, which became more common during the twentieth century, were implemented during the Anglo-Boer War? A. Spotter balloons and guerrilla campaigns B. Machine guns and cavalry C. Poison gas and machine guns D. Concentration camps and guerrilla campaigns

D. Concentration camps and guerrilla campaigns

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations? A. European countries called on their allies in Africa and Asia to support them militarily. B. European armies skirmished around the globe over religion. C. The Portuguese attacked English and Dutch outposts in Asia and the Americas. D. Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

D. Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Why did the end of the Cold War lead to outbreaks of violence in the Balkans? A. Protesters were no longer afraid of being deported to Soviet labor camps if they acted violently. B. Developers and transnational corporations were fighting over access to the limited industrial infrastructure available in the region. C. People sought revenge against those whom they believed had treated them unfairly under communism. D. Demagogues led people to see themselves as citizens of ethnically defined nations rather than pluralistic communities.

D. Demagogues led people to see themselves as citizens of ethnically defined nations rather than pluralistic communities.

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime? A. English monarchs never wanted to centralize their authority. B. England was composed of several independent duchies, which refused to allow the monarch to have absolute power. C. England was religiously unified, removing an issue that allowed monarchs to discredit their opponents. D. English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

D. English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? A. Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia. B. Europeans could take advantage of the Aztecs' superior shipbuilding techniques. C. American manufactures were eagerly received in Africa and Asia. D. European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

D. European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa? A. Europeans relied on the Muslim slave trade in North and East Africa to bring slaves from the interior. B. Europeans introduced the idea of slavery to Africa for the first time, ending centuries of peaceful agriculture and hunting. C. Europeans sent armies armed with firearms to invade the African interior, seizing prisoners as slaves. D. Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

D. Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

Between 1840 and 1914, which of the following led to large-scale migration within individual industrialized states' national boundaries? A. Laboring on plantations B. Ethnic cleansing C. Religious pilgrimages D. Factory jobs in urban centers

D. Factory jobs in urban centers

Which of the following was a similarity between Russian and Japanese attempts to modernize in the late nineteenth century? A. Both turned to China for support in industrializing. B. For both, modernizing included increased popular control of the government. C. Both incorporated ethnic minorities in their empire as equal citizens. D. For both, key aspects of industrialization were state-sponsored.

D. For both, key aspects of industrialization were state-sponsored.

The idea of "the primitive" was used by early-twentieth-century European artists to symbolize which of the following? A. Repression of sexual desire B. The diversity of nature C. The triumph of the Enlightenment D. Forces that reason could not control

D. Forces that reason could not control

Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on earth, Ottoman sultans: A. assumed the role of protector of holy cities in Greece and Italy. B. made Arabic the official language of administration. C. forced all of their subjects to convert to Islam. D. funded construction of elaborate mosques.

D. Funded construction of elaborate mosques

Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves? A. Slave-catchers for all African markets targeted men more than they did women. B. The population loss in Africa was accentuated by the lack of males. C. Polyandry became common in the Americas, monogamy in Africa. D. Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.

D. Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.

Why did Charles Fourier consign nasty jobs such as cleaning latrines to adolescents? A. He believed that in the interest of harmony, everyone had to work. B. He believed that all work was ennobling, and the young should be taught this at an early age. C. He believed that adolescents would move on to better jobs after they had proved themselves. D. He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth.

D. He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth.

Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation? A. Mercantilists advocated rational self-interest, which could not advance the common good. B. He believed that the laws of God did not permit the guilds' imposition of controls on labor. C. Free competition encouraged improvements in industrial production. D. He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

D. He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean? A. He used diplomacy, not the army, as the model for modern state-building. B. He sought the advice of the English to reform his government. C. He reduced spending on education so that more time would be spent on agriculture. D. He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.

