Hort 101 modules 6-11 :)

Which of the following statements about Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is NOT accurate: A) It has genes that allow it to produce insecticidal proteins. B) Bt toxins are not regulated by the EPA. C) The bacterium occurs naturally in the soil. D) Bt toxins are approved for use as organic pestici

B

Which of the following statements about Barbara McClintock is NOT accurate? A) She concluded that genes can turn "on" and "off" like switches. B) She allowed her corn plants to open pollinate, ensuring random crosses. C) She was awarded the Nobel Prize. D) She studied seed color in wild maize.

B

Which of the following statements about nursery sales is NOT accurate: A) Landscapers generally need 3 to 5 gallon containers and balled and burlapped plants (B&B). B) Field grown plants generate more sales than plants grown in containers. C) Retail nurseries usually sell plants in containers 1 to 3 gallons in size. D) Sales are dependent on the health of the construction industry.

B

Which of the following statements about rockwool substrate culture is NOT accurate: A) Nutrients are distributed to individual plants using drip tubing. B) The nutrient solution is recovered and re-used. C) Production is easily automated. D) Initial costs are relatively low.

B

Which of the following statements about soluble salts is not accurate? A) Periodically flush the water with four to five times the container volume to leach out salts. B) Controlled-release fertilizers do not cause soluble salt accumulation. C) Symptoms include stunted growth, chlorotic or necrotic foliage, and injured roots. D) They may result from hard water and/or fertilizer application.

B

Which of the following statements about the influence of light on plant growth is NOT accurate: A) High light intensity decreases stem elongation. B) Blue light increases stem elongation. C) Photosynthesis increases in response to higher light intensity. D) Far-red light increases stem elongation.

B

Which of the following statements about tissue culture is NOT accurate: A) Micropropagation requires the most equipment and cost. B) Explants must be single cells or pollen grains. C) Explants must be sterilized. D) The growth medium contains energy and nutrients, as well as hormones.

B

For plants that cannot regenerate new shoots from a leaf (e.g., coleus), what type of cutting should be used? A) leaf without petiole B) split-vein C) leaf-bud D) leaf with petiole

C

In addition to cooling, ventilation of a greenhouse provides which of the following: A) A renewed supply of CO2 for photosynthesis B) Prevents ethylene build-up C) All options are correct. D) Air circulation to reduce disease

C

Which of the follow factors would NOT encourage the development of pesticide resistance? A) frequent applications B) longer persistence of the chemical C) use of pesticides with different modes of action D) faster rate of pest reproduction

C

Which of the following factors influence greenhouse design (select all that apply): A) Geographical location B) Cost of construction materials C) Space available D) Type of plants to be grown

C

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of weeds? A) may host diseases and insects B) may have allelopathic effects C) provide no benefits to society D) compete with crops for light, water, and nutrients

C

Which of the following is NOT generally an advantage of hybrid seed? A) Disease resistance B) Higher yields C) Hybrid vigor lasting multiple generations D) Uniformity in appearance and harvest

C

Which of the following statements about Nikolai Vavilov is NOT accurate? A) He collected plants from across the globe to preserve genetic diversity. B) He wanted to use genetics and plant breeding to feed his people. C) He was honored by Stalin for saving the lives of his fellow citizens. D) He established a seed bank.

C

Which of the following statements about cutting propagation is NOT accurate: A) Polarity should be maintained when cuttings are planted. B) Fertilization is not necessary until roots have emerged. C) Root cuttings should be taken during the growing season when plants are actively producing new shoots. D) Morning is the best time to take cuttings because plants are most turgid (hydrated).

C

Which of the following statements about easements is NOT accurate: A) Can be found in the title report and attachments for a property. B) Allow someone else legal access to your property. C) Do not transfer when a property is sold. D) Typically granted for roads, power, and other infrastructure.

C

Which of the following statements about fan and pad cooling is NOT accurate: A) As air passes through the pads, evaporation of water decreases the temperature. B) Cooling is not as effective at high humidity. C) Systems require special nozzles to generate ultrafine water droplets. D) Exhaust fans are used to draw outside air into the greenhouse, passing through pads soaked with water.

