How to Get a 5 on the APUSH Exam

The act allowed women, people with disabilities, and religious minorities to collect punitive damages for intentional on-the-job discrimination. Previously, only racial minorities could claim damages. It widened the definition of discrimination and forced businesses to respect citizens' rights of equality. It was actually utilized in schools to fund 'gifted' student programs.

1991 Civil Rights Act

The Republican Party, capitalizing on Clinton's perceived inactivity, gained a majority in Congress. More than 300 GOP candidates signed a "Contract with America" pledging support of several popular initiates. The only initiative that won approval reduced congressional paperwork. Newt Gingrich authored the contract and became Speaker of the House. Bob Dole became the Senate majority leader.

1994 Congressional election

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

19th amendment

the amendment that legalized an income tax

16th amendment

Led by Samuel Gompers; an alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; concentrated on bread-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. no women, blacks, children, immigrants

American Federation of Labor

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. They symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior as a sign of changing morals.

Flappers

JFK's policy that called for the preparation of more conventional weapons versus atomic weapons. Kennedy felt that the U.S, needed both a strong military program and atomic weapons to combat the forces of communism. He reasoned conventional weapons were essential as atomic weapons were really never used.

Flexible Response

After the fall of the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu, an international conference was called to discuss the status of the war in Vietnam. The delegates of the conference decided that Vietnam should be divided into North and South at the seventeenth parallel until national elections took place in 1954. The elections were never held. The conference also created an area known as the demilitarized zone.

Geneva Conference 1954

Presidential nomination by the Democrats to run against Lincoln. He was a celebrated former Union general, and adopted a platform, for what it's worth, denouncing the war and calling for a truce. However, the Democrats were clearly the peace party in the campaign, trying to profit from the growing war weariness.

George B. McCllelan

Largest battle in the Western Hemisphere. Where General Pickett gave a pep talk to 15,000 CSA soldiers and sent them on a charge to die.

Gettysburg, PA

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Ghost Dance Movement

supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

an inexpensive solution to fencing; stopped cattle from the getting to the herds of the open-range cattlemen

Barbed Wire

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Billy Sunday

immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land; Ashkenazi

Birds of Passage

Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era; traditional elements of Southern society were deeply resentful of profits made by them during this period

Carpetbaggers

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them

Cash-and-Carry

an increase in the value of money in relation to available goods, causing prices to fall. Companies cut wages because they say people don't need as much money to live with lower prices

Deflation

Munificence of donors in the 1896 election is rewarded by special sessions in Congress. Nelson Dingley raised prices on consumer goods by an average of 49% during a depression with the "_____ ________" to please northern manufacturing

Dingley Tariff

Roosevelt was so popular he picked the next president, Taft, who utilized a different foreign policy called "_____ __________." We wont blow you up, we will just take all your land

Dollar Diplomacy

Fifty acres of free land granted by the Virginia Company to planters for each indentured servant they purchased.

Headright

Ambiguous in his position towards the Soviet Union, Reagan verbally attacked the USSR as an "evil empire" yet his actions were friendly. Anti-Soviet rhetoric proved to be only rhetoric and the two nations resolved many of their differences. By the end of Reagan's administration, due to the work of Mikhail Gorbachev, the it was unofficially over.

Heating and Cooling of the Cold War

was Carnegie's supplier of coke to fuel his steel mills as well as his right hand man. He was very anti-union. He was in charge of the mills when the Homestead Strike occurred. His decision to use strike breakers ignited the riot, and helped stain the image of unions.

Henry Frick

controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land father of progressive movement his book says there will be a wedge between those you have and those you don't; if one is above the point of separation, one is elevated, below it, one is crushed.

Henry George

In 1775 George Washington ordered him, the nation's first secreatry of war, to bring the British artillery back to the siege of Boston that was captured at Fort Ticonderoga.

Henry Knox

restricted railroad "free passes" and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. For the first time gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates. (don't worry, this isn't hurting those filthy rich guys) :) (they wanted it but you don't need to know why)

Hepburn Act

With all these new fields emerging and more dough to be made, northern industrialists need to know who their leaders are and who their workers are. This causes what to be established in the north?

High school

Emergency Quota Act, limited the number of immigrants entering the US to 3% of the size of each nationality living in the US in the year 1910. This system drastically limited the immigration from southern and eastern Europe

Immigration Act of 1921

Cut quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2% and changed the year from 1910 to 1890. Varying countries were only allowed to send a certain number of its citizens to America each year. Angered the Japanese because it prevented Japanese immigration.

Immigration Act of 1924

The ultra-reactionary John Birch Society created this phrase in 1954 as a result of Chief Justice Earl Warren's rulings which affirmed the rights of alleged communists and the desegregation of schools and public areas. But he was still around until the end of the 1960s.

Impeach Earl Warren

Following the partisan politics trend that dominated the era, Clinton was impeached along party lines for perjury and obstruction of justice regarding improper relationships with members of the opposite sex. However, the Senate failed to convict him on both counts. While going through the proceedings, Gingrich resigned as Speaker of the House after admitting to his second affair during his second marriage. Washington DC was getting stranger by the minute.

Impeachment

when the president get's put in time out for being a bad boy

Impeachment

The most damaging to the President was when the hearings exposed the White House's active involvement in the Watergate cover-up. But the Senate still lacked concrete evidence on the president's criminality. Thus they could not impeach Nixon.

Impeachment proceeding

These are benefits of "_____________" 1) pool of low labor 2) source of cheap raw materials 3) market for surplus goods 4) able to share the american dream 5) able to send military overseas

Imperialism

policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, religiously and/or economically.

Imperialism

With a virtual monopoly on petroleum, OPEC drove up oil prices which caused severe economic problems for the United States. Yet more turbulent conflicts existed in the Middle East: religious issues and territorial disputes inflamed tensions between Israel and the Palestinians.

Middle East Crisis

a regional transfer of power occurred as the south was put under martial law, and controlled by _________ __________

Military governors

In American politics, a neoconservative is someone presented as a conservative but who actually favors big government, interventionalism, and a hostility to religion in politics and government. These neocons permeated the Bush administrations - particularly after September 11, 2001.

Neocons

the areas that U.S. destroyers went to the British in return for ninety-nine-year American leases on naval and air bases

Newfoundland and Bermuda Gifts

In 1965, Nixon began his attack on radicalism in America, focusing on the failure of southern white efforts to destroy racial equality. Nixon went on television to condemn the court that enforced bus desegregation. He also appointed Warren Burger as Chief Justice to counter liberalism in the Warren Court. His strategy was to appeal to the Baby Boomers' parents ("the Silent Majority") and the "common man" to win election.

Nixon's southern strategy

An agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east. Both countries pledged for 10 years "to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other powers." When Hitler betrayed Stalin, Stalin was so surprised that he spent weeks alone in his Dacha. This betrayal sparked some of the most bitter fighting in human history. Stalin even refused to save his own son's life. When he was given the option to exchange captured Nazi Generals for his son who was in a concentration camp, he chose to refuse the offer.

Non Aggression Pact

established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

North American Free Trade Agreement

a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. With headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, the organization establishes a system of collective security whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

each nation has a sphere of influence in China, and they must respect the rights and privileges of other nations in their spheres; Chinese officials must continue to collect tariff duties in all spheres we give Japan an open door in Korea if they leave us alone in China (also known as the Gentleman's Agreement of 1907)

Open Door Policy

Decoding operations that allowed the allies to anticipate German and Japanese military movements

Operation Magic

After World War II, the long period of intense rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Out break of the cold war

Were created by the Office of Economic Opportunity to work in poverty areas. This was a part of President Johnson's training programs and support services created by the Great Society during the 1960s.

Peace Corps and VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America)

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons (all because Garfield gets shot, end of the spoils system for average people, politicians depend on donations from rich people)

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Daniel Ellsberg was an analyst for the Department of Defense, who in 1971 released these to the press, an account of American involvement in Vietnam created by the department during the Johnson administration. The papers revealed government lies to Congress and the American people.

Pentagon Papers

barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations and says the US can intervene to keep order

Platt Amendment

segregation was not discriminatory- that is, it did not violate black civil rights under the 14th Amendment- provided that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites

Plessey v. Ferguson

1896 - Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana; the Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, and that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Location in present-day Massachussetts where the pilgrims arrived in 1620 and established their settlement.

Plymouth

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

Plymouth colony

the legal certification of an original invention, product, or process, guaranteeing its holder sole rights to profits from its use or reproduction for a specified period of time 440,000 of these are applied for between 1868-1911

Patents

Its official title says it all - United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. The law reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to conduct searches of telephone, email communication, medical, financial, and library records. Since its passage, many legal challenges have been brought against the act and courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional. Attempts to sunset the act have usually failed as the act has been reauthorized by Congress.

Patriot Act

The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church, which precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.

Protestant Reformation

The ideas and religious principles held by dissenters from the Church of England that emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through bible study, prayer, and introspection. Puritans sought to purge Catholic elements from the Church of England.

Puritanism

immigrants were forced out of their countries by factors like overpopulation, crop failure, famine, religious persecution, violence, and industrial depression

Push factors

Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin was shot and killed by a Jewish settler just after speaking at a mass peace rally. The man who shot him was arrested on the scene. He acted in protest to the signing of the PLO-Israeli Peace Accord of 1993.

Rabin assassinated, 1995

Was a marine biologist that wrote and published Silent Spring. It addressed her concerns on the environmental hazards of pesticides. Her writings coincided with many other novels which brought social issues to the surface such as Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique.

Rachel Carson

Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

Radical Republicans

The major impacts of this technology: 1) Encouraged people to stay at home 2) Sports were further stimulated 3) Politicians's speech could be heard by millions now. 4) Various regions heard voices with standard accent. 5) Programs were sponsored by manufacturers and distributors of brand-name products. 6) The music of famous artists and orchestras was widely available.

Radio

new printing technologies; made it possible for the mass circulation of newspapers

Rotary printing press

Eastern polo players and cowboys from Teddy's time on a ranch; they let the 10 cavalry spend 48 hours "softening up" the spanish, and then they run in and miraculously defeat the Spanish on San Juan Hill

Rough Riders

Authorization from the English crown to form an incorporated body. In 1629, Charles I issued a royal charter to establish the Massachussetts Bay Company, a joint stock company. The charter granted land for colonization.

Royal Charter

A colony directed by the royal government, as opposed to being governed by private investor. In 1624, James I ended the Virginia Company's control of Virginia by revoking the company's charter and making Virginia a royal colony.

Royal Colony

The portion of the New World property plundered by the conquestadors that was claimed by the Spanish crown.

Royal Fifth

Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Social Security Act

A torpedo from a German submarine hit a french passenger liner, called the Sussex in March of 1916. President Wilson demanded the Germans refrain from attacking passenger ships. In this statement, Germany said they would temporarily stop these unannounced attacks, but might have to resume in the future if the British continued to blockade German ports.

Sussex Pledge

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

andrew carnegie

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

anne hutchinson

The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

antebellum period

Strike that threatened the country until Roosevelt stepped in and stopped it.

anthracite coal miners' strike

the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

antietam

The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the early 1800's. Middle class citizens feared the trusts' unchecked powers, and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the rich

antitrust movement

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

antonio lopez de santa anna

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

articles of confederation

halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court

sugar act

The states that were already conquered before the war, and therefore couldn't secede. They worried because they knew the war would take place in the middle states; other wise known as

border states

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

convention of 1800

use of court system to force employees back to work or face criminal/civil penalties

court injunctions

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

crazy horse

A last-ditch effort to resolve the secession crisis by compromise. It proposed to bar the government from intervening in the states' decision of slavery, to restore the Missouri Compromise, and to guarantee protection of slavery below the line. Lincoln rejected the proposal, causing the gateway to bloodshed to be open.

crittenden compromise

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

crop lien system

On 4/10 Spain offers Cuba to the US , but the US demands that Spain withdraw from Cuba by the 23rd, and the next day on 4/11 McKinley asks Congress to do what?

declare war on Spain

political party led by Thomas Jefferson; it feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. It was heavily influenced by a agrarian interests in the southern states.

democratic-republican party

issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

emancipation proclamation

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

embargo act 1807

Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships

embargo act of 1807

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans.

federalist party

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

susan b. anthony

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

thomas jackson

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

thomas paine

created after transcontinental railroad, shifts usually started at daybreak, railroad schedules needed a set time

time zones

The reason why the USS Oregon began a 67 day trip from San Francisco to Havana

to prove we need the Panama Canal

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

trail of tears

These were built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast; made communication and trade throughout the country easier; opened west to miners and open range ranching; Irish and Chinese workers played role in construction; led to the near extinction of buffalo

transcontinental railroads

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

treaty of 1818

Court decision that rules states may not directly regulate railroads but leads to establishment of Interstate Commerce Commission

wabash v. illinois

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

wade-davis bill

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

wampanoag

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

war hawks

War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

war of 1812

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

william penn

proposed in 1846 that congress ban slavery in all southwestern lands that might become states; passed in the House but not by the Senate; slave states saw it as a northern attack on slavery

wilmot proviso

organized campaign to win property, education, and other rights for women.

women's right movement

the ultimate, short term victory for Progressive women

women's suffrage

1832. ruled that state law had no authority in Cherokee territory

worchester vs. georgia

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812, wrote the bill of rights

james madison

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

james oglethorpe

first permanent English settlement, located near the Chesapeake Bay

jamestown

It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

jay treaty

Britain agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley, they did not and continued to interfere in US trade by impressment, in return for new forts and respect for freedom of the seas, US promised to repay debts to Britain

jay treaty of 1794

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Theodore Roosevelt

Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.

john c calhoun

This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights

magna carta

Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

marbury vs. madison

Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.

market revolution

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

maroons

used to manage new people entering the country, train individuals in symbolic reasoning; benefit is the recession proof college towns

mass education system

One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community

massachusetts bay colony

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

mckinley tariff

It was a popular reaction to the military and nuclear buildup under Reagan. Protests, rallies, and resolutions against nukes were passed all over Europe. It was the first popular challenge to Reaganism. Responding to pressure, the U.S. began talks on strategic-arms reductions with the Soviets.

nuclear freeze movement

the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress

nullification

A population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change

Urbanization

Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void.

nullification crisis

A territory that was once set aside for use by Native Americans that was thrown open for settlement in 1889.

oklahoma territory

People who moved to America from after the Revolutionary War until after the end of the Civil War, most came from Northern and Western Europe, conformed to American customs

old immigrants

Territory consisting of the states Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan and the northeastern chunk of Minnesota.

old northwest

ships that are privately owned but are urged to attack enemy ships during a war

privateers

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

proclamation of 1763

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

proclamation of neutrality

1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.

rush-bagot treaty

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

rutherford b. hayes

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

salem witch trials

Victory in Japan september 2nd, 1945 treaty signed on S.S. Missouri

V-J Day

supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

samuel chase

southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

scalawags

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

william bradford

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

ICBM

Struggled to form a solid government for the CSA to be governed by. He worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations. - Defended slavery on every point - President of CSA - Favored southern route for transcontinental railroad and encouraged Gadsden Purchase

Jefferson Davis

Passed in 1959 to regulate the government of unions, guarantee members' rights, provisions for anti-corruption, and fair elections. Enacted due to the concern of financial misconduct on the part of union officials and connected to gangsters and organized crime.

Landrum-Griffin Act

A plan of acting first with nuclear or conventional weapons as a defensive action.

Preemptive strike

The second capital of the CSA

Richmond, VA

Arrived with Jeb Stuart to end raid on Harpers Ferry

Robert E. Lee

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Rutherford B. Hayes

The Soviet Union launched this first satellite into orbit on October 4, 1957. Humiliated at being upstaged by the Russians, the U.S. reshaped the educational system in efforts to produce the large numbers of scientists and engineers than Russia had. In addition, to better make scientific advancements, NASA was created in 1958. Created by Congress, it brought a national aeronautics agency to administer nonmilitary space research and exploration.