D. He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.

Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia? A. Islamic traditions dominated artistic and poetic expression. B. Hindu traditions in jurisprudence formed the basis of Mughal law. C. Hindus and Muslims joined to suppress the culture of other ethnic groups in South Asia. D. Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

D. Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

Which of the following factors helped create the "industrious" revolution? A. Households were moved by revivalist preachers to work harder to avoid time for sinning. B. Because of changing climates, households had to work much longer hours to grow enough food. C. Because of competition with slave and other forms of forced labor, most households had to include their children in laboring to provide enough income to survive. D. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

D. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.D. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

Which of the following questions challenged Chinese intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century? A. Whether to support the Boxer Rebellion B. How to blend popular culture with elite culture C. How to reduce emigration from China D. How to balance Western thought and traditional Chinese culture

D. How to balance Western thought and traditional Chinese culture

Which of the following led to the end of white minority rule in Rhodesia in 1979? A. African nationalist movements had exhausted Portuguese resources, leading to their withdrawal. B. International diplomatic pressure led to a peaceful transfer of power to Robert Mugabe. C. White minority rule ended when Britain granted independence to all its African colonies. D. Independent African states supported a successful guerrilla movement under Robert Mugabe.

D. Independent African states supported a successful guerrilla movement under Robert Mugabe.

Following World War I, Indian nationalists embraced which of the following methods of combating colonial control? A. Indians joined forces with other colonized peoples in Africa and Asia to wage war against all Western domination. B. Indians cooperated with British rule to prove that they were ready for self-government. C. Indians supported the actions of educated elite lawyers and merchants in the Indian National Congress. D. Indians boycotted British goods, refused to pay taxes, and refused to send their children to British schools.

D. Indians boycotted British goods, refused to pay taxes, and refused to send their children to British schools.

In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution? A. It encouraged land-owning nobility to grow crops for food for the working class population. B. It restricted access to rapidly expanding international and internal markets. C. It encouraged women to participate in creating new technology. D. It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.

D. It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.

Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America? A. It was largely a revolt by Amerindians against poor treatment by the Spanish. B. It depended on support from the United States for its success. C. It was crushed by the colonial elite, who used their Spanish identity to justify their control. D. It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

D. It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

After the Civil War, how did the United States encourage the incorporation of its western territories? A. It recruited territorial residents into its new national army. B. It encouraged exploration and development of mineral resources. C. It enticed farmers to move west by guaranteeing them profits from producing farm goods to meet American consumers' insatiable demands. D. It encouraged settlers to move to the hinterlands with promises of cheap land for homesteading.

D. It encouraged settlers to move to the hinterlands with promises of cheap land for homesteading.

What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion? A. Its followers were mainly Manchus, alienating the Han Chinese majority. B. It received from Western powers, which alienated the majority of the Chinese people. C. It failed to attract strong support from the peasants. D. It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups.

D. It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter? A. It gave the right to leave coastal enclaves and trade in the Chinese interior. B. It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court. C. It provided a subsidy from the English crown. D. It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

D. It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England

Which of the following describes the first response of the United States government to the Great Depression? A. It created a jobs program to help the unemployed return to productivity. B. It expanded the role of the state to meet the economic crisis. C. It promoted more active participation in the League of Nations. D.It insisted on individual thrift and self-reliance, not government handouts.

D. It insisted on individual thrift and self-reliance, not government handouts.

Which of the following was a consequence of the 1907 financial crisis in the United States? A. It proved that government regulation did not work. B. American investors fled U.S. banks and turned to Europe as a place to invest their funds. C. Investment in railroads declined drastically. D. It showed how quickly national financial matters could become international affairs.

D. It showed how quickly national financial matters could become international affairs.

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century? A. Members of the Kongo royal family united to oppose the Europeans. B. The Kongo kingdom conquered the Asante and traded captured prisoners as slaves. C. The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control. ✓ D. Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

D. Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century? A. Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside. B. Serfdom was imposed on the remaining English peasants. C. Agricultural productivity dropped drastically, leading to famines. D. Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

D. Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

In what way did the Internet revolution reinforce the disparity between haves and have-nots in the 1990s? A. Only people living in the West had the skills or expensive hardware to use the Internet. B. Many governments imposed heavy taxes on using the Internet, so only wealthy people could afford to shop online. C. Use of the Internet required knowledge of English, which many people in poor countries did not have. D. Large numbers of the world's people, especially in poor or rural areas, did not have access to the Internet.