C

Which of the following statements about materials used as greenhouse coverings is NOT accurate: A) Glass provides the best light transmission but is heavy, requiring more structural support, and expensive. B) Polyethylene film has a low intial cost but short life span (< 4 years) due to UV degradation. C) Acrylic and polycarbonate are the most popular coverings because they have good light transmission, easy installation, long lifespan, and are not flammable. D) Fiberglass-reinforced plastic has excellent light transmission but degrades relatively fast and presents a fire hazard.

C

Which of the following statements about the differences between genetic engineering (GE) and conventional (traditional) breeding is NOT accurate? A) GE is more specific than traditional breeding since only a select gene(s) are transferred. B) GE technologies include gene transfer or editing through Agrobacterium, the gene gun, and CRISPR-Cas9. C) New varieties produced via conventional breeding are tested for human and environmental safety. D) Traditional breeding includes the use of x-rays to create genetic variation through mutations.

C

Which of the following statements about tube irrigation is NOT accurate: A) Fertilizer can be added to irrigation water. B) Thin plastic tubes deliver water to media in individual pots. C) Systems accommodate different pot sizes. D) Tubes must be inspected for salt deposits and blockage.

C

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of installing windbreaks? A) Protection from pesticide spray drift. B) Reduced issues with containers blowing over. C) Decreased soil erosion D) Some species serve as alternate hosts for disease.

D

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual propagation, as compared to sexual propagation? A) Provides the only option for plants that produce little or no viable seed (e.g., bananas, navel oranges) B) Allows use of disease-resistant rootstocks in grafting C) Results in clonal uniformity (offspring are identical to parent plant) D) Can produce new varieties and vigorous hybrids

D

Which of the following statements about container grown plants is NOT accurate: A) Small containers need frequent watering, and nutrients are rapidly depleted. B) Root circling may become an issue if plants are left in pots too long. C) Container grown stock can be grown where poor soils prohibit field production. D) The shoots of container grown plants are easily injured by cold winter temperatures.

D

Which of the following statements about hydroponics is NOT accurate: A) An inert medium may be used to support root growth. B) Rapid pH changes can impact nutrient availability. C) Nutrients are supplied in solution. D) Hydroponic practices began in the 20th century.

D

Which of the following statements about irrigation water is NOT accurate? A) Groundwater wells may be expensive to install. B) Surface water may carry microbial contamination. C) Laws regulating water rights vary by state. D) Testing is not required for irrigation water.

D

Which of the following statements about subirrigation is NOT accurate: A) Can accommodate different pot sizes. B) Closed systems may spread water-borne pathogens. C) Water and nutrients are wicked up into the media. D) Not compatible with fertilizer.

D

Which of the following statements about the effect of temperature on greenhouse crops is NOT true: A) A night temperature of 55 to 65°F and a day temperature 10 to 15°F higher is adequate for most crops. B) Negative DIF can be used to reduce growth. C) Bottom heat provides efficient control of root zone temperature. D) DIF = Maximum - Minimum Temp

D

Which of the following statements about transitioning plants for growth outdoors is NOT accurate: A) Place seedlings initially in a protected, shaded area. B) Start two weeks ahead of outdoor planting if possible. C) Gradually increase the length of exposure to sun and wind. D) Place seedlings in temperatures below 45°F for rapid acclimation.

D

Match the storage structure with its description: 1. rhizome 2. tuber 3. bulb 4. corn 5. tuberous root

1. belowground, horizontal stem that produces roots and shoots at nodes (e.g., iris) 2. enlarged/swollen underground stem with nodes/buds (e.g., Irish potato, caladium) 3. large, bud-like structure with overlapping scales (e.g., tulip, lily, daffodil) 4. solid, compacted vertical stem (e.g., crocus, gladiolus) 5. tuberous root enlarged/swollen storage root (e.g., sweet potato, dahlia)

Match the term with its description: 1. Infectious disease 2. Disorder

1. biotic; caused by another organism (parasite or pathogen) 2. abiotic; caused by cultural or environmental factors

Match the pathogen with its characteristics: 1. fungi 2. bacteria 3. viruses 4. nematodes

1. can move via wind, water, insects, and human activity (especially as spores) 2. often splashed in water from diseased to healthy plants 3. may rely on insect or mite vectors to spread and enter a plant; infections are systemic and passed through asexual propagation 4. move slowly in soil but can be spread on equipment