Sputnik

This is another of the policies of John Foster Dulles that caused considerable controversy during the Cold War. Dulles declared that the United States must be prepared to "go to the brink" of war in order to attain its objectives. This stance was labeled what?

brinkmanship (It was also dubbed "Mutually Assured Destruction" M.A.D.)

A rush in this area from 1874-'76 occurred when an army under Colonel George Armstrong Custer went to prove there was no gold in this area but ended up finding massive amounts. Gamblers, miners, desperados, and prostitutes flocked to Deadwood, and the Sioux were forced out.

the Black Hills

Was originally referred to as the "Great American Desert," but after the Civil War it was affectionately called the "frontier."

the West

Protection from illegal searches & seizures

Amendment 4

Right's Protection of The Accused, No Double Jeopardy, Due Process

Amendment 5

Battle where Lincoln's armies sought an easy victory at Manassas Junction but were defeated by Stonewall's armies

Bull Run

Caned for attacking fellow senator Andrew Pickens Butler's proslavery views

Charles Sumner

Location where Colonel George Armstrong Custer attacked 2,500 Sioux warriors during the Sioux War of 1876-1877.

Little Big Horn River (1876)

Alabama extremist that informed northern Democrats their error was failing to defend slavery as a positive good

William Yancey

Led by the 'Beats", this youth movement in the US rejected middle-class American values, customs and taste, especially ones of conformity and security in favor of radical politics, mystical religions, and exotic music, art and literature. These outliers that started in the 1950s would evolve and mature (like the Baby Boomers themselves) into the turbulence of the 1960s.

Youth Rebellion

The meeting of "Four Powers," US, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Also present was Khrushchev, the 1st Secretary of the Communist Party. Decided to reunify Germany (some day), and on disarmament, and how to improve relations between east and west.

1955 Geneva Summit

The case in which the Supreme Court reversed Plessy v. Ferguson in 1954 by ruling in favor of the desegregation of schools. The court held that "separate but equal" violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and was unconstitutional. Refusing to force the white south to accept the ruling, defiance toward the law sprang up. Many southerners saw it as "an abuse of judiciary power."

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka

Established 1958 by the Treaty of Rome to set up a wide customs union in 1968 and was joined by Great Britain in 1972. The EEC developed world wide trading relations between European nations providing for a more solidified Europe, another symbol of rearrangement of power after WWII.

Common Market

He provided Americans with the stability they craved, and labeled his credo "Modern Republicanism." In general, he was conservative on monetary issues and liberal "when it came to human beings" - so-called "dynamic conservatism." During his term as president, he backed the most extensive public-works program in U.S. history: the Interstate Highway Act and also extended social security benefits and raised the minimum wage but he was personally opposed to civil rights.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

January 5, 1957, Eisenhower made a speech to the joint House of Congress to limit communist expansion. Authorized March 7, this allowed the president to extend economic and military aid to certain nations as well as use of $200 million mutual security funds.

Eisenhower Doctrine

The location of a 14 hour long bombardment, during which one horse tragically gave the ultimate sacrifice for God and Country. Was dramatic enough to get NC and VA to join the CSA

Fort Sumter, SC

Signed by Eisenhower, this was the largest and most expensive public-works system in American history that allowed for the building of 41,000 miles of expressways in 1956. Allowed for suburban growth, the decay of central cities, a constant source for employment in the road construction industry, and an increased reliance on cars and therefore dependence on gasoline.

Interstate Highway Act

Governor Orval E. Faubus sent the National Guard to bar nine black students from entering Central High School in Arkansas in 1957. Eisenhower then enforced a new court order that forced the men to withdraw, and a mob of whites reacted by preventing the students from entering the school. Then The National Guard was sent to protect the students from the violence for the rest of the school year. All public schools were then shut down in 1958-59.

Little Rock Arkansas Crisis

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles assigned the Strategic Air Command as the primary deterrent for Soviet attack. Great Britain, Turkey, and Italy stationed intermediate-range nuclear weapons in their countries to provide for a capacity for?

Massive Retaliation (know mutually assured destruction)

The demands of national security had produced the symbiotic relationship of immense military establishment and industry. These intertwined interests helped lead to leverage in government and threatened subordination to the military and the constant fear of overseas threat to enhance military development. In Ike's final address to the nation as its president, Eisenhower warned the nation against the growing power of this as defense spending more than tripled during his two terms in office.

Military Industrial Complex

From the Charter of Bogota regional association was established with US and Latin America states and formed an Inter-American conference, a Consultative Conference of Foreign Ministers, a Council with a delegate from each state, and a Secretariat and Commissions.

OAS (Organization of American States)

A term applied to the actions of the US under Eisenhower and USSR under Khrushchev for maintaining peace and reducing the possibility of war between the two nations. The implementation of the phrase is seen in the Geneva Summit where the "spirit of Geneva" was one of peace and collaboration to create a secure and peaceful world. March 1959 the USSR and the U.S agreed to suspend atomic testing in many situations.

Peaceful Coexistence

Symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

"Rosie the Riveter"

FDR referred to US, US factories had to produce war goods fast so government encouraged rapid production

"Arsenal of Democracy"

Head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

"Boss" William Tweed

December 7, 1941 : Japan attacks pearl harbor and US brought to war w/ Germany and Italy too b/c of tripartite pact

"Date which will live in infamy"

"In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor—the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others." Represented an attempt to distance the United States from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910s and 1920s.

"Good Neighbor" Policy

was the first motion picture with a plot

"Great Train Robbery"

What J. Robert Oppenheimer said at the Trinity test, quoting from the Bhagavad Gita

"I am become death, destroyer of worlds!"

King gave this speech during the historic civil rights March on Washington on August 28, 1963. The speech, delivered in front of the Lincoln Memorial, was said to be inspiring and reaffirmed the need for civil rights legislation and nonviolent protesting. The speech reiterated the American ideals of democracy and equality found in the Declaration of Independence.

"I have a dream speech."

It was Jerry Falwell's pro-Reagan followers who embraced the new evangelical revival of the late seventies. It was politically active in targeting such issues as abortion, homosexuality, pornography, and school prayer. They were strongly conservative, anticommunist, and socially influential. It was started in 1979 as a secular political group, and were finished as a political force by the late 1980s.

"Morale Majority"

The use of federal troops to support Reconstruction government. Southerners protested this.

"bayonet rule"

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world.

"city upon a hill"

The large amount of fossil fuels burned by cars, homes, and factories has led to a rise in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide traps heat near the surface of the planet, raising its temperature. The problem is made worse by tropical deforestation, and has become a major environmental concern.

"greenhouse effect"

this isn't a question just type "$" for the answer: President McKinley said that he was sending a warship, the Maine, to Havana Harbor in order to show "good will and improving relations between the US and Spain" - sounds sketchy The Spanish Minister De Lome resigns 6 days after McKinley made the claim because De Lome wrote a letter to his friend calling McKinley, "feeble-minded." (wonder where he got that notion?) 3 weeks later, the Maine blew up and an impromptu "Congressional Investigation" followed. They determined it was definitely those Spaniards that blew it up. Now because the Spanish blew up the Maine in Havana, Theodore Roosevelt orders Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines..... 乁(・ ͜ʖ・)ㄏ John Blandin, who was stationed on the ship later revealed that "We blew it up," there was no outside interference, and so, he was assigned to a Baltimore hospital where he died of a "broken heart over his men." Great Now that we have a logical story with no holes in it, we can conduct a war against the Spanish to help secure "Cuban Independence." After that we will prevent Cuban foreign negotiations and pick their dictator.

$

by 1880, what percent of California was of Chinese extraction

10

Constitutional amendment that created a seperate ballot for president and vice president.

12 amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, unless you broke the law by being poor or by committing any other offense, in which case, you were a slave

13 amendment

(1868) granted citizenship to blacks with no interference in their civil and political rights, all citizens were guaranteed the right to vote, citizenship would be the same in all states, states that did not give freedmen the vote would have reduced representation in Congress, former Confederate officials could not hold public office, forbade the payment of the confederate debt 3/5 compromise is null and void. If you supported the south any debt accrued during the war may never be collected. corporations have rights as individual entities and cannot be regulated by state governments ($$$)

14th amendment

(1870) stated no American could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

15th amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

17th amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

18th amendment

Shortened "lame duck" period following election day in November: inaugurations for President, Vice President, Senators, and Representatives will now be in January instead of March. (1933) Shortened the time between Presidential Election and Inauguration.

20th Amendment

Alcoholic beverages are once again legal in the United States. 18th Amendment is repealed. (1933)

21st Amendment

Preached "One Hundred Percent Americanism" and demanded the purification of politics, calling for strict morality and better enforcement of prohibition. Its official rhetoric focused on the threat of the Catholic Church, using anti-Catholicism and nativism. Its appeal was directed exclusively at white Protestants. At its peak in the mid-1920s, the organization claimed to include about 15% of the nation's 'eligible' population, approximately 4-5 million men.

2nd Ku Klux Klan

Labor and civil rights leaders in the 1940s who led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; demanded that FDR create a Fair Employment Commission to investigate job discrimination in war industries. FDR agreed only after he threatened a march on Washington by African Americans

A. Philip Randolph

Restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

This organization, formed during the Red Scare to protect the right to free speech, also challenged the constitutionality of legislation passed in 1925 in Tennessee that made it illegal to teach evolution.

ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)

First diagnosed in 1981, 97,000 cases were reported in 1989. Originally concentrated among homosexual men, needle-sharing drug users, and sex partners of high risk groups, the disease soon spread. It prompted a change from the "free love" attitude of the 1970s, to a "safe sex" attitude of the 1990s.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Native-Americans occupied Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay in 1969, and Wounded Knee was their trading post site. The reason they defiantly occupied Alcatraz Island was to protest their low status in America. They advocated Red Power and demanded justice for past wrongs.

AIM (American Indian Movement)

President Lyndon Johnson's program of liberalism, which included social legislation in 1965, led to the liberalization of immigration laws. These laws abolished the restrictions and the quota based system previously used by the U.S. to determine the amount of immigration from a certain area. An international "brain drain" to the U.S. was the initial result.

Abolition of Immigration Quotas

Revolt against the Spanish by Indians living at the Acoma Pueblo in 1599. Juan de Oñate violently suppressed the uprising, but the Indians revolted again later that year, after which many Spanish settlers returned to Mexico. When Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres.

Acoma Pueblo Revolt

Act passed by the English Parliament in 1534 that outlawed the Catholic Church in England and made the English monarch the head of the new Church of England.

Act of Supremacy

Was a Black civil rights leader serving as a Democratic Congressman of New York and the Chairman of the House Committee on Education and Labor in 1960-1967. Under his direction the House Committee on Education and Labor passed the Minimum Wage Bill and Anti-Poverty Bill.

Adam Clayton Powell

Act's main focus is on providing more Americans with access to affordable health insurance, improving the quality of health care and health insurance, regulating the health insurance industry, and reducing health care spending in the US. By the time it got through Congress, it was not what it was originally set out to do. Partisan politics has gummed up the works.

Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare")

The Soviet Union invaded it to stop the drug trafficking occurring across the Afghan-Russian border. In Moscow's attempt to take it over , Russia wanted to setup some sort of pro-Soviet Afghan regime. Not only did Russia try to take it over , but they wanted them to change religiously. During the chaos that ensued in it, the Taliban infiltrated the country.

Afghanistan (1979-1989)

It was a chemical sprayed by U.S. planes on the jungles of Vietnam during the war which caused the defoliation of trees and shrubs and made enemy positions more visible. In the 1970s it was found that it was harmful to humans. In 1984, manufacturers agreed to pay US veterans injured by the chemical. No word on how much the manufacturers agreed to pay Vietnamese citizens exposed as well.

Agent Orange

Glamorous, fundamentalist preacher during the 1920s, was an evangelist and media sensation and founder of the Foursquare Church.

Aimee Semple McPherson

the most ardent advocate of overseas expansion (imperialism) utilizing a stronger navy

Alfred Thayer Mahan

People who inhabited the coastal plain of present-day Virginia, near the Chesapeake Bay, when English colonists first settled the region.

Algonquian Indians

had journeyed to England and admired the militant struggle women were waging there, formed the congressional Union to oppose President Wilson on the suffrage issue

Alice Paul

This was an economic assistance program proposed by President Kennedy in 1961. It was to settle disputes between member nations and discourage foreign intervention in their internal affairs. The program to give Latin America $20 million in aid was protested after the fall of the democratic government in Haiti.

Alliance for Progress

In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies. Some were set up by Congress (such as TVA) and others by Roosevelt's Executive Order (such as WPA). These agencies were also referred to as "alphabet soup". FIB,CIA,EPA,etc.

Alphabet Agencies

Powers of the States and People

Amendment 10

Slavery Abolished

Amendment 13

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh was its most effective speaker.

America First Committee

Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war. Charles Lindbergh was one of the most proficient spokesmen for this committee, although this was probably because he loved the Nazis and not because he wanted to save American lives.

America First Committee

act that said nevermind the Civil War

Amnesty Act of 1872

Plan for civil war proposed by general-in-chief Winfield Scott, which emphasized the blockade of Southern ports and called for an advance down the Mississippi River the cut the South in two, the plan would suffocate the South.

Anaconda Plan

swiss; inventor of the first successful compound locomotive engine

Anatole Mallet

Location of one of the largest of many established prison camps during the American Civil War. Built early in 1864, more than 45,000 Union soldiers were kept here, nearly 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, or exposure to the elements.

Andersonville, GA

Became rich in the steel industry. He made his steel company bigger and bigger through Vertical Integration or a method where business leaders own and control ALL STEPS of production.

Andrew Carnegie

The seventh President of the United States who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Andrew Jackson

Secretary of the Treasury during the 1920s and under Harding. Had the theory that high taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than factories that provided prosperous payrolls. His followers were called Mellonites. He helped engineer a series of tax reductions and reduced national debt by $10 billion.

Andrew Mellon

Was an influential black leader and activist. In 1970, she went into hiding after being accused of aiding an attempted courtroom escape that killed four persons. Tried in 1972 and acquitted, she became the vice-presidential candidate of the Communist party in 1980; it didn't win.

Angela Davis

A dissenting Protestant woman who preached criticisms of the colony's leaders to the distress of the governor, John Winthrop.

Anne Hutchinson

The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938. It was mostly supported by Austrians at the time, and the occupation was completely nonviolent.

Anschluss

The most successful political action group that forced the prohibition issue into the forefront of state and local elections and pioneered the strategy of the single-issue pressure group.

Anti Saloon league

diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict. When the government gives into demands of leaders like Hitler

Appeasement

refers to the democratic uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world in 2011. The movement originated in Tunisia in December 2010 and quickly took hold in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. Six years later, little remains of the hopes that the West saw in the Arab Spring. Instead, that spring has given way to a winter of economic stagnation and political violence that has plunged Syria, Libya and Yemen into bloody civil war, has led to widespread unrest in Egypt, Iraq and Bahrain, and threatens to destabilize Arab governments from Morocco to Saudi Arabia.

Arab Spring

Furious at American intervention in the Middle Eastern conflicts, the Arab nations began to downsize the exportation of petroleum products to western nations. Consequently, the western world which relied heavily on petroleum was forced to seek other resources of fuel and energy AND/OR make their cars more "fuel efficient" (dangerous).

Arab oil embargo

Oscar Arias Sanchez, the president of Costa Rica, was very influential in pushing for peace in Central America which was stalled because of civil wars in the region and the tensions between Nicaragua's Sandinista government and the U.S. In 1986, the warring nations signed a peace agreement.

Arias Peace Plan in Central America

the art school that portrayed the grim reality of modern life

Ashcan

The act of bringing into conformity with the customs, attitudes, etc., of a group, nation, or the like

Assimilation

A speech made by Booker T. Washington in Atlanta that outlined the philosophy that blacks should focus on economic gains, go to school, learn skills, and work their way up the ladder and that Southern whites should help out to create an unresentful people.