D. Large numbers of the world's people, especially in poor or rural areas, did not have access to the Internet.

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century? A. Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire. B. The Ottomans lacked the initiative to make needed administrative reforms. C. The Ottoman population was declining due to diseases from the Americas, leaving it too weak to resist foreign encroachment. D. Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

D. Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? A. Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation. B. Most of the slaves were women, and lost time from their labors raising children. C. Most slaves came in family groups, and could not be separated to work on newly created plantations. D. Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

D. Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

In what way did the second industrial revolution lead to greater global economic integration? A. The demand for silk and spices increased as people in the North Atlantic region became more prosperous. B. Necessary raw materials such as coal and iron had to be exported to Europe's overseas colonies. C. The demand for energy led to scouring the world for geothermal power sources. D. Necessary raw materials such as rubber, copper, oil, and bauxite were not readily available in the North Atlantic states and had to be imported from overseas.

D. Necessary raw materials such as rubber, copper, oil, and bauxite were not readily available in the North Atlantic states and had to be imported from overseas.

Which of the following was an exception to the general rule of unrestricted migration during the late nineteenth century? A. The Japanese Exclusion Act in Canada B. The German Exclusion Act in France C. The Korean Exclusion Act in China D. The Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States

D. The Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? A. Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds to rent to merchants. B. Officials sent soldiers to accompany caravans to protect them from bandits. C. Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled, agricultural lifestyles. D. Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

D. Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

In what way did the peasants show their divergence from the Indian elite in the Great Rebellion of 1857? A. Peasants attacked Hindu princes who were seen as capitulating to Mughal rulers. B. Peasants followed traditional leaders only, not those who had training under the British. C. Peasants attempted to overthrow the Mughal dynasty because it had betrayed the Islamic faith. D. Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression.

D. Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression

Italian Fascists considered themselves to be the defenders of which of the following? A. The Italian monarchy and aristocracy B. Unionized factory workers and miners C. Large corporations and the capitalist system in which they participated D. Peasants, nonsocialist workers, veterans, and students

D. Peasants, nonsocialist workers, veterans, and students

Which of the following was a reason why the populations of poorer regions of the world suffered more often from preventable diseases such as cholera than the populations of wealthier regions? A. Doctors from more affluent Western countries refused to go to stricken areas because of concerns for the doctors' safety. B. For religious reasons, laws prohibited vaccination in much of the underdeveloped world. C. More people were migrating from country to country, searching for farmland or work, spreading the disease. D. People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies.

D. People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies.

Who constituted "the people," according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence? A. Amerindians who had fought with the colonists B. Former slaves who had a trade C. Women over 30 years old D. Propertied white men

D. Propertied white men

Which of the following was one of the principal causes of World War II? A. The Germans and the Russians had a long-standing agreement to divide the world between them. B. The Great Depression led to decreased military spending in Germany and Japan, which invited aggression from their neighbors. C. Communism failed to expand its presence in Europe. D. Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War I.

D. Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War I.

In what way was Russia's expansion in Asia different from American expansion in North America? A. Russia wished to exploit rich mineral resources instead of opening up land for farming. B. Russia stressed the cultural differences between itself and the peoples it conquered. C. The monetary cost of expansion for Russia and its people was far greater. D. Russia tolerated and taxed native populations instead of displacing or slaughtering them.

D. Russia tolerated and taxed native populations instead of displacing or slaughtering them.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. Silver was used in decorating porcelains for export. B. Silver was thought to have medical value. C. Silver was believed to be the most beautiful metal. D. Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

D. Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa? A. People no longer needed states to protect them from slave raiders. B. Former victims of the slave trade began to gain strength and attack their neighbors. C. Expertise in slave trading did not prepare states for success in plantation agriculture. D. Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.

D. Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.

Which of the following sports most clearly exemplifies the globalizing impact of television in the last part of the twentieth century? A. Baseball B. Cricket C. Rugby D. Soccer

D. Soccer

Which of the following was a major consequence of World War I? A. The interdependence of global trade networks intensified in the 1920s and 1930s. B. European claims of a superior level of culture were supported by military victories. C. States were free to act without the support of their citizens or subjects. D. Social hierarchies in European societies were shaken up or overthrown.