Match the type of organism with its description: 1. predator 2. parasite 3. parasitoid

1. captures and eats its prey 2. generally lives on or in the body of a host and obtains nutrients from the host, without killing it 3. lays its eggs on a host; then the larvae hatch and eat the host before they become adults

Match the person/people with their contributions: 1. Gregor Mendel 2. William Bateson 3. Bateson's Ladies 4. Muriel Wheldale

1. early experiments with pea plants helped elucidate laws of inheritance 2. first person to use the term genetics, tested laws of inheritance on a range of species 3. performed extensive research from 1902-1910, crossing plants and animals and recording/analyzing data 4. explained complex patterns of inheritance observed in snapdragons

Match the type of open-pollination with its description. 1. self-pollinated 2. cross-pollinated

1. flower is fertilized by pollen from same plant; good for seed saving (e.g., tomatoes, beans, and peas) 2. flower is fertilized by pollen from a different plant; leave space between compatible varieties if saving seed (e.g., squash, corn, cabbage, spinach)

Match the type of pest control with its description: 1. biological 2. mechanical/physical 3. cultural 4. chemical

1. implementing "natural" controls on pest populations, includes Bt toxins 2. tools, machines, and other methods used to reduce pest populations or alter the environment; mulching, exclusion, trapping 3. employs management practices to alter the conditions in which the pest lives; fertilization, sanitation, crop rotation 4. pesticide application; disinfectants, fungicides, hericides, insecticides

Match the type of greenhouse design with its description: 1. attached 2. freestanding 3. connected

1. incorporated onto an existing building; easy to construct but limited in size; includes lean-to and window-mounted 2. separate from other buildings or greenhouses; better environmental regulation but more expensive to heat 3. greenhouses joined together; lower overall costs but difficult to accommodate different environmental requirements

Match the light source with its characteristics: 1. incandescent 2. fluorescent 3. high pressure sodium 4. metal halide 5. LED

1. mainly red (low blue); hot; inefficient; photoperiod control 2. mainly blue (low red); cool; tube and compact styles 3. high efficacy but deficient in blue; hot; not appropriate as sole-source 4. balanced spectrum; hot; bulbs have short life span 5. high efficacy; customizable spectrum; cool; expensive; long lifespan

Differentiate between the two types of genetic engineering in plants: 1. cisgenesis 2. transgenesis

1. modification with a natural gene from a crossable (sexually compatible) plant 2. modification with one or more genes from any non-plant organism or a donor plant that is sexually incompatible - or a synthetic gene

Match the type of solution culture with its description: 1. Static 2. Static 3. Continuous 4. Aeroponics

1. non-floating Plant is supported by hole cut in lid of container filled with nutrient solution; solution must be replaced over time. 2. floating Plants are supported in floating "raft" on top of nutrient solution; easily automated. 3. Shallow stream of re-cirulating nutrient solution flows over plant roots (e.g., nutrient film technique); limited to small plants and leafy greens. 4. Roots are suspended in the air and periodically wetted with a fine mist of atomized nutrients; expensive.

Match the type of herbicide with its characteristics: 1. contact 2. systemic

1. non-mobile; kills only the parts contacted by the chemical; plants may regrow from roots 2. mobile; absorbed by roots or foliage and translocated through plant

Match the method of genetic engineering with its description: 1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2. Gene gun 3. CRISPR-Cas9

1. often called 'nature's engineer', bacterium has the ability to naturally infect plant cells using a small DNA molecule called a plasmid 2. shoots microscopic gold or tungsten particles, that are coated with DNA, into the host cells 3. newer gene editing tool, derived from the immune systems of bacteria, that can identify and cut DNA sequences

Match the consequence of pesticide use with its description: 1. pesticide resistance 2. persistence chemicals 3. biomagnification chemicals 4. non-target effects

1. organisms that were once susceptible are no longer affected 2. can remain active in the environment over long periods of time (e.g., DDT) 3. increase in concentration in the food chain 4. pesticides may injure or kill beneficial organisms (e.g., pollinators)

Match the type of seed dormancy with its description and the treatment needed to overcome it: 1. Physical 2. Physiological

1. water cannot penetrate seed coat; seed coat must be broken through scarification 2. internal growth inhibitors; cold treatment (stratification) and/or gibberellic acid