Atlanta Compromise Speech

outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another though democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination.

Atlantic Charter

US.-GB agreement of Aug 1941 to promote democracy and intentions for improvement post WWII; created by Winston Churchill and FDR in a secret conference

Atlantic Charter 1941

names of the first 2 atomic bombed dropped in Japan.

Atomic Bombs-fat man & little boy

In 1991, hard-line communists seized power from Gorbachev, who wished to give more power to the states. The coup failed, but the political turmoil led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union into independent states. Boris Yeltsin, the president-elect, called for Russians to resist the coup.

Attempted coup in Moscow (1991)

1. creation of petrol (gasoline) from petroleum and crude oil 2. internal combustion engine/four-stroke engine as precursors to the car engine

Automobile Innovations

210,000,000 U.S. gallons of oil which were part of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill began on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. Scientists continue to study environmental impacts, but five years after the spill, the long- term negative effects remain unclear and are, in many cases, highly disputed (of course).

BP Oil Spill

A rebellion against the colonial government in 1676, led by Bacon, a frontier settler. The conflict arose from the social and political polarization of Chesapeake society that crystallized in increased violence between Indians and colonists pushing westward in pursuit of land, which the colonial government responded to by pursuing peace rather than exacting the revenge desired by settlers.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1962, the Warren court ruled that the principle of "one man, one vote" needed to be maintained in all elections. The ruling reaffirmed the requirement that representation in legislative bodies would be based on the people's vote. Also, this decision would try to prevent later voting frauds.

Baker v Carr

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

When Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the banks from March 6 to March 10 to keep depositors from bankrupting the banking system by withdrawing all their money. He wanted to make sure the banks were financially healthy, and to restore confidence in the banking system.

Bank Holiday

Towns in which Mexican and Mexican Americans became part of the lower end of the state's working class, clustered in Los Angeles. (gerrymandering connection)

Barrios

"purple" state - in 1888 they were NY, IN, NJ, CT and OH; in 1960 they were TX, IL, CA; after the shift of the Great Recession, new states became areas where the voting public were evenly split and the outcome in presidential elections was still unpredictable - thus, in the late 2000s the latest swing states were CO, F,L IA, NV, NH, NC, OH (again), VA and WI.

Battleground States (elections of 2008 and 2012)

On Apr. 17, 1961, a group of Cuban exiles, trained by the CIA attempted to overthrow the Communist government and capture Fidel Castro. The Cuban soldiers were supplied by the U.S. government. The Cuban exiles were captured and traded back to the U.S. for food and medicine. Their return embarrassed the United States and the nation acquired an international reputation as a belligerent imperial country.

Bay of Pigs

Resistance to the corrupt government of Pres. Ferdinand Marcos intensified after the 1983 assassination of what opposition leader?

Benito Aquino

Was a concrete wire wall which divided East and West Germany after World War II. It was erected by the government of East Germany in order to prevent a brain drain, in which the skilled artisans of the population immigrated to West Germany. The wall was dismantled in August of 1989.

Berlin Wall

The dismantling of the Berlin Wall began in 1989. Germany, having been divided into East and West Germany since World War II, unified in October 1990. The wall which separated the two countries fell, and citizens were once again permitted to travel between East and West Germany.

Berlin Wall Falls

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

Bessemer Process

Her personal demand for "something more than my husband, my children, and my home" rang true to a growing number of middle class American women who found few joys in motherhood.

Betty Friedan

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

Bill of rights

(1866) passed by all Southern state legislatures, hindered the freedom of blacks, set of regulations limited movement by blacks, prohibited interracial marriage, insisted that blacks obtain special certificates to hold certain jobs Tried to force ex-slaves to leave

Black Codes

The market had enjoyed incredible success for the past five years and had tripled in size. On October 19, 1987, it fell 508 points in the largest single day drop in history. Though it soon regained the loss and surged to new heights, the volatility and uncertainty remained.

Black Monday (1987, stock market crashes)

Formally called the Nation of Islam, they were a religious organization of the Islamic faith that was also called the American Muslim Mission, World Community of Al-Islam in the West. The group was known for its strict adherence to Islam, and was a root for black militancy in America.

Black Muslims

Was a black rights political organization created in Oakland, California in 1966 by Bobby G. Seale and Huey P. Newton. It was originally a small community action group for defense against racism but later it began to urge black armament and direct confrontation with the police.

Black Panthers

Was a slogan created by Malcolm X and widely used by Stokely Carmichael, leader of the Congress of Racial Equality. The slogan called for all blacks to organize together and overthrow the oppressive forces of racism in America. It became the basis for black militancy in the civil rights movement. The slogan was used by a number of new civil rights activist groups such as the Black Panthers.

Black Power

large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

Bonanza farms

Group of 20,000 WWI veterans that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash. They were convinced to leave after Hoover's advisers convinced him to use tear gas, bayonets and fire. Shed a negative light on Hoover's presidency.

Bonus Army

A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.

Booker T. Washington

Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine

Boss Tweed

Men who enlisted in the Union army to collect the bounties offered by some districts to fill military quotas; these men would enlist and then desert as soon as they got their money

Bounty jumpers

(temporary workers), US gov negotiated an agreement with Mexico in July 1942 to import braceros to relieve labor shortages in agriculture caused by conscription and the monement of rural workers to city factories; they were classified as foreign laborers rather than as immigrants.

Braceros

Refers to the group of academic advisers that FDR gathered to assist him during the 1932 presidential campaign. These men would quickly help FDR develop an economic plan whose programs became the backbone of the New Deal: regulation of bank and stock activity, large scale relief and public works programs for people living in both urban and rural areas. In their first one hundred days in office, the Brains Trust helped Roosevelt enact fifteen major laws.

Brain Trust

Women in Richmond confront Governor Letcher (Virginia) about high prices of food. He offered no solution, so they turned into an angry mob and start rioting. Jefferson Davis shows up, and the ringleaders get arrested.

Bread Riot in Richmond

author from the west; wrote gold-rush stories like "The Luck of Roaring Camp" and "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"

Bret Harte

On January 7, 1954, Senator John W. Bricker proposed this constitutional amendment to limit the executive power of the president. His proposal called for a limit on the power of the president to negotiate treaties and executive agreements. Rejected February 26, 1954 by one vote in the Senate.

Bricker Amendment

The periodic expansions and contractions of production and employment that occur in a market economy. First occurred in America in 1819 with just $45 million in circulation.

Business Cycles

A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used the persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest ad man of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus. Also known by his alter-ego, Betty Crocker.

Bruce Barton

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Part called "______ ________." His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Bull Moose

The name for a Democratic technique of voter intimidation. To "bulldoze" black voters is to trample them down or keep them away from the polls. Southern Democrats made extensive use of this strategy in order to maintain political control in the South and deny black voters a say in government.

Bull-dozing

The first son of a president to be president since the Adams (1797-1801 and 1825-1829), Bush portrayed himself as a "compassionate conservative" (an attempt to return to the days of Reagan), but events would prove his undoing and he ended up being a very unpopular two term president.

Bush II

With the disintegration of the Soviet empire, the Cold War which shaped U.S. policy for nearly a half-century finally died. The threat of nuclear annihilation subsided and the American public breathed a temporary sigh of relief.

Bush and Post Cold War Era

escaped to Portuguese Azores, took on weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South. Built in Britain and wreaked havoc on Northern shipping until it was finally sunk in 1864.

C.S.S. Alabama

First, Carter backed the Sandinista revolutionaries in overthrowing dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1979, who was replaced by Daniel Ortega. Reagan later reversed the policy thinking that the Sandinistas were procommunist. The CIA organized an army of "contras" to oppose the Sandinistas. Fear of another Vietnam-like war prompted Congress in 1982 to halt aid to the contras. Reagan secretly began sending illegal aid to the contras, but was never held accountable

CIA in Nicaragua

Was a group of black rights protesters created in 1942. It organized freedom rides through the south to expose the violations of the 1960 Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation on interstate buses and trains. It also registered blacks to vote throughout the South.

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

Nixon created it to ensure every vote for the election of 1972. Appointing attorney general John Mitchell as the head, it financed many "dirty tricks" to spread dissension within Democratic ranks and paid for a special internal espionage unit to spy on the opposition.

CREeP (Committe for the Reelection of the President)

Christian Doctrine of 16th century Swiss Protestant theologian, John Calvin. Its chief tenet was predestination, the idea that god, before he created the world, determined if individuals were destined for salvation or damnation.

Calvinism

It was a place where the Egyptian leader Anwar el-Sadat and the Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin came together with Jimmy Carter. They discussed certain negotiations and tried to hammer out a framework for a peace treaty for the Middle East. It represented peace and harmony in the modern world. Egypt got the Sinai peninsula back, Israel got a peace treaty with a former enemy and Sadat was assassinated for negotiating with Israel.

Camp David

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Capitalism

Fidel Castro led a nationalist uprising against the despotic Cuban government. He initially asked for U.S. assistance, but American businesses feared the nationalization of their industries. When the U.S. refused to help, he turned to Soviet assistance. Organized crime, that supported the dictator, had to relocate after the successful revolution.

Castro Revolution

He worked to win rights for migrant farmers (who had been coming to the US since the Bracero Program during WWII). He is famous for a hunger strike he organized with the help of grape pickers in California in 1965. His leadership brought guarantees of rights for these farmers. He was an important figure in the Brown Power movement - particularly in the barrios of the SW.

Cesar Chavez

An American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviation development. Decorated for his Nazi ideals.

Charles Lindbergh

In his critical novel of the New Deal, he expressed his desire for courts to expand individual rights to protect nonconformists from social standards in 1971. He stated that it was impossible to mix individual interests in large general tax bills.

Charles Reich

The idea of being excessively loyal toward and constantly believing in the superiority of a racial or ethnic group.

Chauvinism

Major innovation led by Dmitri Mendeleev; government either promoted research developments (subsidy) or protected them from foreign competition (tariff)

Chemistry and Synthetics

In August 1968, the Chicago convention was disrupted by violence due to the party split over the nomination of the party leader. Tensions rose as young SDS protestors against the Vietnam War arrived to voice their discontent. The riot destroyed Democratic unity and resulted in a loss of support.

Chicago Democratic Convention Riot

They were segregated Mexican-Americans and also included Puerto Ricans. Assumed as inferiors, they lacked all the civil liberties of citizenship. They typically worked in the agricultural field as menial laborers and were unpaid and overcharged.

Chicanos

On February 22, 1972, the President's plane landed in China. Part of his policy of detente, Nixon took advantage of the Sino-Soviet split to pit the former allies against each other by recognizing China. The China visit sealed the new Chinese-American friendship, leaving Russia more isolated.

China Visit (1972)

1882, halted Asian immigration to America; Started when people of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers; In order to appease them Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act

Chinese Exclusion Act

Which Native Tribe was the last to maintain organized resistance against the Anglo-Americans in the west?

Chiricahua Apaches

A Genoese explorer who, with financial support of the king and queen of Spain, led a voyage to find a western route to the East Indies in 1492. Instead, the fleet made landfall in the Caribbean, discovering lands previously unknown to Europeans and initiating a revolutionary social and cultural exchange that continues today.

Christopher Columbus

Name given the system of formerly Catholic churches in England following the English Reformation. King Henry VIII, rather than the pope, was the head of the Church of England.

Church of England

A federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.

Civil Rights Act (1866)

Passed during the Johnson administration, this act outlawed segregation in public areas and granted the federal government power to fight black disfranchisement. The act also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to prevent discrimination in the work place. This act was the strongest civil rights legislation since Reconstruction and invalidated the Southern Caste System.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Barred discrimination in housing sales or rentals. This act was a part of a series of new legislation that encouraged desegregation of blacks in America. The act was a key piece of legislation which ensured blacks more equal rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

President Reagan sent 2,000 Marines to Lebanon in 1982 in order to help restore order to the war damaged country. When over 200 Marines were blown up by a car bomb, the US withdrew.

Civil War in Lebanon (Beirut 1982)

President Bush signed the bill, which set stricter regulations on many airborne pollutants. The act was aimed at reducing the chemicals which cause acid rain, smog, ozone damage and many airborne carcinogens. The act was a cornerstone in pollution regulation legislation.

Clean Air Act (1990)

An anti-war democrat who criticized lincoln as a dictator, called him "king abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the south but illegally returned to Ohio after seeing how awesome the south was. (prominent copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war)

Clement L. Vallandigham

another issue split along partisan lines - while it "may be" a global problem, nowhere is this partisan divide potentially more consequential for the success of any international effort to slow climate change than in the United States. Just 45% of Americans express intense concern about global warming. But Democrats (68%) are much more concerned than Republicans (20%) about climate change, a 48-percentage-point differential. And Democrats (82%) are more willing than GOP adherents (50%) to support government efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, a 32-point gap.

Climate Change

Clinton's dream of universal health care package died as the bill could not get approval by resistant Republicans. The bill would have required employers to pay 80% of their employees' medical costs, among other major changes. Several compromises were attempted by Clinton, but the issue was dead by September 1994.

Clinton's health plan

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres.

Columbian Exchange

(1917) A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its Chairman George Creel. It was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort and regularly distributed pro-war propaganda. It sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep". Spread anti German propaganda throughout the American populous. (Depicted German soldiers as a racially inferior Mongol Horde, terrorizing innocent whities)

Committee on Public Information

Leading U.S. group advocating American support for Britain in the the fight against Hitler

Committee to Defend America

political compromise ending the disputed presidential election of 1876; by the terms of this compromise Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, thus giving him the presidency; in return, all federal troops were removed from the South and the Congress promised to stop enforcing much Reconstruction-era legislation concerning the South.

Compromise of 1877

With the development of the personal computer in the 1980s and the development of the internet, computer viruses evolved and viruses wouldn't be so violently despised if all they did was replicate themselves. Most viruses also have a destructive attack phase where they do real damage to data. The late 90s and early 2000s was the peak of virus creativity through the boot sector of the hard-drive.

Computer Viruses

was the first major U.S. discovery of silver ore, located under what is now Virginia City, Nevada, on the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a peak in the Virginia Range. After the discovery was made public in 1859, prospectors rushed to the area and scrambled to stake their claims. Mining camps soon thrived in the vicinity, which became bustling centers of fabulous wealth.

Comstock Lode

First - Passed on August 6, 1861 and stated that any property belonging to confederates used in war could be seized by federal forces. Any slaves used by their masters to benefit the war would be freed. Second - July 1862, authorized the seizure of all property of persons of rebellion and said slaves that came to Union lines were free forever (sounds a little to good to be cierto)

Confiscation Acts

Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V" campaign, or victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE became a major force in the civil rights movement

Congress of Racial Equality [CORE]

Term, literally meaning "conquerer" that refers to the Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered lands in the New World.

Conquistador

a Confederate law that subjected all Southern men aged 18-35 (Later changed to 17-50) to military service

Conscription Act

Clearly it happened, but as history needs about 25 - 35 years [in some cases...45] to be analyzed from all perspectives and without teleological bias, this material could be interpreted as significant or insignificant based on time and influence

Contemporary Stuff

system in which southern states leased gangs of convicted criminals to private interests as a cheap labor supply. Convicts paid nothing, money went to states, and jobs taken away from labor force

Convict Leasing System

Those who lived in the south and opposed the Civil War

Cooperationists

Northerners who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. They undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection.

Copperheads

made his fortune in steamboating, he expanded older eastern railroads, replacing iron with steel rails

Cornelius Vanderbilt

the combined resources of a large number of shareholders.

Corporation

tycoons often bribed Congressmen, practiced stock-watering, consolidated smaller companies into one mega-company, rebates were given to large companies to drive the smaller companies out of business, free passes were given to weathly passengers for good press

Corruption of the railways

Southern notion of Embargoing cotton export in order to bring Britain to their knees and support the south's war effort. It did not work because the South overestimated its power, and bumper crops in the 1850's weakened demand for cotton as they found new suppliers in Egypt and India.