D. Social hierarchies in European societies were shaken up or overthrown.

How did South Africa achieve majority rule? A. South Africa achieved majority rule through forcible seizure of power by liberation activists, followed by free elections. B. South Africa achieved majority rule through a negotiated transition brokered by the United States and the Soviets, followed by free elections. C. South Africa achieved majority rule through a process of mediation led by NGOs, followed by free elections. D. South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and African liberation activists, followed by free elections.

D. South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and African liberation activists, followed by free elections.

Which of the following is an example of a form of entertainment appealing to the masses that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century? A. Dancing B. Novels C. Opera D. Sports

D. Sports

Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China? A. Almanacs and books of astronomical observations B. Medical encyclopedias C. Travel guides D. Study guides for civil service examinations

D. Study guides for civil service examinations

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century? A. Rice B. Spices C. Corn D. Sugar

D. Sugar

Which of the following models of political modernity was accepted most often in western Europe and the Americas by the 1930s? A. The anticolonial model B. The authoritarian model C. The hybrid corporatist model D. The liberal democratic model

D. The liberal democratic model

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties? A. The European presence undermined Asian rulers' control of territory and people. B. The European presence encouraged the militarization of empires and more warfare. C. The European presence was so minimal that it made no impact. D. The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

D. The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development? A. The Islamic world reunified under a single political authority, the caliphate. B. The Islamic world lost its ability to make beautiful textiles and other products for trade. C. The Islamic world began a program of overseas expansion. D. The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.

D. The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.

How did the goals of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt differ from those of the Wafd? A. The Wafd was a peasant group, while the Muslim Brotherhood was composed of merchants and military leaders. B. The Muslim Brotherhood advocated using Western weapons as they undertook a traditional Islamic holy war, while the Wafd wanted to use civil disobedience to achieve their goals. C. The Wafd argued that Egypt should embrace liberal capitalism, while the Muslim Brotherhood supported socialism. D. The Muslim Brotherhood wanted to use the nation-state as a means of returning to a pure form of Islam, while the Wafd was primarily a secular nationalist group.

D. The Muslim Brotherhood wanted to use the nation-state as a means of returning to a pure form of Islam, while the Wafd was primarily a secular nationalist group.

During the 1980s, which of the following was an effect of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? A. The soviet army developed new weapons, which were later used to crush the Polish Solidarity movement. B. India tested new nuclear weapons in fear of further Soviet expansion. C. Soviet citizens marched in support of the military invasion. D. The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed.

D. The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed.

Which of the following industries best represents the development of mass culture in the United States after World War I? A. The steel industry B. The railroad industry C. The shipping industry D. The advertising industry

D. The advertising industry

How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century? A. European rulers and upper classes suddenly developed a taste for Chinese silks, teas, jade, tableware, jewelry, paper, and ceramics. B. Westerners consumed less tea, so the overall amount of trade declined. C. The English colonized China. D. The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.

D. The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.

7. Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? A. The caravel had four masts with square sails, allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast. B. The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land. C. The caravel was a Muslim invention that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring the height of the sun above the horizon. D. The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

D. The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

Which of the following was the most enduring legacy of the Mexican Revolution? A. Emphasis on preserving racial hierarchy in the Mexican population B. The development of new national myths based on the bravery of the creole elite C. Ideological appeals made to the Mexican middle class D. The creation of communal landholdings for Mexican peasants

D. The creation of communal landholdings for Mexican peasants

Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia? A. South Asian societies were most disrupted by the Black Death, with the destruction of the Brahman caste. B. Infected victims died slowly, coughing blood and oozing pus from sores the size of tennis balls. C. The plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political collapse, destroying the Umayyad caliphate. D. The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

D. The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world? A. The decision caused European buyers to look elsewhere to buy wheat, copper, and wool. B. The decision led to economic expansion and increased Ottoman tax revenue. C. The decision promoted increased investment in local Ottoman industries such as silk production. D. The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants.

D. The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants.

What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment? A. Increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities B. The expansion of educational opportunities for rural women C. Increased respect for traditional elites and clerics D. The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking

D. The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking

Which of the following led to increased agricultural production in China in the late 1970s? A. The government sponsored new farming methods that were superior to their competitors. B. Chinese agronomists bred new strains of rice that were immune to plant diseases. C. China's climate was well suited for food production, especially in the western and northern parts of the country. D. The government broke up some collectives and restored the family as the basic economic unit in rural areas.