Which of the following facts about the EPA is NOT accurate: A) established in 1945 B) responsible for protecting human health and the environment C) regulates all pesticides D) banned the insecticide DDT in 1972

A

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of integrated pest management? A) stresses eradication over prevention and supression B) relies on accurate pest identification C) uses thresholds to determine when control is needed D) utilizes a range of pest control tactics

A

Which of the following statements about electrical conductivity (EC) is NOT true? A) Samples must be submitted to an approved laboratory for EC measurement. B) As plants take up nutrients, the EC will decrease. C) As water evaporates, the EC will increase. D) EC provides a measure of salts, since salts ionize in water and higher concentrations will increase electrical conductivity.

A

True of False? All plants genetically edited using CRISPR-Cas9 are subject to regulation by the USDA.

F

Which of the following statements regarding our Tale of Two Potatoes is NOT accurate? A) The Lenape potato was modified using CRISPR-Cas9. B) Both the Lenape and Innate potatoes contain genetic material from a wild relative. C) Innate potatoes received approval from the FDA, EPA, and USDA. D) The Lenape potato was withdrawn from the commerical market due to its toxicity.

A

True or False? Biological controls are most effective when combined with pesticides.

F

True or False? Both dicots and monocots can be propagated by grafting.

F

You need to grow twenty plants from seed. If your seed has an 85% germination rate, what is the least number of seeds you need to plant to grow twenty plants? A) 24 B) 26 C) 20 D) 22

A

True or False? Consumers rejected the Flavr Savr tomato because they felt deceived, since it was not initially labeled as a genetically engineered crop.

F

True or False? Copper treatment ensures that roots will continue to grow in length, so that plants have the longest possible roots.

F

True or False? Direct seeding requires a hardening off period for seedlings.

F

True or False? Glyphosate is a selective herbicide that controls a limited number of species.

F

True or False? Greenhouses oriented lengthwise from east to west receive more light on an annual basis than greenhouses oriented north to south.

F

True or False? In Pennsylvania, attached greenhouses should be located on the north side of the existing structure for optimal light exposure.

F

True or False? In propagation by layering, the new plant should be severed from the parent plant prior to adventitious root formation.

F

True or False? In the northern hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive less light than north-facing slopes and are therefore cooler and wetter.

F

True or False? Infectious diseases and disorders are easily distinguished on the basis of their symptoms.

F

True or False? Spider mites have three body regions and three pairs of legs.

F

True or False? The term "heirloom" refers to varieties grown after World War II.

F

Which of the following factors are necessary for a successful graft (select all that apply): A) protect graft union from dessication B) proper cambial association (line up vascular tissues) C) compatibility between scion and rootstock D) misuse of political authority for personal gain

A, B, C

Which of the following statements about high tunnels are accurate (select all that apply)? A) Natural ventilation is used for cooling. B) Used largely for high-value crops such as such as tomatoes, cucumbers, salad greens, and berries. C) Crops may be planted directly into the soil. D) The covering consists of only a single layer of plastic.

A, B, C

Which of the following factors can contribute to poor drainage on a site (select all that apply)? A) High clay content B) Shallow water table C) Low soil pH D) Impermeable layer (hardpan)

A, B, D

Which of the following are examples of traits used in genetic engineering (select all that apply): A) Quality improvements (storage life, nutritional value) B) Herbicide resistance ("Roundup Ready") C) Disease resistance (late blight) D) Agronomic properties (yield, drought resistance) E) Virus resistance (papaya ringspot) F) Insect resistance (Bt)

All of the Above

Which of the following are strategies for managing vertebrate pests (select all that apply): A) Exclusion: create physical barriers (e.g., fences) B) Trapping: capture and relocate the animal C) Repellents: frightening sound, taste, odor, or tactile sensation D) Habitat modification: remove food and/or shelter

All of the Above

Which of the following guidelines promote safe and effective pesticide use (select all that apply): A) Read the label before application and follow directions - it's a legal document! B) Property store pesticides - dry chemicals above wet chemicals C) Dispose of empty containers properly - triple rinse D) Wear protective clothing - especially when mixing concentrated pesticides E) Apply in appropriate weather conditions - avoid drift and off-target injury