Cotton Diplomacy

Cotton Whigs: a faction of the whig party in the North whose ties to textile manufacturing led them to de-emphasize slavery. Conscience Whigs: whigs in the north that were morally against slavery, were a big part in forming the Republican Party, (Sumner was a big part of this)

Cotton vs Conscience Whigs

Roosevelt's proposal in 1937 to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing an additional justice for every justice over the age of 70. Following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs. Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no.

Court Packing

Jacob Coxey, a regular dude, walks from Ohio to Washington D.C.; he wants paper money printed to provide the jobless with work during the good depression; 20,000 started and 600 arrive in D.C. where they are blocked by mounted police and arrested for walking on the Capitol grass; government tries to please them by giving them Labor Day (these dudes don't have jobs) in a 2 sentence dialogue: -the people: "what are we supposed to do?" -the government: "get rich or go die (social darwinism)"

Coxey's Army

Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid to stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting poor people who referred to it as a crime got rid of bimetallism and hurt poor people just when the Panic of 1873 was getting started

Crime of 73

This was a last attempt to stop the Civil War because KY senators did not want KY to look like a movie produced by Michael Bay. South was not interested, Lincoln was not listening.

Crittenden Compromise

in this system, Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery. (a form of debt slavery)

Crop-lien system

Given by William Jennings Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

Cross of Gold Speech

Because the Dingley Tariff was so blatantly protectionist and publicly supported northern industrialists, Republican politicians have to seek cover behind a new issue. To divert public attention, the government chooses to help "_____ ___________."

Cuban Insurrectionists

Was a major confrontation between the U.S and Russia in 1962 following the discovery of nuclear missile sites in Cuba by a U-2. Kennedy placed a blockade on the island and Russia agreed to remove the missiles rather than provoke a nuclear war. It was the most imminent threat of nuclear annihilation and thereafter, a hot line was established between the White House and the Kremlin to prevent accidental missile launches. The U.S. removed nuclear weapons from Turkey as part of agreement.

Cuban Missle Crisis

(Battle of Little Bighorn) Custer lead 400 soldiers agianst Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull's s 2,500 warriors; Greatest Indian victory

Custer's Last Stand

letter from spanish minister to someone in Cuba, which was intercepted and published in the New York Journal. It insulted McKinley and his efforts in Cuba, leading to the minister's hasty resignation.

De Lome Letter

This act allowed the president to survey any Indian land and divide the land into individual ownderships. It also allowed purchase of "excess land" that the Indians didn't need teach NA to act white, abandon their culture (assimilation)

Dawes Severalty Act

De facto referred to the use of power and authority in the absence of an actual government or legal authority. In the 1960s, this meant that segregation was accepted as long as it was not outlawed. De jure segregation referred to the system of segregation that was legal in the North such as New York and Chicago.

De facto/de jure segregation

The Japanese naval air force made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base in this place in Hawaii. Several battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged or sunk. This attack resulted in an American declaration of war the following day. Canada also declared war on Japan. Canadian soldiers in Hong Kong were soon fighting as the Japanese attacked the British colony the same day as this.

December 7, 1941

Carter created it and created an energy bill including taxation on oil and gasoline, tax credits for those who found methods on saving money and alternative-energy resources. It went well and the bill for energy consumption came down in 1978.

Department of Energy

Created in 1966 to give aid to needy families located in poor inner city areas, passed bills allocating funds to housing development projects under the leadership of Robert Weaver.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

To reverse the flow of federal power, Reagan began to deregulate governmental controls over such companies as AT&T, airlines, and trucking companies. He reasoned government must take its "hands off" from the economy to encourage investments and free enterprise - ala Calvin Coolidge and Andrew Mellon.

Deregulation

In August 1990, President Bush ordered a buildup of troops into Saudi Arabia called? It was led by General Collin Powell and Norman Schwarzkopf. It became Desert Storm on January 17 with the beginning of the allied air assault.

Desert Shield

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old, but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Destroyers for Bases Agreement with Great Britain

The evacuation of American troops from Vietnam helped Nixon and Kissinger reduce Chinese-American tensions and achieve detente with the communist superpowers. This dramatic development marked a significant change in American foreign policy by developing a cordial attitude towards the communists.

Detente

Confrontations between police and blacks in Watts and Detroit took place after the voting rights bill was passed in 1965. It sparked a huge riot that lasted six days. The National Guard was called to put down both riots. This violent growth of civil discontent was given the name "The Long Hot Summers."

Detroit Race Riots

On May 7, 1954, the Vietminh surrounded and laid siege to the French garrison, forcing them to surrender. The U.S. refused to give aid to the French for fear of condoning imperialism. Facing this humiliating defeat, the French decided to give up their futile attempt to fight nationalist stirrings in Vietnam.

Dien Bien Phu

Eisenhower's theory that claimed that once one nation fell to communism, bordering countries would follow like falling dominoes (as if communism was popular and only needed proximity to succeed). The theory was used in context of the monolithic view of communism, which claimed that all communist countries were in a conspiracy to destroy democracy in the world. Applied to Asia, the U.S. could not let Vietnam fall after "losing" China to communism. Fearful of Soviet expansion, Eisenhower increased American involvement in Vietnam.

Domino Theory

Clinton wanted to end the ban on homosexuality in the military. The military opposed it. The president settled for this policy which tacitly accepted gays in the military by not asking for their sexual orientation

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

During the late 20th century, the Internet created a euphoric attitude toward business and inspired many hopes for the future of online commerce. For this reason, many Internet companies (known as "dot-coms") were launched, and investors assumed that a company that operated online was going to be worth millions. But, obviously, many dot-coms were not rip-roaring successes, and most that were successful were highly overvalued. As a result, many of these companies crashed, leaving investors with significant losses. In fact, the collapse of these Internet stocks precipitated the 2001 stock market crash.

Dot Com Bubble Bust

Was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The ______ _______ court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that ______ _______ was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.

Dred Scott

It was created in 1969 by President Nixon to enforce government standards for water and the air quality for work safety. It was also created to enforce the hygiene.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

Overproduction (companies producing more good than were being purchased), unemployment (companies laid off workers), debt (people went into debt because they had no money to pay back loans), speculation (buying on credit, assuming prices will go up and you'll make money), banks lost money (they were invested in the stock market), farm prices dropped (after war, European countries planted crops - no longer needed our crops)

Economic Problems of the 1920s

Following his promise of bettering the U.S. economy, Reagan proposed a 30% tax cut allowing the money supply to circulate. He liberalized business taxes and decreased capital gains, gifts, inheritance taxes to encourage investments in a plunging economy.

Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981)

The campaign of this senator collapsed when he started to cry in public while trying to respond to an accusation of prejudice against Canadian-Americans. Muskie's campaign was a possible threat to Nixon's reelection, but CREeP took care of it.

Edmund Muskie

Envisioned a utopian socialist society where the government owned the means of production and distributed wealth equally among all citizens. Competition was irrelevant. "Looking Backward" inspired the creation of hundreds of his discussion clubs. (Was supposed to be a reflection of the 19th century, but was instead a dream of what the future was to hold for all Americans, it was just a dream)

Edward Bellamy

2 US generals with beards run against each other; one is a hero at Gettysburg and the other wins people voted by party, against the democrats; by 1880 the 2 major parties didn't disagree on anything major Garfield (republican) wins Hancock (democrat) loses

Election of 1880

William McKinley-Republican, North, industry and high tariffs. Williams Bryan-Democrat, West and South, farmers and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs. the last election without the Australian Ballot Republicans adopt the status quo "business as usual" McKinley says he supports the labor movement (the majority) and high tariffs (wealthy minority), he gains all the support of big business William Jennings Bryan and the democrats/populists are outspent by the republicans 20:1

Election of 1896

Election between Republican Warren Harding, Democrat James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs. Harding won with his "Return to Normalcy" (return to the oppression of the Gilded Age) campaign.

Election of 1920

With Republican Coolidge running against Democrat Davis and Progressive LaFollette, the liberal vote was split between the Democrat and the Progressive, allowing Coolidge to win.

Election of 1924

Was a race between Kennedy, who promised a new and better future for the nation, and the "middle way" Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon. The issues included which path of action to take against Russia to ensure an advantage of arms, thus closing the missile gap that Eisenhower knew full well never existed.

Election of 1960

Lyndon Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater. The main issue was whether to continue JFK's legacy or follow a path of neo-conservatism. LBJ won in a landslide.

Election of 1964

Lyndon Johnson did not run for reelection due to the dissatisfaction with the Vietnam War and public discontent. Richard Nixon captured the presidency for the Republican Party after he defeated George C. Wallace, the American Independent and Hubert H. Humphrey, the Democratic candidate.

Election of 1968

Nixon's reelection was assured. He relied on his diplomatic successes with China and Russia and his strategy towards the winding down of the war in Vietnam to attract moderate voters. He expected his southern strategy and law-and-order posture to attract the conservative Democrats.

Election of 1972

Jimmy Carter was elected President of the United States in 1976. Climaxing a remarkable rise to national fame, Carter had been governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 and was little known elsewhere at the beginning of 1976. Carter defeated Gerald Ford in the 1976 election due to Ford's handling of Nixon's pardon and the economy. Carter's apparent naiveté proved refreshing but would prove to be his downfall.

Election of 1976

Included candidates such as Republican Ronald Reagan, Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter, and John B. Anderson as the Independent candidate. The biggest issue at the time was American foreign policy, and Ronald Reagan had a greater hand in that issue. Ronald Reagan became the President of the United States in 1980 with the promise of ameliorating the American economy against the forces of "stagflation."

Election of 1980

Former Vice President Walter Mondale got the Democratic nomination over Jesse Jackson, backed by minority groups, and Gary Hart, who appealed to the young but was caught in a scandal. Reagan's campaign revolved around the optimistic slogan "It's Morning in America" and he rode the tide of prosperity (due to computer development and the Iran-Iraq War) to a decisive victory.

Election of 1984

Bush got the Republican nomination while Michael Dukakis won the Democratic nomination over Jesse Jackson. Bush chose Quayle as his running mate for no apparent reason. Taxes, crime, and personal appearance (yes, Americans were that shallow in the '80s) were the main issues in 1988. Bush won fairly decisively on a negative campaign.

Election of 1988

Primarily between the Democrat Bill Clinton and the Republican incumbent George Bush. Ross Perot, of the Independent party, did well in early polls, dropped out of the running, then returned near November with much less support; nevertheless, his involvement split the Republican Party and Clinton won the Electoral Vote with a majority but not a plurality of the popular vote. The major issues were the state of the economy, which had taken a turn for the worse at the end of the Bush administration, the state of medical insurance, and Bush's record of foreign diplomacy.

Election of 1992

Good economy, Perot runs again, Clinton wins re-election. Congress still dominated by Republicans. So, partisan politics as usual (since the days of Jesse Helms (R-NC).

Election of 1996

The law gave over one billion dollars to public and parochial schools for books and special education programs. Most library books in public schools today were financed by that act.

Elementary and Secondary Act

Said that Indian tribes are foreign nations and if you are born into an indian tribe then you are not a US citizen even if you are part of white society.

Elk v. Wilkins

Freed zero slaves, but allowed ex-slaves to 'serve' in the US army; historians believe the main motive of Executive Order #1 was use as propaganda to keep European nations from openly siding with the institution of slavery; Lincoln goes out of his way to ensure that the status of slaves never changed in areas he had political hegemony over

Emancipation Proclamation

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Emilio Aguinaldo

After the failed coup in August of 1991, the 15 Russian states declared independence. Fearful of centralized power but mindful of the economic pitfalls of independence, 12 of the states formed the Commonwealth of Independent States and severed all ties to the old Soviet regime. The Commonwealth was a loose economic union, though it was still considered a single country.

End of the Cold War (Commonwealth of Independent States)

Reform effort initiated by King Henry VIII that included bannign the Catholic church and declaring the English monarch head of the new church of England. His primary concern was consolidating his political power, so that the reformed church shard little doctrinally with dissenting Protestants.

English Reformation

The American B-29 that dropped the atomic weapon on the Japanese industrial center at Hiroshima. Two days later the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. And the following day, another American plane dropped another atomic weapon-this time on the city of Nagasaki.

Enola Gay

Corporate scandals were big news during the Bush years and Enron, while not the biggest, was certainly the most notorious for the era. Fortune magazine called Enron the most "innovative company" six year in a row - until the scandal. Unfortunately for the investors who lost $74 billion (and the thousands who lost their jobs), Enron was too innovative when it came to its accounting records... Once America's seventh-biggest company, the Texas-based energy-trading giant declared bankruptcy on Dec. 2, 2001. It was one of the biggest bankruptcies in U.S. history. Enron stock crashed from $90 per share in mid-2000 to less than $1 by the end of November 2001.

Enron

By 1972 Congress passed this amendment to the Constitution. This amendment stated that "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on the basis of sex." It was never ratified as southern states and fundamentally religious groups blocked it.

Equal Rights Amendment

post-Civil War period marked by corruption in the railroad industry, stock market, politics, and judicial system.

Era of Good Stealings

With the rise of the internet, politics, which had always been local, spread into domains that could not always be substantiated before they became real news. With the power of the internet, mudslinging took on new form with accusations against political leaders in an attempt to misdirect political agendas. Begun with the "plumbers" of the Watergate era, the media tended to focus more on possible personal flaws than on ideological battles and budgeting concerns.

Era of Personal Politics

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Eugene V. Debs

utilized to grade races and ethnic groups according to their genetic qualities

Eugenics

The seven nations of the European Free Trade Association (except Switzerland) and the 12 European Community nations signed an accord to create an enlarged free-trade zone, the EEA. Some nations have loosened border and currency restrictions to make political unity easier.

European Economic Area

A United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.

Ex parte Milligan

Passed by FDR and prohibited discriminatory employment practices by FED agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy

Executive Order 8802

A presidential executive order issued during WW2 by FDR that sent Japanese ethnic groups to internment camps.It was issued because of the fear for the country's safety and also Japanese-American's safety.

Executive Order 9066

Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery.

Exodusters

This guy named Singleton was a former slave who returned to a Tennessee after the Civil War and told other slaves to move to Kansas because they could purchase land and establish "life"

Exodusters move to Kansas

Expanding a nation or country by influencing militarily or economically or buying land from another country.

Expansionism

the New Deal's Banking Act

FDIC

-FDR established this initially to give fair employment to blacks, forbidding discrimination in defense industries

Fair Employment Practices Act [FEPC]

Franklin Roosevelt speaks of the atrocities taking place abroad, including the disregarding of treaties and invasions of foreign lands. The President also warns of America's likely confrontation with the aggressors. In addition, he suggests to "quarantine" these nations to ensure the preservation of peace and freedom throughout the world

FDR's "Quarantine" speech

In April 1982, Argentine troops invaded and occupied the islands close to Argentine waters. Britain responded by sending troops, ships, and planes. Air, sea and land battles broke out between Argentina and Britain. Due to severe losses the Argentine forces surrendered in June 1982. The penguins and sheep, who were the primary residents, were relieved.

Falkland Island War

This Act tried to reform the welfare system. It contained strict work and child support guidelines. Some of its provisions required women on welfare to work if they have no children under 3 years old, and parents without custody could have child support payments withheld from their paychecks.

Family Support Act (1989)

loans with little collateral

Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation and Home Loan Corporation

name given to the group of banks that control the amount of currency and credit available in the US (The federal reserve controls credit by setting the discount rate. This is the rate of interest that they charge banks. If the discount rate is higher than the rate banks charge consumers will be higher.)

Federal Reserve

Explorer sponsored by King Charles I of Spain to lead an expedition to circumnavigate the globe in 1519. Although the voyage succeeded in reaching the Indian Ocean, it cost Magellan and most of his crew their lives.

