How Does Evolution Relate to Influenza?

Arrange these steps to create an example of how a virus like influenza might evolve into a strain that threatens humans. Position 1 of 4 A virus originates in an animal host, like a pig or a bird correct toggle button unavailable A virus originates in an animal host, like a pig or a bird

A virus originates in an animal host like a pig or a bird Animal viruses exchange genetic material Animal virus mutates, producing a new strain Human influenza outbreak occurs

Select the two scientists who independently proposed mechanisms for evolutionary change. Multiple select question.

Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Darwin

Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology?

Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world.

The field of ____ anatomy studies structural similarities including structures that serve the same function but evolved independently, or those that have been inherited from a common ancestor

Comparative

Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in which direction?

DNA to RNA to protein

Which is the correct comparison of the sources and ideas of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace?

Darwin studied biogeography and finches and proposed the theory of natural selection. Wallace studied biogeography and proposed the idea of speciation.

The process of natural selection and the idea of descent with modification were proposed by_____after he notably studied beak size in finches on the Galapágos Islands. The idea that changes in a population over time could lead to the formation of a new species was proposed by____

Darwin, Wallace

Which of these is suggested by similarities among embryos (like human and chicken) despite differences in the adult forms of these animals?

Descent from a common ancestor

Which type of selection favors both extremes, making the most common variant for a trait in a population detrimental?

Disruptive selection

Which of these offers an explanation of the relationship between biology and evolution?

Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

The forelimbs of modern vertebrates are homologous structures, meaning that they may have changed evolutionarily to perform different functions, but they

Evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

Structural similarities due to common descent are seen in

Homologous structures

Which process produces changes in the genetic material?

Mutation

Because individuals vary in their traits, compete for resources, and vary in their fitness, the final component of natural selection results. What is this final step? Multiple choice question.

Populations become adapted to their environment.

Which of these molecules contain instructions for specific traits?

RNA DNA

One of the steps in the process of natural selection involves the individual's struggle to exist, which is based upon competition for available____like food and shelter

Resources

In the quest to produce effective influenza vaccinations, what are the consequences of evolution in the virus?

Sometimes the vaccines are not effective because predictions about the path of the viral evolution don't hold up.

When extreme phenotypes are selected against, and the average, or most common variation is preserved, ______ selection has occurred.

Stabilizing

Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace

Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands. Proposed descent with modification Proposed the process of natural selection Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands. Proposed the concept of speciation

Which statement summarizes the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time?

The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences).

Which best describes the consequences of evolution on producing effective influenza vaccines?

The process is more challenging because the virus evolves quickly.

Which of the following is true of Hox genes?

They are similar in closely related organisms.

During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, which of these observations did Darwin note as evidence for natural selection?

Very similar species of large, flightless birds in South America and Africa

Which of these scientists is one of the two who independently proposed the mechanism for evolutionary change?

Wallace

Can the RNA of influenza be examined over time?

Yes, because it has genetic information that can be gathered from each strain over time.

Which of the following is a pair of analogous structures?

a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing

What is a transitional fossil?

a fossil that provides a link between groups of organisms

Many fields of biology study evolution, because evolution is involved in __ levels of biology.

all

Hox genes are developmental genes found in

all animals

Proteins are involved in __ cellular processes.

almost all

Structures that serve the same purpose but evolved independently are called _____ structures.

analogous'= Reasons Analogous structures serve the same function, and may look the same, but evolved independently as adaptations to a specific environment.

Why are there fewer differences (mutations) between closely related organisms

because there has been little time for mutation to arise

Evolution, by its scientific definition, refers to Multiple choice question.

changes in a species or population over time.

Which of the following would you expect to see between two species that have a close evolutionary relationship?

closely matching genetic information

Agents such as viruses, radiation, and chemicals are examples of

common causes of genetic mutation.

An extreme phenotype is favored, shifting a distribution curve all the way right or all the way left in cases of ______ selection.

directional selection

Which type of selection favors one extreme variant for a trait within a population? Multiple choice question.

directional selection

Which type of natural selection favors two or more extreme phenotypes over any intermediate?

disruptive selection

From changes in cells over time to the interactions of ecosystems, ______ plays a role in all levels of biology. Multiple choice question.

evoluiton

The scientific definition of ______ refers to changes in a species or population over time.

evolution

Transitional fossils can tell us about the ______ among groups of organisms.

evolutionary relationships

If a favorable mutation increases the ability of an individual to reproduce then natural selection would

favor this variation.

The process of natural selection

favors some mutations, when they increase fitness.

Reproductive success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term

fitness

Select all that apply. If you were to create a list to summarize the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time, which of these items would you include?

fossils homologous structures DNA molecules

Evolution is the result of

genetic changes within a species or population over time.

Which field of biology studies how genetic materials change over time?

genetics

When an organism dies, its ______ may become mineralized, forming fossils.

hard parts

If two species have very similar genetic information, this means that they

have a close evolutionary relationship.

The evolution of a species is driven by

inheritable genetic changes.

The genetic material of living things, DNA, or of a virus, which may be DNA or RNA, contains

instructions for specific traits.

Mutations arise over time, so when two organisms are closely related (in time), there has been

little time for mutations to alter their genes.

The process that drives evolution, and relies on variation in individuals, competition among individuals, differences in individual fitness, and adaptation to the environment, is called

natural selection

In support of the idea that species change over time, Darwin proposed a four step process called

natural selection.

The individual subunits of DNA are called

nucleotides

When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from _______, successive evolutionary change becomes apparent.

oldest to youngest

Directional selection favors what sort of variation in a trait for a population?

one extreme

Which molecules within a cell are involved in nearly every cellular process?

proteins

With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful

reproduction.

Select all that apply to complete this sentence. Fossils often form when the ______ of once-living organisms mineralize over time.

shells bones teeth

What would you expect to see when comparing the embryo of a chicken or tortoise to that of a human embryo?

similar embryonic structures

While aboard the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin observed which of these as evidence for natural selection?

similarity in overall appearance in finches, but variation in beak shape and size

Human birth weight, which favors an intermediate and not either extreme is an example of

stabilizing selection

The field of systematics includes classification of living things based on

their evolutionary relationships.

Select all that apply. Homologous structures can be observed during the embryonic development of which organisms?

tortoise chick (chicken) human

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils, which can show relationships between groups.

transitional

Fossils that provide some information about intermediate organisms between groups, like birds and reptiles, are called ______ fossils.

transitional

Disruptive selection might result in which of these?

two distinct phenotypes where there was once a normal distribution

Select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

variation for a trait within a population the ability to pass traits from one generation to the next

During the process that turns an animal virus into a strain that may infect humans,

viruses that originate in animal hosts like pigs or birds combine to exchange genetic material and then continue to mutate in their animal hosts.