All of the Above

Which of the following information is usually required on a seed label (select all that apply): A) Origin (geographic location) B) Pure seed percentage C) Name (species and cultivar) D) Weed seed percentage E) Germination percentage

All of the Above

Which of the following practices can help prevent greenhouse pest issues (select all that apply)? A) Changing into clean clothes after returning from the field B) Installing screens over openings C) Pasteurize media and pots prior to use D) Clean and sterilize benches after each crop cycle E) Choose resistant cultivars

All of the Above

Which of the following properties should be tested in irrigation source water (select all that apply): A) Nutrients present - do not need to be supplied with added fertilizer (e.g., Ca, Mg, S) B) Contaminant issues - sodium, chloride, and/or fluoride ions, boron, and elevated levels of metals (e.g., copper, manganese, zinc). C) Soluble salts - dissolved inorganic ions (e.g., sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, ammonium) D) Alkalinity - ability to neutralize acid and resist pH decreases

All of the Above

Which of the following are characteristics of organisms that some people consider "pests" (select all that apply)? A) Flowers provide food for pollinators. B) Roots of legumes (e.g., clover) host bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen, improving soil fertility. C) Increased species diversity improves quality of habitat for wildlife. D) Function as part of the ecosystem - removal may have unintended effects.

All of the above

True or False? A peninsular greenhouse bench arrangement provides the greatest accessibility and growing area.

T

True or False? After crossing a crop variety with a wild relative or landrace, breeders perform many generations of backcrossing to remove unwanted traits.

T

True or False? At night, cold air can drain into low areas from surrounding ridges and form frost pockets, creating a microclimate.

T

True or False? Bare root stock is cheaper to produce and easier to ship than balled and burlapped plants, but the risk of transplant shock is greater.

T

True or False? Chemicals used to produce nutrient solutions may react and form precipitates when mixed.

T

True or False? F1 hybrids are created by using controlled pollination to cross two parent plants from separate, uniform lines.

T

True or False? Fumigants, which are applied as gases, are toxic to all organisms.

T

True or False? Genetic engineering allows scientists to access greater genetic variation for crop improvements than traditional breeding.

T

True or False? Greenhouse growers commonly prepare a concentrated nutrient stock solution that is diluted into irrigation water using an injector

T

True or False? In chip budding, the shape of the scion must match the size of the cuts on the rootstock.

T

True or False? Increased use of herbicides on herbicide-resistant GE crops may increase the spread of herbicide-resistance in weed populations.

T

True or False? Infrared radiant heat warms plants and other objects in the greenhouse but does not directly affect air temperature.

T

True or False? Liquid compounds are applied to glass and polyethylene to reduce light intensity and greenhouse temperatures during hotter months; when the weather cools, the material is washed off to allow greater light transmission for photosynthesis.

T

True or False? Local zoning regulations include specifications for the construction of buildings, such as greenhouses and storage facilities.

T

True or False? Many issues observed on ornamental plants are abiotic disorders, caused by poor environmental conditions or plant care.

T

True or False? Norman Borlaug bred lodging-resistant, high-yielding wheat varieties that allowed human populations to increase but required higher fertilizer inputs.

T

True or False? Nursery crops include ornamentals, fruit and nut trees, small fruits, annuals, perennials, hanging baskets, and vegetables.

T

True or False? Plants produced from heirloom seed often have poor disease resistance as a result of inbreeding over many generations.

T

True or False? Seeds of annual flowers and vegetables should be stored in a cool, dry place.

T

True or False? Seeds produced via apomixis are genetically identical to the parent plant.

T

True or False? Separation and division are simple ways to asexually propagate plants, using their vegetative storage structures.

T

True or False? Soils may be contaminated with hazardous substances as a result of prior land use.

T

True or False? Stem cuttings must produce adventitious roots, but new shoots arise from terminal and/or lateral buds.

T

True or False? The embryo of the seed grows into a new plant.

T

True or False? The expected minimum winter temperatures, in addition to the frequency of summer heat, determines which crops will grow well at a given location.

T

True or False? The first step of pest management is to accurately identify the pest.

T

True or False? The scion, which is the top part of the graft, may consist of a piece of shoot or single bud.

T

True or False? When a gene from a bacterium is inserted into a plant, the plant can read the bacterium's genetic code and follow the instructions it contains to make proteins.

T