Ferdinand Magellan

an association of companies for some definite purpose

Financial Pool

A legal arrangement whereby control over property is transferred to a person or organization (the trustee) for the benefit of someone else (the beneficiary); an economic method that had companies assign their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board and the corporate leader wealthy, and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. This method was used/developed by Rockefeller, and helped him become extremely wealthy. It was also used in creating monopolies.

Financial Trust

This term refers to a group of pro-slavery, extremist. Often politicians, they were from the South and urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which later became known as the Confederate States of America.

Fire Eaters

Broadcasts on the radio by Franklin Roosevelt addressed directly to the American people that made many Americans feel that he personally cared about them. FDR did 16 of these in his first two terms. Many Americans in the 1930s had pictures of Roosevelt in their living rooms; in addition, Roosevelt recieved more letters from ordinary Americans that any other president in U.S. history. He convinced Americans that he was another common man, even though he was loaded.

Fireside Chats

This is the term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on. This era saw the passage of bills aimed at repairing the banking system and restoring American's faith in the economy, starting government works projects to employ those out of work, offering subsidies for farmers, and devising a plan to aid in the recovery of the nation's industrial sector.

First Hundred Days

The French wanted Indochina back after losing control over the colony during the Vichy era of the Second World War. Ho Chi Minh refused to give up sovereignty which resulted in this.

First Indochina War

Referred to the counterculture of the 1960s. This social category consisted mainly of student protestors who envisioned a life of freedom and harmony. They led pilgrimages to San Francisco and New York but reality crushed those dreams.

Flower Children

new technique demonstrated by the invention of canned goods

Food preservation

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Foraker Act

(1870-1871) the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

Force Acts

Reflected US isolationist inclinations following WWI. Congress adopted a laissez-faire attitude toward regulating business and increased the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Fordney McCumber Tariff

The U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945 and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition.

Francis Perkins

her and her ilk led the crusade to eliminate alcohol from American life

Francis Willard

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Frederick Jackson Turner

An agency of the War Department set up in 1865 to assist freed slaves in obtaining relief, land, Jobs, fair treatment, and education. Rejected by white southerners.

Freedmen's Bureau

An international plan to reduce tariffs and establish laws governing trade of services, investments, and other economic issues, was approved by the 117 members of it. The plan also established an agency to deal with international trade disputes, called the World Trade Organization.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

Was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad, it also showed the American belief in Manifest Destiny. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.

Gadsden Purchase

The first woman ever to be on the ticket of a major party, Ferraro was chosen by Walter Mondale to be his Vice-Presidential candidate in 1984. However, her presence failed to win Mondale the election, as a higher percentage of women voted republican in 1984 than in 1980 due to the tide of prosperity mentioned above.

Gearldine Ferraro

American military commander during World War II. Organized internment of Japanese-Americans after Pearl Harbor. In May 1942, issued order to create military areas in the West for the detainment of all Japanese-Americans.

Gen. John L. DeWitt

Army general in charge of the Manhattan Project; Later in charge of design of the Pentagon home to the military and the Defense Department (though only 5 stories tall--and thus less susceptible to attack--the Pentagon is by floor surface area the largest office building in the world)

General Leslie Groves

He was Vice President under Reagan, and was president from 1989 to 1993. As president, he was successful in areas of foreign relations. He eased relations with Russia and built a successful coalition to fight Saddam Hussein in the Persian Gulf. He was not as successful in domestic affairs as the economy dwindled and the deficit rose; the effects of the era of Reaganomics. He was defeated by Bill Clinton and Al Gore (with a great deal of assistance from third party candidate, Ross Perot) in the 1992 election.

George Bush (the first)

Rose to fame on the energetic support of antiwar activists rushing to the Democratic primaries. He was seen as inept and radical, and Nixon felt he was most "defeatable" of the Democratic candidates; the senator contributed to Nixon's downfall on the day after the election with the aside, "hey, what about Watergate?".

George McGovern

Replaced Hooker in heading ther Union army of the potomac, starting June 28, 1863. Met the Confederate army, led by Lee, in Gettysburg, PA. There on July 1-3, 1863, they fought the most celebrated battle of the war. He ended up winning when Lee surrendered.

George Meade

Was an American politician and three-time governor of Alabama. He first came to national attention as an outspoken segregationist. Ran for the presidency in 1968 and 1972 but was shot and paralyzed during a 1972 election campaign stop in Maryland. His '68 campaign helped Nixon win the election.

George Wallace

On Aug. 9, 1974, Ford became the first vice president to inherit leadership of the nation after the president resigned. To put the nation forward, General Ford granted pardon for ex-President Nixon. As a result, many people were angry that the government could easily forgive corruption and dishonesty and punished Ford at the polls in the election of 1976.

Gerald Ford Pardons Nixon

Germany and the Soviets agreed not to attack each other; it also provided that Poland would be divided between the two powers. It also provided that Poland would be divided between the two powers.

German Soviet non-aggression pact

The Warren Court ruled in this case that the state was required to provide attorneys for defendants in felony cases at the public's expense. This ruling was a part of the effort to reform the criminal justice system and enable poor people legal counsel.

Gideon v Wainwright

the man responsible for causing the Republican Party to fracture before the election of 1912 was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905-1910) and the Governor of Pennsylvania (1923-1927, 1931-1935). He was a Republican and Progressive. Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal.

Gifford Pinchot

The time of economic growth, the second industrial revolution, urbanization, immigration, and political/economic corruption. it included the era of forgotten presidents (Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Harrison) Congress and Business were more important and influential than the presidency during this time. it was the most highly competitive political time in US history.

Gilded Age

1900 - This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

Gold standard Act

- no armed intervention in Latin America -FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Good Neighbor Policy

Carnegie had this book published in 1889; -Promoted Social Darwinism -Wealth among the few was the natural and most efficient result of capitalism -Great wealth brought responsibility

Gospel of Wealth

patented the automobile

Gottlieb Daimler

Passed in 1986, the bill required the automatic unilateral slashing of many budget items. These included many domestic and defense programs. The goal of the bill was to reduce the enormous debt of the Reagan years and to have a balanced budget by the year 1991.

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act

Was a provision used to exclude people who served in the war and their descendants from taking suffrage tests. It was declared unconstitutional in 1915 (during WWI)

Grandfather Clause

1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party

Granger Movement

During WWI, southern Blacks began to move north, where there were more jobs and less racism. The increased number of Blacks led to a White backlash and conditions like Southern racism.

Great Migration

This was a wave of labor protests and strikes that affected all of the nation. An example of a labor protest was six months before unveiling of the Statue of LIberty where police killed four workers who were striking and who were attempting to keep strikebreakers out of a factory in Chicago. In the north people halted labor shipments, and the newspapers called them stupid for getting rid of their own work, because they were owned by the RR companies. President Hayes responds by calling army to quell strikes; EFFECT - FED GOV BUILDS ARMORIES IN US CITIES

Great Upheaval

Japanese name for the Asian empire they hoped to gain; based on cooperation and success, but in reality was brutally oppressive to all but Japanese. Japan offered to liberate Southeast-Asian countries from western colonial rule but instead used them as conquered land for natural resources

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Contact between American destroyer and German U-Boat. British patrol plane dropped charges on U-boat, U-boat fired on American ship. FDR claims that "Germans fired the first shot"

Greer Incident

On October 23, 1983, 2,000 U.S. Marine soldiers invaded this island, and overthrew the disruptive radical government, and put in a U.S.-friendly regime. The press was not allowed to accompany the invasion of the teeny, tiny island nation.

Grenada (1983)

was the "good clean" democratic candidate for the 1884 election; was a Gold Bug which gave him support of the half-breeds and mugwumps; sent in army to shoot union members in the Pullman Strike

Grover Cleveland

Beginning with a bombing raid on January 17, 1991, it was directed by Gen. Schwarzkopf. The air raid utilized the most advanced missile technology such as smart bombs and cruise missiles to weaken the Iraqi defenses. Iraqi forces, though more numerous than the Allied force, were far behind technologically. The short ground war began on February 24 and ended two days later. An estimated 110,000 Iraqi soldiers died with about 300 U.S. deaths.

Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm)

After North Vietnamese gun boats supposedly assaulted American ships [The Gulf of Tonkin is the northwestern arm of the South China Sea] that were organizing air strikes and military moves, Johnson and his advisers drafted this resolution that committed the United States in Vietnam. It was passed by Congress and gave Johnson a "blank check," granting him full authority against North Vietnamese forces. This led to the increased U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Teddy Roosevelt's preferred method of diplomacy in which a nation threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives (the Dominican Republic failed to pay any principal or interest on 22 million dollar loan to foreign banks by US in 1902, so we blow them up to make them refinance the loans. Wonder why no one ever thought of that before?)

Gunboat Diplomacy ("Big Stick")

In 1989, revelations surfaced that during Reagan's administration, prominent Republicans had been paid hundreds of thousands of dollars for interceding with the Department of Housing and Development on behalf of developers seeking federal subsidies. Once again, Reagan's popularity was unaffected.

HUD scandals

All were involved in the Watergate scandal. Dean refused to cover up Nixon's involvement in Watergate. Nixon fired Dean and Haldeman and Erlichman who headed the White House Staff resigned. All three and former Attorney General Mitchell were indicted on March 1974.

Haldeman, Erlichman, John Dean and John Mitchell

FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by James G Blaine; favored reform; against patronage (between stalwart and mugwump)

Half-breeds

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of the "visible saints" to become "halfway" members of the church. This enabled them to baptize their own children even though they were not full members of the church themselves because they had not experienced full conversion.

Halfway Covenant

1. Full funding of foreign debt 2. Assumption of state debt 3. National Bank 4. Protectionism 5. Excise Tax

Hamilitons Financial Plan

1. strengthen the national government(control economy) 2. win support of wealthy elite 3. encourage American Industry

Hamilitons Financial Plan Goals

On election night, the TV networks announced that Vice President and Democratic candidate Al Gore had won the crucial state of Florida over Republican Gov. George W. Bush; hours later, the broadcasters had retracted the news. The chaos ensued. Three states were deemed "too close to call" (OR, NM and FL). As Florida had the most electoral votes at stake, it proved to be the critical state. After the mandatory machine recount in FL revealed that Bush held the lead by 537 votes, a manual count was ordered - leading to "hanging chads" - corners of ballots that were difficult to interpret their intent. A legal battle ensued that ultimately ended at the USSC by a vote (along political lines) of 5-4 to stop the counting in FL The confusion and ineptitude (too complex for analysis here) in FL tainted the election and Bush squeaked out a contested 271-267 electoral victory.

Hanging Chads and Bush v. Gore (Election of 2000)

Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.

Harlem Renaissance

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Hartford Convention

Bunau Varilla is a rich Panamanian guy who uses his influence$ to per$uade the U$ to build the canal in Panama instead of Nicaragua; US negotiates the "____-________ __________" with Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan government refuses because they want to keep sovereignty over the isthmus of Panama

Hay-Herran Treaty

In Chicago, home to about 80,000 Knights and a few hundred anarchists that advocated a violent overthrow of the American government, tensions had been building, and on May 4, 1886, Chicago police were advancing on a meeting that had been called to protest brutalities by authorities when a dynamite bomb was thrown, killing or injuring several dozen people. This was called the Haymarket Square Bombing; Knights of Labor are blamed for it and leaders are executed

Haymarket Square

Where the atomic bombs were dropped; "Little Boy," followed three days later by the detonation of the "Fat Man" bomb over Nagasaki during World War II against the Empire of Japan, part of the opposing Axis Powers alliance. The bombings ended the war months sooner than would otherwise have been the case, saving many lives that would have been lost on both sides if the planned invasion of Japan had taken place.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

He was the Vietnamese leader and the principal force behind the Vietnamese struggle against French colonial rule. Hoping for U.S. assistance in Vietnam's struggle for independence, he later turned to the Soviet Union when the U.S. aided the French. He was a nationalist at heart and wanted Vietnamese independence far more than a communist government but the Soviets offered him aid. He led the Vietminh, a group of guerrillas. In 1954, they defeated the French garrison at the battle of Dien Bien Phu.

Ho Chi Minh

a form of business which does not create anything itself; instead, it owns the stock of companies that do produce goods

Holding Company

Born in the 1920s, it quickly became the movie capital of the world.

Hollywoodland

Because of 9/11, the Department of Homeland Security combined 22 different federal departments and agencies into a unified, integrated cabinet agency when it was established in 2002. It was the largest U.S. government reorganization in the 50 years since the United States Department of Defense was created.

Homeland Security

Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects In the words of Coach Adler, "Made it extremely difficult for plantations to exist, and limited southerners land to 1/2 an acre." Conclusion: south is more screwed

Homestead Act

2010 Intelligence Report extrapolating data from fourteen years (1995-2008), which had complete data available at the time, of the FBI's national hate crime statistics found that LGBT people were "far more likely than any other minority group in the United States to be victimized by violent hate crime." __________________ encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT). Since the Stonewall Inn riot, the LGBT rights movement has made slight, if incremental gains.

Homphobia

Term for shantytowns constructed of scavenged materials by those left desperate and homeless during the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Horizontal Integration

Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants. It was established by the Virginia Company and continued by the crown after Virginia was made a royal colony.

House of Burgesses

As a senator in 1932, he preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc; This man was a strong, and possibly the most threatening, opposition to FDR's New Deal

Huey Long

name of the establishment in Chicago where Jane Addams tried to get immigrants to act more 'Murican

Hull House

The 2005 hurricane was the costliest and one of the deadliest in US history, but it was human error (improperly built and maintained levees) that made the devastation so severe. The evacuation and assistance procedures through all levels of government proved to be abysmal. The disaster would add more than $200 billion to the national debt, cost nearly 1500 lives, and compound the Bush presidency's national debt to $8.6 trillion (the 2nd largest increase in US history) from $5.6 trillion.

Hurricane Katrina

this woman took on Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust

Ida Tarbell

Poor immigrants who made their way to the colonies by signing contracts known as indentures, in which they committed to four to seven years of labor in North America in exchange for transportation from England, as well as food and shelter after they arrived in the colony.

Indentured Servants

north depends on unregulated big business and commerce; they got interested in moving the last native americans off any mineral rich land out west, so: the ________ ____________ Act of 1871

Indian Appropriations

This term is used to describe businessmen who worked to improve American society, whereas robber barons is a term used to describe the same men in a negative fashion. In other words, their efforts made America a better place to live. America can thank Rockefeller for creating the oil industry, Carnegie for steel, and Vanderbilt for improving the national transportation network.

Industrial Statesmen

This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. Effective until WW1

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies)

The large-scale introduction of manufacturing, advanced technical enterprises, and other productive economic activity into an area

Industrialization

these cases appear before the Supreme Court in 1901. They concern the extent to which constitutional rights applied to peoples of newly acquired territories they determine the constitution does not follow the flag

Insular Cases

a national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity

Internationalism

Carried out through Executive Order 9066, which took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated (somewhat) by racisim and fear of spies

Internment ["relocation"] camps

Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, as it was monitored by the corporate leaders of the railroads and private businesses virtually inept

Interstate Commerce Act

idea that powerful countries should get involved in other countries' political and economic affairs, even if the other countries would rather they wouldn't

Interventionism

Caught selling arms to the anti-American government of Iran, Reagan admitted it and stated his aim had been to encourage "moderate elements" in Tehran and gain the release of American hostages. Key players included Oliver North, who sent millions of dollars from these sales to contras in Nicaragua when Congress had forbidden such aid, and John Poindexter, who hid the affair from the president. Criminal charges were filed against only North but he shredded most of the evidence against him.

Iran Contra Affair (Irangate)

The war began in 1980 over territorial disputes. The US parlayed oil from both sides by enticing the losing side with weapons. The war ended with nothing gained in 1988, as Iraq began preparing to invade Kuwait. The area remained a volatile region.

Iran-Iraq War

Started when a Beirut newspaper reported that in 1985 the United States shipped 508 antitank missiles to the government of Iran. This exposure of U.S. intervention led to the American hostage situation held in Lebanon by pro-Iranian radical groups.