D. The government broke up some collectives and restored the family as the basic economic unit in rural areas.

In Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, which of the following was a manifestation of anxiety about race? A. Increased anti-American sentiment B. Greater government regulation of foreign banks C. The spread of the franchise to the working class D. The growth of anti-Semitic thought and behavior

D. The growth of anti-Semitic thought and behavior

In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system? A. The mercantile system decreased the power of kings and aristocrats. B. The mercantile system promoted free trade between American colonies. C. The mercantile system did not support mining bullion in the Americas. D. The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world.

D. The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world.

Following World War II, which of the following emerged as the prevailing global political organization? A. The Warsaw Pact B. The multiethnic empire C. The European Economic Community D. The nation-state

D. The nation-state

Why did Indian nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries pose a different challenge to British rule than had the 1857 Indian Rebellion? A. The nationalists' anarchic beliefs meant that their actions could not often be predicted. B. The nationalists relied on religious symbolism, which the 1857 rebels had ignored. C. The nationalists had much stronger ties to India's peasant majority than had the 1857 rebels. D. The nationalist leaders imagined an Indian national community that encompassed the whole of British India rather than defending local identities.

D. The nationalist leaders imagined an Indian national community that encompassed the whole of British India rather than defending local identities.

What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making? A. The cotton gin B. The water frame C. The printing press D. The steam engine

D. The steam engine

Which of the following factors encouraged the British to transfer power quickly to the Indian National Congress following World War II? A. The outbreak of civil war between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia in 1945 encouraged the British to leave India as quickly as possible. B. The British had to give up the rule of India because Indian nationalists threatened violent revolution over the British attempt to select the Indian cricket team to tour Australia in 1946. C. The British, exhausted from World War II, were unable to cope with the cost of famine relief in 1946. D. The threat of radicalized peasant uprisings prompted the British to expedite the transfer of power to the middle-class leaders of the Indian National Congress.

D. The threat of radicalized peasant uprisings prompted the British to expedite the transfer of power to the middle-class leaders of the Indian National Congress.

Which group closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika? A. The devshirme B. The janissaries C. The Sufis D. The ulama

D. The ulama

In response to Commodore Perry's arrival in Edo Bay, how did young Japanese elites plan to modernize? A. They planned to adopt both Western technology and Western culture. B. They planned to adopt Western forms of governance, while maintaining Japanese technological traditions. C. They planned to adopt both Western culture and Christianity. D. They planned to adopt Western technology, while maintaining Japanese culture.

D. They planned to adopt Western technology, while maintaining Japanese culture.

What was a goal of the Mayans in the Yucatan peninsula when they revolted against the Mexican government in 1847? A. They wanted complete cultural autonomy. B. They wanted political independence. C. They wanted to retain the right to own their land individually. D.They wanted political equality with other Mexicans

D. They wanted political equality with other Mexicans.

Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory? A. Their policies forced the Turkish language upon Arabs and Europeans. B. They abandoned control of rural areas to local authorities and focused their attention exclusively on controlling urban areas. C. They demanded strict conformity to the Shiite branch of Islam. D. They were flexible and tolerant.

D. They were flexible and tolerant.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement? A. They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions. B. Hundreds of violent slave revolts broke out across the Caribbean. C. Slaves tried to increase their productivity so that their masters would free them as a reward. D. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

D. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. The expansion of trade with Europeans B. The conquest of neighboring states C. Improved agricultural techniques D. Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

D. Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

What was the general goal of imperial powers, such as Great Britain, in the late nineteenth century? A. To create an integrated, competitive global economy B. To monopolize as large a proportion as possible of the finite global supply of gold C. To profit by instructing other regions of the world in industrial production methods D. To force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities

D. To force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities

What was the general goal of imperial powers, such as Great Britain, in the late nineteenth century? A. To profit by instructing other regions of the world in industrial production methods B. To monopolize as large a proportion as possible of the finite global supply of gold C. To create an integrated, competitive global economy D. To force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities

