hort test 2

Which of the following plants are commonly propagated by layering?

Black raspberry, boysenberry, strawberry, red raspberry, African violet

Several plants may be produced from a single stem by ____ layering.

Compound

_____ layering, accomplished in springtime, is very similar to simple layering except that a stem is covered by soil at two or more points along its length.

Compound

For sterilizing a growing medium, use _____.

1 part bleach to 10 parts medium

Soil sterilization or pasteurization requires heating the soil at _____.

180 degrees F for ½ hour

An inspection to see if the bud has grown and is alive should be made in about _____.

3 weeks

Propagation by hardwood cuttings is different from softwood cuttings in which of the following ways?

Hardwood cuttings require storage instead of immediate planting.

What is the biggest advantage in using chip budding?

It can be done when the root system is not in active growth.

_____ differ from the T-budding procedure only in that the leaf is left intact.

Leaf-bud cuttings

_____ is the term used by nursery workers for the process of planting cuttings outside.

Lining out

From which portion of the bud stick are the best quality buds obtained?

Middle

_____ are mixed in the seeding medium to give good drainage and aeration.

Sand and perlite

_____ layering begins with the planting of a rooted layer in soil.

Stool

Which of the following plants is commonly propagated by root cutting?

Wisteria

Bud sticks are cut from _____.

actively growing wood, healthy wood, the current season's growth

The bud is cut with a small shield of _____.

bark and wood

The side veneer graft is the most effective way to propagate the _____.

blue Colorado spruce

In grafting, great care must be used to match the _____ layer of the scion and rootstock.

cambium

The tops of bulb producing plants should be allowed to continue growing until they die naturally because they _____.

continue to manufacture food for storage in the bulb

The gladiolus is propagated through formation of small _____.

cormels

If stored, branches should be _____.

covered with moist sawdust, sand or peat moss

When two separate parent plants are involved in the pollination process, it is known as_____.

cross-pollination

Layering is used to propagate plants that are _____.

difficult to root or root naturally by layering

Plants that are _____ have lost their leaves and are preparing for the winter rest cycle.

dormant

Lily bulbs must be stored in moist but not wet, sphagnum moss to prevent _____.

drying out

The ideal time of the year to cleft graft is _____.

early spring, just before the buds start to swell

Propagation by hardwood cuttings is _____.

easy and inexpensive

Narrowleaf evergreens propagated by hardwood cuttings are often very difficult and slow to root; Pines are _____ to root.

extremely difficult

Chip budding is widely used to propagate _____ as well as other plants.

grapes

Rootstock for budding is _____.

grown from seeds planted in previous years, generally about the size of a pencil, of a closely related plant species

An example of a plant propagated with rhizomes is the _____.

iris

Callus formation, which occurs during storage, _____.

is an advantage when cuttings are placed outdoors for rooting under drying conditions

T-budding is done when the rootstock _____.

is in active growth

The diameter of the cutting wood _____.

is not extremely important

The bud is tied tightly in place with a bud tie so that _____.

it is held firmly in place against the rootstock

After the hardening off process, the cuttings are ready to be _____.

lined out

Cutting wood must be of the proper _____.

maturity or hardness

The age of the wood affects the speed at which layers root; younger (1-year-old) wood generally roots _____ older wood.

more rapidly than

The label in a flat of seeds should include the_____.

name or type of plant, variety, and date seeded

IVS refers to a _____.

new propagation system called in vitro soil

The bud is inserted into the rootstock on the _____.

north side of the rootstock 1-2 inches above the ground

Micropropagation is an asexual method of _____.

planting on a sterile agar gel or other nutrient-growing medium

The growth of seedlings is slowed down by withholding water and lowering the ground temperature. This is done to_____.

prepare the seedlings for transplanting shock

All cut areas that are left exposed in the grafting process should be covered with waterproof material to _____.

prevent drying of the cambium

In cleft grafting, one side of the scion is cut thicker than the other _____.

resulting in close contact with the cambium of the understock

After the cutting is made, it is treated with the proper concentration of _____ to help the plant grow roots more quickly and grow a larger number of roots.

rooting hormones

Seeds are composed of the _____.

seed coat, endosperm, and embryonic plant

The main difference in plants propagated by the process of separation and by the process of division is that _____.

separation is a natural method of propagation; in division, plants must be cut apart

Producing plants from seed is a type of _____ propagation.

sexual

For IVS, micro-cuttings are planted in _____ to root.

sphagnum peat moss, course river sand, and horticultural perlite

A corm is a specialized _____.

stem

A rhizome is an underground _____.

stem

The Easter lily is propagated commercially with underground _____.

stem bulblets

A new technique used to root roses more quickly is called _____.

stenting

The main difference in propagating by layering as opposed to cuttings is that in layering, the newly propagated plant part is _____.

still attached to the parent plant

In air layering, cutting the bark off the stem, known as girdling, _____.

stimulates root formation where the plant has been wounded

The specialized plant parts used in division and separation have two functions. One is for propagation; the second is to _____.

store food

The date to plant seeds is very important because_____.

the plants must be ready for sale or planting at a certain time

The germinating medium that sticks to the seedling roots should not be knocked off because_____.

the roots will dry out more rapidly

Whip or tongue grafting is the best method to use when the rootstock and the scion are _____.

the same size in diameter

Seedlings are held by the first true leaves instead of the stem when transplanting because_____.

the stem may be bruised in handling and cause death of the plant

Hardwood cuttings may be taken _____.

throughout the winter months

The goal in grafting is to unite two plants _____.

to rapidly increase the number of desirable plants, to give plants stronger roots, so that they grow as one

In _____ layering the mother plant is bent to the ground and buried.

trench

It is important to include _____ buds on each cutting

two or three

The grafted Colorado spruce should be protected from drying by _____.

using Wilt-Pruf, using a polyethylene tent, using peat moss over the graft union

Cuttings, _____, are made with a sharp knife or pruning shears.

usually 6 to 8 inches long

Potted plants such as a potted amaryllis can be forced into dormancy by withholding _____.

water

When a rooted layer being transplanted has a small root system and a large top, the plant's moisture requirements are balanced by _____.

watering the plant more often

Whip or tongue grafting is accomplished in _____.

winter, when plants are dormant