Iranian crisis

On August 2, 1990, Iraqi president Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait after oil negotiations between the two broke down. Iraq had complained that Kuwait was exceeding its oil production quota and flooding the world market, driving prices down. This was the direct cause of the Persian Gulf War.

Iraq invades Kuwait

any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York state

Iroquois

In 1943 the allies took the offensive in the Pacific. Forces from AUstralia and New Zealand assisted those from the US. Together waged a long series of battles aimed at driving the Japanese out of the Solomon Islands. Only certain Japanese-held islands were captured, others were bypassed and left without supplies.

Island Hopping

having little to do with the political affairs of other nations

Isolationism

First generation Japanese immigrants

Issei

Abyssinia (Ethiopia) was an independent African nation, ruled by Emperor Haile Selassie. Benito Mussolini began planning invasion in 1932. Planned to link together to Italian colonies- Eritrea and Somaliland. First military clash along border between Somaliland & Abyssinia in December 1934 then, a full scale invasion in October 1935. Britain & France don't object at first; changed with the brutality of the invasion. League condemned invasion and began sanctions (rubber and metal) Britain & France attempted settlement outside of the League to preserve Italy as an ally against Germany

Italy's invasion of Abyssinia

an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 he arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric. Many railroad lines will be forced to consolidate their losses by selling out control of their firms to him.

J. Pierpont Morgan

Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and Caltech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer

J. Robert Oppenheimer

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote "How The Other Half Lives" in 1890.

Jacob Riis

French explorer who traveled up the St. Lawrence River in 1535 and attempted unsuccessfully to establish a settlement in the region in 1541 as part of France's efforts to follow Spain's model of success in the New World.

Jacques Cartier

He was the only railroad builder who built a railroad without government subsidies. His railroad ran from Duluth, Minnesota to Seattle, Washington

James G. Hill

Secretary of the Interior who resigned, but before he left, reminded Americans of the antics of Secretaries Ballinger (Taft) and Fall (Harding) who were entrusted to save America's resources and instead offered them to the highest bidder.

James Watt

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 by colonists sponsored by the Virginia Company.

Jamestown

Music that emerges from African American churches and communities, becomes an international, and uniquely American sensation. Named after the jasmine perfume used by "Ladies of the Night"

Jazz

Dictator of Haiti from 1971-1986, used oppressive measures and a violent secret police force to control Haitian citizens. Many sought refuge in the United States. In 1986, Haitians staged a revolt against Duvalier and he fled the country. This was followed by years of violent political turmoil in Haiti.

Jean-Claude Duvalier

He was once an associate of King. He tried to build a "rainbow coalition" of blacks, Hispanics, displaced workers, and other political outsiders to try to gain nomination and election in 1984. Jackson ran several times for the presidency, but was not moderate enough to gain popular approval.

Jesse Jackson (Rainbow Coalition)

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government (upheld by saying things were separate but equal)

Jim Crow Laws

Elected to the Presidency in 1976, Carter was an advocate of human rights. He granted amnesty to countries which followed his foreign policy. They excluded nations which violated Carter's humane standards through cruel business practices.

Jimmy Carter's Amnesty

He became president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in 1957. Jury tampering was found after he was sentenced to thirteen years in prison for the fraudulent use of the union pension fund. After losing his appeals, he was sentenced in 1967 but only served about four years and nine months in prison.

Jimmy Hoffa

"extreme nationalism tinged with belligerency"

Jingoism

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

John Adams

He was a Republican congressman from Illinois, and his running mate was Patrick J. Lucey from Wisconsin. When he announced his candidacy, he was serving his 10th term in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was known for his strong liberal statements and spoke well on complex issues.

John Anderson

Was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas".

John Brown

An explorer sent by King Henry VII of England to look for a Northwest Passage to the Indies across the North Atlantic. In 1497 Cabot reached the tip of Newfoundland, which he believed to be part of Asia; he later disappeared during a second westward voyage in 1498.

John Cabot

Swiss Protestant theologian who in the 16th century articulated a strict Protestant doctrine centered on Predestination, the tenet that salvation was available only through God, who had predestined a few human souls for eternal life.

John Calvin

Made a fortune building an oil monopoly. His company was called "Standard Oil." Controlled 90% of all oil business on Earth! First to use Horizontal Integration or the practice of building his company bit by bit by gaining control of one step of production- he first focused on gaining control of oil refineries in the 1870s (refineries = plants or facilities that process or "clean" crude oil so it can be used in machines). He was able to drive all other oil refinery owners out of business because he received rebates or secret discounts from railroad companies that shipped his oil tanker cars from place to place.

John D. Rockefeller

Became Secretary of State under Eisenhower in 1953. Cold Warrior who supported "massive retaliation," brinksmanship, and preemptive strike. In 1951 he was author of Japanese peace treaty. Politically influential during WWII, from 1949-1959.

John Foster Dulles

founded the sierra club. Environmental activist. Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of U.S. wilderness.

John Muir

English settler at Jamestown who married Pocahontas, daughter of the Algonquian chief. He also determined that tobacco, which would become Virginia's key commercial crop, would flourish in the colony.

John Rolfe

English soldier who accompanied the colonists to the New World and helped establish Jamestown in 1607. His dramatic encounter with Powhatan and Pocahontas was the start of a fragile peace between the colonists and Algonquian people.

John Smith

Elected governor by the stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company, Winthrop led a large number of Puritan emigrants to Massachussetts in 1630. On the journey there, he preached a famous sermon laying out his expectations that the colony would be a godly model to the church of England, and the world.

John Winthrop

Fear of Soviet expansion helped shape policy towards third world revolutions. In El Salvador, the U.S. backed the military rulers in suppressing insurgents (leftists backed by Cuba). This moderate was elected in 1984 with U.S. support, but his ineffective government was voted out in 1989.

Jose Napoleon Duarte

The American ambassador to London. He , among many other, believed that FDR should not have given Britain any war materials because their cause was hopeless. He believed that FDR should have just said no.

Joseph P. Kennedy

Doctrine enunciated by Martin Luther that Christians could obtain salvation only through faith in God rather than by performing good works or devotions specified in the church.

Justification by Faith

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

KKK

the 14th amendment disenfranchises anyone who fought for the confederacy so we have the FIRST rise of the "_ _ _"

KKK

A compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. the law exacerbated sectional tensions when voters can to blows over the question of slavery in Kansas. It was very controversial, supported by President Pierce and not supported by Douglas

Kansas-Nebraska Act

As Nixon began to withdraw American forces in Vietnam in 1972, he sent Henry Kissinger to negotiate with N. Vietnam's foreign minister, Le Duc Tho. In order to force a compromise, the president ordered massive bombings of these countries, the locations of Vietcong supply lines.

Laos and Cambodia

Created to investigate reasons for the massive outbreaks of riots in 1965, the commission concluded that white racism caused mounting violence, poverty, poor education and police brutality and recommended creating 2 million jobs and 6 million housing units to lower tensions. The suggestion was ignored.

Kerner Commission on Civil Disorders

After decades of encroachment on Indian lands, Metacomet, also known as King Philip, led the Wampanoag Indians in attacks on colonial settlements in western Massachusetts in 1675. Colonists in New England responded by attacking the Wampanoagand other tribes they believed conspired with them. The colonists prevailed in the brutal war that cost thousands of colonists' and Indians' lives. The war produced lasting enmity between colonists and Indians and precipitated the tightening of royal supervision over the colonies.

King Philips War

Attacks against villages in New England and New York by French forces from the Great Lakes. The conflict was an extension of William III's war against France in Europe and underscored the value of English millitary protection in the colonies.

King Williams War

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Korematsu vs. US

Mobs ransacked more than seven thousand Jewish shops and synagogues, 91 died, 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.

Kristallnacht

White terrorist organization of the South originally founded as a fraternal society in 1866 as the Knights of the White Camellia; original target was white teachers teaching black people how to read and write

Ku Klux Klan

major labor action demanding higher wages and better conditions; Sherman Anti Trust Act will be stretched to help end labor unions and control this movement

Labor movement

Philosophy created in 1776 by Adam Smith that advocated minimal government regulation of business

Laissez Faire

In 1919, after the war, Wilson proposed it in the 14th point of his peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join because in doing so, our power of self-determination would have been taken away, and Congress would not be able to decide whether to go to war or not. Wilson wasn't that bright. One of his 14 Points was Self-Determination, the idea that all people can have independence and make up their own government. Except, any nation joining his League surrendered this right. ?

League of Nations

He became the leader of Poland's largest labor union in 1980. His negotiations with Poland's government that year led to the government's recognition of Solidarity. Solidarity was an organization composed of about 50 Polish trade unions.

Lech Walesa

On Nov. 22, 1963 in Texas, John F. Kennedy was shot and supposedly killed by this man. As a result of the "supposedly", the Warren Commission was created to investigate the controversial issues concerning a possible conspiracy. He was killed by Jack Ruby on his way to a court hearing.

Lee Harvey Oswald

To finance the Civil war, the federal government authorized the creation of paper money not redeemable in silver or gold through this bill. About $430 million worth of "greenbacks" were put out in circulation, and this money by law had to be accepted for all taxes, debts and other obligations- even those contracted prior to the passage of this act Inflation in the south is over 9000% In the words of Coach Adler, "The only legal currency is northern" Conclusion: south is more screwed

Legal Tender Act

The legislation gave FDR the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers.

Lend Lease Act (1941)

the liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm

Limited liability

The 1930s were a period of intense artistic experimentation, as new forms and methods were explored, transformative cultural institutions were founded, and artists self-consciously sought to reach broader layers of the public. The rise of social unrest during the Depression heightened the political concerns of artistic works, while New Deal programs gave artists both federal recognition and the funding and space to work out new cultural forms. The Grapes of Wrath - John Steinbeck

Literature and art during the Great Depression

this is why the US Army draws troops from the south and moves them out west

Little Bighorn (Jorge Custer's men got rekt)

shut down workplace therefore not paying workers

Lockouts

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral value. They often chose to flee to Europe.

Lost Generation

In the 1970s and early 1980s, chemical wastes that had leaked from a former disposal site threatened the health of residents in this area. Both the New York state government and the federal government provided financial aid to help move families from it to other areas.

Love Canal (Niagara Falls, NY)

blacks were illegally persecuted and hung by mobs of whites

Lynching

It was part of the "cable revolution." Cable TV became a fixture in many U.S. households, leading to the rise of smaller networks. Once was dominated by ABC, NBC, and CBS, now stations like CNN, FOX, and MTV were legitimate contenders. It specifically became an important marketing tool for music and politics.

MTV

Was an influential black leader who called for unity between blacks to combat oppressive forces in the United States. He was a part of the Nation of Islam, but broke with them to form a black nationalist group, the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). He advocated Black Power.

Malcolm X

In 1931 the Japanese stage-managed an attack on the Japanese owned Manchurian railway by "Chinese bandits." To protect their interests the Japanese army took control of the whole region. Both China and Japan appealed to the League of Nations to arbitrate.

Manchurian Crisis

Albert Einstein pushed ahead to discover the secret of an atomic bomb. Gov funded with $2 billion. Industrial power combined with scientific knowledge. 1st atomic device was tested in a desert in Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945

Manhattan Project

In 1987 the U.S. realized that this U.S.-supported ruler of Panama was profiting on the flow of drugs through his country. A U.S. grand jury indicted him on various drug charges. He ignored the actions. Marines were sent in and he was caught and transported to jail in the US.

Manuel Noriega

Camp where Japanese Americans were imprisoned during World War II

Manzanar

Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, who urged blacks to return to Africa because, he reasoned, blacks would never be treated justly in countries ruled by whites.

Marcus Garvey

ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896 spent 2 million dollars to get McKinley elected; rewarded by becoming US Senator

Mark Hanna

midwestern born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor; author of controversial Huckleberry Finn; dubbed the era from the 1870s to 1900 the Gilded Age

Mark Twain

One of the most prominent male, black civil rights leaders, called for black assertiveness and nonviolent resistance to oppression. He is famous for his "Letter from Birmingham Jail" which promoted the doctrine of civil disobedience (from Thoreau and Gandhi), a method of protest that urged Americans to ignore all laws that they believed were unjust.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Joint stock company, formed by a group of Puritan merchants and country gentlemen, that received a royal charter in 1629. The charter granted the company land for and permitted self-governance by the colony.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A covenant the Pilgrims entered into to provide order, security, and a claim to legitimacy when they arrived in present-day Massachussetts, which was far north of the Virginia land grants that had been their initial destiniation.

Mayflower Compact

Supreme Court ruling: states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders; strengthened federal power

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Raised imports to 48.4% The tariff was detrimental to the American farmers who were already greatly in debt. This is because if America raises the tariff on foreign imports, so will foreign countries raise their tariffs on American goods. Due to the fact that most American Agricultural products are for exports, by increasing the tariff, the farmer's market for their goods become smaller, forcing them to sell their products at bankruptcy prices at home. (PLEASES big business, but it dooms his re-election for Congress; he will be strongly supported in his campaign for president)

McKinley Tariff

(1924-1928) A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Congress passed the bill twice, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed it both times. Lel

McNary-Haugen Bill

Was an American civil rights leader who conducted campaigns to register black voters and organized boycotts of firms that practiced racial discrimination. He also was one of the early recruiters for the NAACP and was the first field secretary for the state of Mississippi. Shot dead in his driveway.

Medgar Evers

A program of national health insurance created by the Social Security Amendments of 1965, this program gave health insurance for persons who were over the age of 65 or seriously disabled. Although some states refused to administer the insurance the Kerr-Mills Act of 1960 provided federal support for state medical programs.

Medicare

A set of policies that regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of the mother country. Mercantilist policies ensured that the American colonies in the mid-seventeenth century produced agricultural foods, and raw materials to be shipped to Britain, where they would increase wealth in the mother country through re-exportation or manufacture into finished goods that would then be sold to the colonies and elsewhere.

Mercanitilism

Direct 1) violence and intimidation 2) poll tax 3) voter fraud 4) grandfather clause 5) restrictive registration 6) the white primary Indirect 1) not telling certain people where to vote 2) opening polls mid-day when people are at work 3) Gerrymandering

Methods of disenfranchisement

Referred to the 1966 case of Miranda v. Arizona which required police to read a suspect their constitutional rights which included remaining silent and having legal counsel present during police questioning. The Escobedo decision went further and overturned convictions which were garnered from obtaining confessions illegally. Law enforcement began to consider the USSC as a burden to crime prosecution.

Miranda Decision

Bush gave a speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln in which he announced that the end of major combat operations in Iraq. What compounded this incorrect statement of triumphant U.S. military achievement was that the ship's crew, in collusion with White House staff, had strung a large banner bearing the words "mission accomplished" behind the spot where Bush was due to speak. The banner was seen on TV throughout the president's speech and visuals are much more powerful today than words. As of this writing, the mission in Iraq is far from accomplished.

Mission Accomplished

1890 - changed the suffrage provisions of Mississippi by instituting residency, literacy, and other requirements that effectively disenfranchised blacks and many poor whites.

Mississippi Constitution

Destroyed land, spread disease, devastated and even killed thousands, and spread over 5 states. Coolidge did not put much effort into relief and was greatly criticized for it.

Mississippi River Flood of 1927

A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car.

Model T

All reasons why the Civil War was the First ______ _____ 1) trench warfare 2) dog tags 3) "Florence Nightingales" - women nurses 4) no more breaks 5) no POW exchanges 6) total war

Modern War

important and powerful people; one of their favorite manipulative devices was the use of stock watering (stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about given assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the actual value; managers were forced to charge huge rates and wage ruthless competitive battles in order to pay off the exaggerated financial obligations with which they were saddled)

Moguls

Was the first engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw Monitor - Sidewheel steamer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War, Merrimack - CSS steamer in American Civil War

Monitor vs Merrimack

Was the og capital of the CSA

Montgomery, AL

Frightened out of complacency by the Soviet launching of Sputnik, a satellite, Kennedy promised the American people to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade. Pouring vast amounts of money into the space program, Kennedy was determined not to allow Russia to win. On July 21, 1969, Neil Armstrong walked on the moon's surface. Americans put fears of Soviet technological superiority to rest for the United States had been the first to launch a human out into space.