D. To force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities

Which of the following was a primary goal of the truth commission process used during transitions from oppressive governments to democratic ones? A. To punish the perpetrators of violent acts under the old regime B. To prevent mass killings C. To force the overthrow of governments that violated human rights D. To increase the legitimacy of the new democratic government

D. To increase the legitimacy of the new democratic government

What did Pan-Islamism ask of Muslims? A. To withdraw from political concerns and focus on their religious activities B. To support the multiethnic empires in which they lived C. To create nation-states with majority Muslim populations D. To put aside differences between Shiite and Sunni and work against European aggression

D. To put aside differences between Shiite and Sunni and work against European aggression

After the Spanish-American War, American expansionism increasingly involved which of the following? A. Conquering new territories in Asia and Africa B. Subsidizing settlement by Americans in newly conquered lands C. Establishing peaceful trade relationships D. Turning nominally independent countries into dependent states

D. Turning nominally independent countries into dependent states

How did discrimination against women hurt developing countries' efforts to combat poverty at the end of the twentieth century? A. Customs preventing women from participating in the marketplace limited the opportunities for economic transactions in these countries. B. Imbalances in the numbers of men and women in the population reduced the number of productive households below what it ideally would have been. C. The lack of effective antidiscrimination laws drove wages down throughout these countries' workforces. D. Women's lack of access to education and high rates of illiteracy limited their abilities to become effective economic actors.

D. Women's lack of access to education and high rates of illiteracy limited their abilities to become effective economic actors.

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it: A. depended on enslaving native peoples to mine silver. B. depended on peaceful relationships and trade with native peoples. C. resulted from a desire to spread Christianity to as many parts of the world as possible. D.dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler

D. dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler

In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by: A. the growth of Latin as an international language. B. the Catholic Church, which realized that a powerful king could secure the church's authority. C. feudalism, which revived in the late fourteenth century. D. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

D. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had: A. little settled agriculture. B. large pastoral populations who spread the plague. C. been conquered by the Mongols and had no strong political structure. D. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations.

D. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations.

One result of the emergence of popular culture was: A. the decline of institutions such as art museums and opera houses. B. increased cultural unity, as everyone read the same books and newspapers. C. the growth of the fashion industry. D. the use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity.

D. the use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity.

In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by: A. financing exploration along the western coast of Africa. B. opening new trade routes in the Mediterranean. C. establishing a society where Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived in relative harmony. D. using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.

D. using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.

Art in Renaissance Europe, Ming China, and the Ottoman Empire challenged the authority of traditional political and religious elites. True/False

False

As Africa became increasingly caught up in global economic exchanges during this period, African culture was heavily influenced by European culture. True False

False

As large banks and huge industrial corporations gained control of the international economy, most critics called for a return to free market capitalism. True/False

False

Despite heated rhetoric, the overall levels of military spending by the superpowers decreased during the 1970s and 1980s. True/False

False

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic reform movements were encouraged by proximity to major trade routes and the growth of capitalism. True/False

False

Farmers throughout the world were able to benefit from the introduction of "green revolution" technologies to agriculture. True/False

False

Following the Council of Trent, the Cistercians sent missionaries to the Americas, India, Japan, and China. True/False

False

In both Brazil and America, the abolition of slavery quickly led to expansion of voting rights. True/False

False

In the sixteenth century, the world's most dynamic cultures were in Europe because of their control of the Atlantic trade. True False

False

India and China both achieved political independence peacefully True/False

False

Introducing new types of weapons broke the stalemate on the Western Front in World War I. True False

False

Japan began its military expansion into mainland Asia after World War II began. True/False

False

Like other authoritarian movements, the Bolsheviks first acquired power through legal, electoral means. True False

False

Marx and Engels believed that the conflict between proletariat and bourgeoisie would be succeeded by other stages of class conflict. True False

False

Modern artists, such as Picasso and Schönberg, turned increasingly to traditional realism in order to appeal to the masses. True/False

False

NATO and the Warsaw Pact were both designed to help contain the spread of communism. True False

False

Napoleon's invasions repressed attempts to reform society in both Russia and the Ottoman world. True False