Moon race

In this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established. In the words of Coach Adler, "Building a bunch of colleges in the north." Conclusion: south is more screwed

Morrill Land Grant Act

This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. This was just one the new taxes being passed to meet the demanding costs of the war. Although they were still low to today's standers they still raked in millions of dollars. Inflation in the south is over 9000% In the words of Coach Adler, "It's expensive to live in the south" Conclusion: south is more screwed

Morrill Tariff Act

Colonel Muammar Qaddafi was a pro-terrorist and anti-American leader of Libya. In 1986, Libya fired missiles at U.S. military planes and after an explosion at a German nightclub popular with American GI's, U.S. planes bombed five Libyan sites. Hostilities continue in the region and Qaddafi was "removed" during the Obama administration.

Muammar Qaddafi

A political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they could not in good faith support the Republican candidate, James Blaine of Maine. reformers

Mugwumps

In the modern era, where transportation allows rapid communication and exportation of products, corporations could span several nations and reduce their corporate tax burden in nations that hoped to charge or curb their activities. Many took advantage of inexpensive labor in one country and local options in another.

Multinational Corporations

a pact signed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany in 1938, by which the Sudetenland was ceded to Germany: cited as an instance of political appeasement

Munich Agreement

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France, this agreement gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany. Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time." All it was, was temporary German appeasement.

Munich Pact

1877 - early victory to regulate interstate railroad rates within a state (?! we can actually regulate business ?! that can't be right)

Munn vs. Illinois

A race riot in Springfield caused the formation of what?

NAACP

Was created in 1909 in New York to raise the quality of living for inner city blacks. It became a powerful legal force and argued cases in the Supreme Court which led to the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

After a fierce political struggle, it was approved by Congress in 1993. It eliminated trade barriers between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico, making the flow of commerce more efficient. The NAFTA victory for free (if not fair) trade set the stage for the GATT treaty. Many, many U.S. jobs went to maquiladoras along the Mexican-US border.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

It was created to further promote artistic and cultural development in the United States. The project revealed the full cultural spectrum of America and therefore created much controversy.

NEH (National Endowment for Humanities)

The treaty was a 1987 agreement between Reagan and Gorbachev which banned INF's but did little to end the nuclear threat as 95% of the world's nuclear arsenal remained. It is an example of the warming Soviet-American relations and renewed the arms control process.

NF Treaty (1987, Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)

Formed in 1966. Defining themselves as a civil-rights group for women, they lobbied for equal opportunity; they filed lawsuits against gender discrimination and rallied public opinion "to bring American women to full participation."

NOW (National Organization for Women)

Leader of the frontier settlers in the Chesapeake whose westward movement trespassed on Indian lands and led them into intense conflict with the Algonquians. Galled at a colonial government that he perceived to act only in the interests of the elites, Bacon led a rebellion against it at Jamestown in 1676.

Nathaniel Bacon

Was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks. The Act, together with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence. In the words of Coach Adler, "Pet banks are illegal" Conclusion: south is more screwed

National Banking Act

In an effort to re-stimulate the economy, Reagan's administration increased defense spending drastically while lowering taxes. The debt skyrocketed during his term. His philosophy of supply-side economics, or heavy spending in the corporate sector, was a contributing factor.

National Debt Triples (1980-1989)

New Deal agency declared unconstitutional

National Industry Recovery Act

The board was a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts

National War Labor Board

They endorsed candidates that promoted a feminist agenda in Washington and many other State capitals. By 1972, many states had liberalized their abortion laws and banned sex discrimination in job hiring.

National Women's Political Caucus

Native Americans served the country by enlisting in the armed services and working in thousands of factories across the United States. Most famous of this group, who translated U.S. code into the Native American language so that enemy forces could not decipher the content.

Navajo "Code Talkers"

English laws passed in the 1650s and 1660s requiring that English colonial goods be shipped through English ports on English ships in order to benefit English merchants, shippers, and seamen.

Navigation Acts

The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent. This displayed that America was not willing to go to war and desired to remain neutral and isolationist.

Neutrality Act of 1935, 1936 and 1937

Prohibited the United State's sale of arms to belligerents in a war. Banned United State's loans to belligerents. United States citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships. Passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars

Neutrality Acts (1935 and 1937)

Promised to bring back law and order to the United States by promoting conservatism and executive authority. The term Imperial Presidency referred to Nixon's efforts to acquire absolute control over his Presidency.

New Federalism

New Federalism proposed to reverse the flow of power and resources from the states and communities to the state capital. The president proposed a revenue sharing bill that transferred some federal revenues to the states and prominent cities. Basically the federal taxes cut by Reaganomics were made up for with state taxes and an increase in college tuitions.

New Federalism proposals (1982)

Land in the New World held by the Spanish crown. Spain pioneered techniques of using New World colonies to strengthen the kingdom in Europe and would become a model for other European nations.

New Spain

July 1863, north, just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. The riot lynched several African Americans and burned down black homes, businesses, and even an orphanage. It was the bloodiest riot in American history. Only the arrival of the federal troops halted the violence

New York City Draft Riots

Japanese naturalized or native born citizens to the US

Nissei

On July 27th, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee took in the first article of impeachment. 6 out of 17 Republicans voted with the 21 Democrats to charge Nixon with interruption of justice for controlling the Watergate investigation. The president had abused his power.

Nixon vs. Congress

Not much, just everything except for mules and cotton

North's Advantages

the only trust busted by Teddy Roosevelt

Northern Securities Company

A route from Europe to the Indies through the North Atlantic that European explorers searched for unsuccessfully in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Explorers and their commercial and royal backers hoped it would be an alternative route to the riches of the East.

Northwest Passage

Was negotiated by Harriman Averell, a diplomat to the Soviet Union after World War II. The treaty was the first treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that called for a ban on atmospheric testing of nuclear devices.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Nuremberg Laws

formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI soley to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts

Nye Committee

(1934) Senate investigation led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Nye Investigation

In the 1970s, Middle Eastern petroleum exporting countries formed a cartel, tried to form a monopoly and agreed to raise the price of oil. As a result, the economy in the western world fell into cost push inflation and unemployment; a nation-wide recession resulted which forced Jimmy Carter to seek new economic programs at the end of his term in office. However, he could only do little to dispel the effects of the rising prices of oil.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

the name given to a protest movement that began on September 17, 2011, in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district, receiving global attention and spawning the movement against economic inequality worldwide. The Causes: Wealth inequality, political corruption, corporate influence of government. The Effects of the movement are too soon to tell but it no longer physically "occupies" Wall Street.

Occupy Wall Street

Was created as a part of President Johnson's Great Society. Established by the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, the office funded the Job Corps to train young people to work, VISTA, and Project Headstart.

Office of Economic Opportunity

This agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. Froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

Office of Price Administration [OPA]

Was, as Andrew Jackson called it, Red Man's Land, until it was found out to be relatively useful.

Oklahoma

On April 19, 1995 a 2+ ton bomb exploded in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The blast destroyed the front section of the building, killing 68; of whom 19 were children. Terry Nichols (jailed) and Timothy McVeigh (executed) were right wing domestic terrorists angry at the government.

Oklahoma City bombing, 1995

Staunch Puritan leader of the parliamentary forces during the English civil war known as the Puritan Revolution.

Oliver Cromwell

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Oliver Hazard Perry

Populist Party platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.

Omaha Platform

In 1970, the it tried to gain control of the Jordanian government. With the help of the Israelis, the Jordanian government kicked the them out. It turned to a series of airline hostage attempts. By the mid-1970s, Yasser Arafat emerged as its figurehead. In June 1982, there was great violence in the Middle East when Israel invaded Lebanon to extinguish the Palestinian Liberation Front from its headquarters in that chaotic country (home of a civil war since 1975).

PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

A historic treaty was signed between Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin which would allow Palestinian self-rule in parts of Israel, protect Israelis in Palestinian areas, and a recognition of Israel and the PLO as legitimate entities. Radical Israelis and Palestinians denounced the treaty and violence ensued.

PLO-Israel Peace Treaty (1993)

an act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes In the words of Coach Adler, "You had a railway going through Chicago, and no southern railroads." Conclusion: south is more screwed

Pacific RR Act

1862 - an act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes (US government handouts using tariffs to finance a hap-hazardous rail line)

Pacific Railroad Act

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Palmer's Raid

It aimed to promote international cooperation and to improve economic, social, and cultural relations between the American republics. PAU was the name given to the secretariat of OAS (1948-70), but after 1970 the name Pan-American Union ceased to be used.

Pan-American Union

The Carter administration put together bargains on a number of treaties to transfer the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone to the Panamanians by 1999. This treaty was met with staunch opposition by Republicans who felt that they "stole it fair and square" back in the days of the Gunboat Diplomacy of Teddy Roosevelt.

Panama Canal Treaty

The American gunboat USS Panay, which patrolled the Yangtze River near Nanking, China, was used as a bomb shelter for foreign embassy staff during the Japanese bombing of the area. On December 12, 1937, Japanese warplanes suddenly dive-bombed repeatedly the Panay and a British gunboat, both of which were moored in the river; the American vessel was sunk, and the British one severely damaged. The US public was outraged by this attack, which caused two deaths and 48 casualties. Claiming its pilots had not seen the US flags painted on the Panay's decks and sides, Japan apologized and paid the indemnity demanded by the United States.

Panay Incident

Jay Cooke's investment house collapsed; caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than existing markets could bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects; main causes, over-speculation and too much credit munitions factories say there is no war, so we have to go out west to start killing NA to get this economy booming

Panic of 1873

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s. (the monopolies get stronger because 16,000 companies close; known as the "Good" Depression)

Panic of 1893

official name of the Populist Movement

People's Party

Indigenous people massacred by Massachussetts settlers in 1637.

Pequot Indians

Thomas Pinckney, US Ambassador to Spain, negotiated a treaty with Spain to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to America

Pinckney treaty 1795

Pueblo Indian who led an Indian revolt against the Spanish in New Mexico in 1680. During the Pueblo revolt, Indians desecrated churches, killed two-thirds of the Spanish missionaries, and drove the Spaniards out of New Mexico.

Popé

In Bush's words: "While the United States will constantly strive to enlist the support of the international community, we will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self-defense by acting pre-emptively against such terrorists to prevent them from doing harm against our people and our country." His press secretary added: the Bush strategy also pledges to promote democracy and economic openness and to champion human dignity worldwide. The Cold War strategy of containment, like the Cold War, was over.

Pre-emptive Strikes (the Bush Doctrine)

Doctrine stating that God determined whether individuals were destined for salvation or damnation before their birth. According to the doctrine, nothing an individual did during his or her lifetime could affect that person's fate.

Predestination

The trend that began with Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion and has continued unabated [well, WH Harrison didn't have time to do it - 30 days in office after all, and Garfield didn't have time either because his death also curtailed his opportunity to pardon anyone] became an even greater political "lightning rod" during this era of partisan politics. Around 20,000 pardons and clemencies have been granted by the President since the beginning of the 20th century. He cannot pardon violators of state crimes - so there.

Presidential Pardons

The son of the Portuguese kind who, from 1415 until his death in 1460, advocated Portuguese exploration by gathering the latest information about sailing techniques and geography, supporting new crusades, and pushing explorers to go greater distances in their travels.

Prince Henry The Navigator

The broad-based response to rapid industrialization and its social byproducts: massive immigration, urban and suburban growth, growing corporate power, and widening class divisions (material and immaterial) ---workers protested unsafe and exhausting jobs, experts investigated social conditions, women embraced reform, journalists exposed municipal corruption and industrialism's human order --- generally, Americans wanted the gov't to become more democratic, improve conditions in cities and factories, and curb corporate power. Was not as much of a movement as much as it was a "spirit of discontent with the status quo and an exciting sense of new social possibilities"

Progressive movement

The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933. Was an anti-immigrant device that also held the lesser known purpose of saving women from being beaten by drunken husbands. Fun Fact: It including a Federal Poisoning Program, responsible for the deaths of around 10,000 Americans http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.html

Prohibition

taxes put in place to protect industries in America

Protective tariffs

construction of roads and building and bridges

Public Works Administration

Indians in New Mexico who, under the leadership of Popé, led an effective revolt against the Spanish in 1680.

Pueblo Indians

the promise of good wages and a broad range of jobs that drew men and women from the countryside and small towns into urban settings

Pull factors

(1893) Pullman cut wages to save jobs, but doesnt lower rent costs; took place during the Panic of 1893, Eugene Debs organizes a boycott of trains pulling Pullman cars. Pullman brings in strike breakers/scabs and now the wages drop even lower but it is the worker's fault; participants that aren't shot are arrested for blocking deliveries of mail

Pullman Strike

English civil war that arose out of disputes between King Charles I and Parliament, which was dominated by Puritans. The conflict began in 1642 and ended with the execution of Charles I in 1649, resulting in Puritan rule in England until 1660.

Puritan Revolution

He was a graduate of Harvard Law School, exposed the danger of automobiles that were "unsafe at any speed"; he brought forth the movement of environmental concerns which would later launch major campaigns for federal regulations.

Ralph Nader

In late 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanjing. Chinese civilians were brutalized and between 50,000 - 300,000 were killed. The event shocked Western powers, but did not shock them into action. The Chinese would have to wait until Japan invaded Shell Oil Company. (If you're ever interested, The Flowers of War is a great movie, though it's not necessarily accurate)

Rape of Nanjing (Nanking)

limiting the amount of certain goods people can buy, such as gas, meat, sugar, coffee, etc..

Rationing of goods

He promulgated a program to restore U.S. prominence and honor globally, and fight economic problems. He advocated a more laissez faire policy through a lessening of government activism, taxes, spending, and restrictions on business. He managed to grab a hold of the conservative populism created by Richard Nixon in the 1950s.

Reagan Revolution

Also known as voodoo economics, George Bush named this new economic strategy in the 1980 primary campaign. President Reagan believed that the government should leave the economy alone. He hoped that it would run by itself. It was a return to the laissez faire theory of Adam Smith, yet Reagan expanded his theory by advocating supply-side economics as a method to solve the economic hardships.

Reaganomics

this is a concept, not a term 1) end slavery 2) limit slavery 3) to stop secession 4) pull north out of depression 5) build RR to the gold 6) state rights and tariffs 7) mercantilism vs capitalism 8) puritans (NE) vs cavaliers (VA & SC)

Reasons for the Civil War

Legislation that amended the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, providing authority for the United States to negotiate agreements with other countries for reciprocally beneficial tariff reductions. The resulting agreements were then applied to other countries through most-favored-nation clauses.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)

(1867) act placing Southern states under military rule and barring former supporters of the Confederacy from voting.

Reconstruction Act

(1865-1877) Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union; Southern resentment of this era lasted well into the twentieth century.

Reconstruction Era

This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.

Reconstruction Finance Corp

Shortly after the end of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, this took hold in the United States. A nationwide fear of communists, socialists, anarchists, and other dissidents suddenly grabbed the American psyche in 1919 following a series of anarchist bombings. The nation was gripped in fear. Innocent people were jailed for expressing their views, civil liberties were ignored, and many Americans feared that a Bolshevik-style revolution was at hand.

Red Scare

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Redeemers

1876 - USSC allows voting qualifications because the US Constitution does not guarantee the right to vote

Reese vs. US

The campaign theme of Warren Gamaliel Harding during the Election of 1920. It reflected the conservative mood of the country after the constant appeals to idealism that characterized both the progressive era and Wilson's fight over the League of Nations. -all you need to know is: Limited Government (as opposed to the Progressive Era) and staying out of European affairs (Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles).