False

Red Lantern women lived and fought alongside their male counterparts in the Boxer Rebellion in order to prevent the Boxers being swayed by Christian women. True/False

False

The British avoided the use of technologies like the railroad and telegraph in India because they feared that rebels could turn their tools against them. True/False

False

The Cold War superpowers stayed out of civil wars in Third World countries, believing that such conflicts ought to be resolved internally. True/False

False

The Mughal dynasty made a successful effort to develop a naval presence in the Indian Ocean to forestall the growing European influence in the region. True/False

False

The bureaucratic structure of the Ottoman Empire was much more extensive than that of the Ming dynasty. True False

False

The demographic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was as devastating as the impact of Afro-Eurasian diseases on Amerindians in the sixteenth century. True/False

False

The movement of the Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing weakened the Chinese economy. True/False

False

The number of Africans sold into captivity in the Atlantic slave trade far exceeded that in the Muslim slave trade. True/False

False

The primary reason for the dramatic increase in the global population during the late twentieth century was an increase in the birthrate. True False

False

While the Ming, the Ottomans, and the Iberian kingdoms all acquired territory through military conquest, only the Ottomans and the Ming also pursued state-sponsored naval expansionism. True False

False

For Gandhi, the most effective route to accomplishing Indian independence was for all Indians to embrace self-reliance and nonviolent resistance to colonial rule. True/False

True

Imperial expansion often met resistance from communities being incorporated into new empires. True False

True

In China, the economy's increasing commercialization helped weaken government controls on what could be printed. True/False

True

In Europe, political stabilization following the Black Death occurred fastest in the south, where kingdoms, city, and states enjoyed easy access to trade with the Southwest Asia. True False

True

In both Europe and China, the Black Death led to the rise of radical religious groups that spoke of impending doom. True/False

True

In general, English colonists had a much more antagonistic relationship with Indians in North America than did French colonists. True False

True

In the Caste War, the Maya were finally defeated because the Mexican war with the United States ended in 1848. True/False

True

Japan, unlike Asian land-based empires, embraced outside influences that could be put to good use. True/False

True

Most governments imposed few restrictions on immigration before 1914. True False

True

One effect of the Anglo-Boer War was that the horrors the British perpetrated led them to question their belief in themselves as enlightened colonial rulers. True False

True

Qing officials were more worried about internal turmoil than they were about European attempts to carve China up into spheres of influence. True/False

True

The American Revolution was the first of a series of revolutions to shake the Atlantic world, inspired by new ideas of freedom. True False

True

The Aztecs and Incas used conscripted labor to build public wealth, while the Spanish used forced labor to enrich private individuals. True/False

True

The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars shattered the ties between Spain and Portugal and their American colonies. True False

True

The German government's unwillingness to tax its citizens at a rate similar to that of other European countries following World War I helped lead to hyperinflation. True/False

True

The Ottoman Empire was more ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse than any previous Muslim state. True False

True

The Ottoman massacre and deportation of over a million Armenians during World War I is generally considered to have been the world's first genocide. True False

True

The Tokugawa shogunate, unlike many other states in the seventeenth century, regulated foreign intrusion and managed to remain free of outside exploitation. True False

True

The development of the Internet and online trading not only helped capital to move more freely around the world, it also led to more economic volatility. True/False

True

The experience of conquering the Aztec Empire taught the Spanish that effective conquest had to be accomplished quickly, completely destroying indigenous symbols of legitimate authority. True/False

True

The industrial revolution brought more demanding work routines to Africa and Asia as well as to Europe and North America. True/False

True

The introduction of the assembly line by American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford allowed his company to increase production sharply while dramatically reducing costs. True/False

True

The reason that Nazi bureaucrats decided to exterminate, instead of deporting, the Jewish population of eastern Europe was that they believed that deportation was too costly. True/False

True

Tropical commodities from their colonies enriched industrialized imperial states True/False

True

Under the absolutist system of King Louis XIV of France, the king could overrule his jurists and proclaim law. True False

True

While many things about the global economy changed during the latter twentieth century, countries that depended on raw materials production remained poor and vulnerable to economic fluctuations. True False

True