Return to Normalcy

Act which gave tax breaks to the wealthy in an attempt to encourage the "trickle down effect." Lowered estate taxes and repealed the gift tax.

Revenue Act of 1926

Was a five year plan to distribute $30 billion of federal revenues to the states. Congress passed it in 1972 in response to the failing economy caused by the inflation, trade deficit, and massive spending during the 1960s on Vietnam.

Revenue sharing

taxes put in place on imported goods; first tariff in America

Revenue tariffs

US Attorney General; had been a RR attorney and received $10,000 from the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy RRs. Determined the Pullman Strike violated the Sherman Anti Trust Act

Richard Olney

Island off the coast of present-day North Carolina where a group of English colonists led by John White and sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a permanent settlement in 1587. John White traveled back to England to gather supplies and when he returned to Roanoke in 1590, he found that the colonists had disappeared, leaving only the word Croatoan carved in a tree.

Roanoke

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Robber Barons

Was the attorney general of the U.S. for his brother. He stressed that voting was the key to racial equality and pushed for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He campaigned for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968, but he, like his brother, was assassinated (in California during the campaign).

Robert Kennedy

the most celebrated state-level reformer of the Progressive Era; the Governor of Wisconsin

Robert LaFollette

Was the first black cabinet member appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. He served as the Secretary of Housing and Department of Urban Development, a new office created to address the needs of those living in the inner city areas.

Robert Weaver

Refers back to a speech made by Republican president Herbert Hoover in 1928 as his closing speech. It refers to a belief that individuals can succeed with minimal governmental aide. It is generally considered a belief of the Republican party in the 1920's.

Rugged Individualism (Bootstrap Theory)

In June 1979, Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev agreed and signed it. Carter presented it to the Senate and they ratified it. Due to the invasion of Afghanistan by Russia, the Cold War thaw slowed. The U.S.-Soviet relationship grew sour, and the U.S. boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

SALT II

In protest to Jim Crow, King organized this in 1957. It was made up of a group of ministers that supported the Montgomery bus boycott. This organization coordinated future protests and preached the need for civil rights activists.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

They were Soviet-made surface to surface missiles used by Iraq to bomb Israel during Desert Shield and Desert Storm. They were aimed at provoking Israelite retaliation to fracture the Allied-Arab alliance but were countered effectively by the U.S. Patriots launched to destroy SCUD's while still airborne

SCUD missiles

SDI was a proposed system of space based lasers and other high-tech defenses against nuclear attack, popularly dubbed "Star Wars." It was proposed by Reagan in 1983 in an effort to ward off the perceived threat of a Soviet strike as U.S.-Soviet relations worsened. Many argued it would escalate the conflict. The system carried a huge price tag, and was fiercely debated until the end of the Reagan administration. The system was never used.

SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative "Star Wars"

As frustrations concerning government policies grew, this organization was created in 1962. It became a focal point for activist students and organized massive Vietnam Protests. They issued the Port Huron Statement which called for support of liberalism.

SDS (Students for democratic society)

Was a organization of college students that utilized nonviolent forms of protest until Carmichael and Brown rallied the members in favor of Black Power. The group became more militant, pushing for direct armed confrontation with the police.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

Italian immigrants are charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts, and executed. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

At a meeting in Vladivostok, Siberia, in 1972, this agreement allowed Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev to make enormous progress towards the new arms-control treaty. This agreement was to limit each side to 2,400 nuclear missiles which would reduce the rate of war to a mere fraction of its former number.

Salt 1 Agreement

In 1933, he founded the Chilean Socialist party and was elected president of Chile in 1970. He became the first elected Marxist leader in the Americas. His socialist programs led to inflation and strikes which resulted a military coup that overthrew his regime in 1973 and set up the brutal dictatorship of Pinochet for years to come.

Salvador Allende

is responsible for the formation of one of the first labor unions. The American Federation of Labor worked on getting people better hours and better wages. The formation of this triggered the formation of various others that would come later.

Samuel Gompers

gold is found in Cripple Creek, on Native American land, and miners need it. US government tells the NA to stand on the riverbank near a US flag and they wont be killed, but they are all gunned down by Chivingston and his men

Sand Creek Massacre

Reagan nominated her as the first woman justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. A moderate, she would prove to be pivotal on close decisions in the USSC.

Sandra Day O'Connor

court case that upheld corporations rights as individual entities

Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad

replacement workers

Scabs

term of derision used in the South during the Reconstruction era for white southern Republicans

Scalawags

A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry. (Right of contract in the fourteenth amendment.)

Schechter Poultry vs US

The indictment and resignation of I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby ends the partnership between two men -- Libby and Vice President Cheney -- who had shaped and often dominated policymaking throughout the Bush presidency, especially toward Iraq. Libby was both Cheney's chief of staff and assistant to the president -- a title that gave him the same rank as the president's national security adviser. Cheney is arguably the most powerful vice president in U.S. history. Behind the scenes, working with allies in the Defense Department and other parts of the government, the two were early advocates of removing Saddam Hussein and highly effective in thwarting any opposition from the State Department and other bureaucratic rivals. Both put the same high value on secrecy, and so their role in setting policy was hard to trace. All this secrecy culminated in the Plame Affair.

Scooter Libby

A highly publicized trial where John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow. Scopes was convicted and lost his job. Displayed the fundamentalism prevalent in rural areas during the 1920s.

Scopes Trial

SEC

Securities Act

This Act required all men between 21-30 years to register for the military. Each received a number, and draftees were chosen like a lottery. In contrast to the Union's civil war conscription, there was no way for men to "opt out" of this draft. (It created the Selective Service System.)

Selective Service Act

To change the American opinion on neutrality. This act forced men between 21 and 35 to register for the army. It also caused the training of 1.2 million troops.

Selective Service Act (1940)

Was an American senator of Arkansas, who proposed the Fulbright Act of 1964. This act established the exchange program for American and foreign educators and students. Senator Fulbright also served as the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He opposed the war.

Senator Fulbright

Address by Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of the Reich, before the Reichstag

September 1, 1939

Day that Japanese emperor Hirohito surrendered which signified the formal end of World War II

September 2, 1945

the US congress is "convinced" to buy Alaska from Russia; Secretary of State William Seward's negotiated the purchase in 1867

Seward's Folly

Payment of workers' wages with a share of the crop rather than cash. As you can infer from the booming economy of the post Civil War south, this plan worked amazingly.

Share Wages

This act banned any formations that would restrict trade, not distinguishing between bad and good trusts. The act was originally for regulating trusts, but it really just put a hamper on worker unions.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A 60 mile wide swath of destruction, in which the Union soldiers literally burned every single thing, as long as those things were railroad ties. Apparently they were marching to the vast sea in Atlanta. Was used to convince northern voters to vote for Lincoln because "yay, we're gonna win the war." (big surprise)

Sherman's "March to the Sea"

Shermans's Modern warfare strategies: 1) no more breaks between battles 2) no more POW exchanges - those in southern POW camps would have to starve 3) destroy the south's ability to wage war - burn the Shenandoah Valley - loot residences but not plantations Why? Because it's the Viking Way

Sherman's Strategy for "the War of Attrition"

Henry Kissinger flew from capital to capital and bargained with the Israelis and the Egyptian people. He organized a cease-fire in November of 1973. Kissinger negotiated the peace agreement with the aid of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to end the Yom Kippur war.

Shuttle Diplomacy

President of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. This man was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. He reduced Federal Spending, lowered taxes and blocked Congressional initiatives.

Silent Cal

Utilized in 1960 and 1961, these were forms of protest organized by CORE and utilized particularly in the spring of 1961. Protestors sat in a segregated section on a bus or restaurant until they were forced to move by racists. When this happened another protestor took the place that had just been vacated. This type of action was used to expose the violations of the court decision to outlaw segregation in public areas and transit.

Sit ins and freedom rides

Launching an attack before being attacked again, the Israelis attacked all their neighbors simultaneously. After six days they gained control of the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights.

Six Day War

1873 the 15th and 14th amendments do not guarantee federal protection of individual rights against discrimination by their own state governments-distinction between state citizenship and national citizenship (to sum it up: civil rights only exist in the federal constitution, first pronouncement of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments)

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Required that unions wait thirty days before striking and it empowered the president to seize a struck war plant.

Smith-Connally Act

Was enacted in 1930. This treaty raised tariffs on many imported goods. American trading partners retaliated in response to this tariff causing a worsening in the economic conditions in America during the Great Depression. Also caused the spread of international economic depression.

Smoot Hawley Tariff

became important due to industrialization (people moving to cities and encountering sanitary issues)

Soap

led by Walter Rauschenbusch, was a movement trying to merge Christianity with Urban Reform; Taught religion and human dignity would help the poor over come problems of industrialization, improved living conditions begot improved morality

Social Gospel Movement

Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. The verdict is still out on its impact on society.

Social Networking

With little money to spend on entertainment, families enjoyed new board games such as "Monopoly" and "Scrabble." People also went to the movies, and stayed all day because they had nothing better to do.

Social activities during the Great Depression

An evil word in the US; Political belief in promoting social and economic equality through the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations.

Socialism

farmers of the great plains who cut through sod in the soil in order to cultivate the land; this resulted in dust storms

Sod busters

After Reconstruction, the South became extremely Democratic. Once they gained control, the Democrats cut back expenses, wiped out social programs, lowered taxes, and limited the rights of tenants and sharecroppers. These white southerners remained a major force in national politics well into the 20th century.

Solid South

A massive famine caused by warring factions of the government prompted George Bush to send troops (along with the UN) to protect relief efforts in December 1992. The effort succeeded in ending the famine, but not the violence. Soon, the U.S. was sustaining casualties, and by 1994 the U.S. left leaving the UN in charge.

Somalia

the Cherokee nation passed a law authorizing the organization to find petroleum to increase their revenue -lol- since the found something valuable on the land we gave them, it's time to take their land; these guys were the first to get there illegally

Sooners

Because Freedmen desire to find work in the north, and the north doesn't particularly want these Freedmen, they design Congressional Reconstruction to protect Freedmen's rights only if they stay in the "______"

South

An impressive amount of delicious mules, and enough cotton for a bunch of belts, not including the buckles.

South's Advantages

1936-39, Spanish Rebels led by the fascist General Francisco Franco rose up against the leftist-leaning republican government. The US put an embargo on both the loyalists and the rebels so they could stay isolationist. The US stood by while Franco smothered the democratic government. This severely tested the United State's Neutrality Legislation.

Spanish Civil War

Released in 2004 by the US Congress, the commission report concluded 15 of the 19 hijackers who carried out the attacks were from Saudi Arabia, but the commission "found no evidence that the Saudi government as an institution or senior Saudi officials individually funded the organization" to conspire in the attacks, or that it funded the attackers even though the "report identifies Saudi Arabia as the primary source of al-Qaeda funding". According to the commission, all 19 hijackers were members of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization, led by Osama bin Laden. In addition, while meetings between al-Qaeda representatives and Iraqi government officials had taken place, the panel had no credible evidence that Saddam Hussein had assisted al-Qaeda in preparing or executing the 9/11 attacks

Special Commission on 9/11

Were sports such as baseball, bowling, basketball, and boxing that were professionally organized in the late 19th century.

Spectator Sports

Was charged with income-tax evasion and accepting bribes. He pleaded no contest which was "the full equivalent to a plea of guilty," according to the trial judge. Dishonored and distrusted, he left the government service (he resigned) after being given a three-year suspended sentence.

Spiro Agnew

John Hay calls the incident in Cuba a "_______ ______ ____"

Splendid Little War

Teddy Roosevelt's second term embraced the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources under this program.

Square Deal

A combination of business stagnation and inflation, this severely worsened the American economy. When the government borrowed money to offset the drastic loss of tax revenue, interest rates still increased. The federal government could not repay the loan, and it was forced to find other methods to collect revenue. There was no simple solution to "stagflation;" to lower interest rates to prevent stagnation would worsen the ongoing inflation.

Stagflation

FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by Roscoe Conkling; favored machine politics; support patronage conservatives

Stalwarts

1886, NY, gift from France, meant as a symbol for being easy with immigrants, although at this time anti-foreign feelings were on the rise

Statue of liberty

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas

In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

Stimson Doctrine

Refers to the collection of markets and exchange where the issuing and trading of equities, bonds and other sorts of securities takes place, either through formal exchanges or over-the-counter markets.

Stock Market

organized walkouts until demands are met

Strikes

They are known as subventions, a term of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector.

Subsidies

The leading work industries in the Rustbelt reeled under the triple blow of slumping exports, aggressive foreign competition, and technological obsolescence. About 11.5 million American workers lost jobs as a result of plant closings or lack of work and relocated to the Sunbelt (after central air-conditioning and fewer labor unions).

Sunbelt versus Rustbelt

In contrast to Adam Smith's belief in supply-and-demand, Reagan assumed that if the economy provided the products and services, the public would purchase them. Consequently, Reagan lowered income taxes to stimulate the economy by expanding the money supply.

Supply side economics

In the months leading up to the conventions, the ad strategies of the two major parties followed along the traditional lines established during the Cold War era. President Bush's ads presented him as a steady commander in chief during dangerous times, while Senator John Kerry's ads argued that the Democratic challenger is more in touch with the daily needs of the ordinary voter. The most influential ads of the campaign were produced by a relatively small PAC committee, Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. Their ads generated widespread and constant news coverage throughout the month of August and cast Kerry in a negative light. Bush's narrow and controversial election results in Ohio gave him his electoral majority.

Swiftboat and the Election of 2004

most controversial New Deal agency

TVA

In 1986, with the federal deficit exceeding $200 billion, Reagan proposed a new, simplified tax system that lowered the taxes of wealthy individuals and corporate incomes. The tax reform helped reduce the deficit by 1987, but the stock market crash in October 1987 made higher taxes a necessity.

Tax Reform Act (1986)

the principle of scientific management in which employers subdivide tasks in order to speed up production, diminish dependence on particular employees and reduce the need for highly skilled workers

Taylorism

an American political movement, born in response to Obama's election, known for its conservative positions and its role in the Republican Party. Members of the movement have called for a reduction of the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending and for lower taxes - it's really misnamed as the Boston Tea Party fought imports, not higher taxes.

Tea party Movement

Harding Administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves.

Teapot Dome

the US entered the War with Spain with a promise not to annex Cuba

Teller Amendment

(1863) a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington (high-ranking Confederate military and civilian authorities would not be offered this opportunity), the state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution but it also had to abolish slavery forever, if all processed Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government The states 'reconstructed' due to this plan were Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas (went through procedures to form loyal state governments, applications for renewed participation in the Union were not approved by the Radical Republicans who dominated the Congress).

Ten percent plan

(1867) denied the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress

Tenure of Office Act

the eloquent Irish-American leader of the Knights of Labor who won several strikes for the eight-hour day. By 1886, his organization was a force to be reckoned with, so it was destroyed; worked later as the head of the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization

Terence V. Powderly

The NLF and the North Vietnamese army mounted a massive offensive against the South Vietnamese and American armies on January 31, 1968, which was also the first day of the Vietnamese New Year known as Tet. The nationalists penetrated Saigon and attacked the United States embassy there (before a national TV audience). After the US citizens were being told that the enemy was virtually defeated in 1967, the offensive showed that the nationalists were still capable of fighting and that the government had lied. Popularity for the war vastly declined.

Tet Offensive

The space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds into flight, killing all aboard. The explosion was caused by a faulty seal in the fuel tank. As many elementary school children were watching it happen (a school teacher was an honorary passenger), the shuttle program was halted while investigators and officials drew up new safety regulations, but was resumed in 1988 with the flight of the Discovery.

The Challenger Disaster (1986)

Trying desperately to cope with the economic predicament spawned by OPEC, both Ford and Carter dismally failed. In foreign affairs, Cold War tensions mounted as the Soviet Union became increasingly annoyed with Carter's rigorous standard of human rights.

The Energy Crisis and Carter

Established to serve the "three Rs" Relief for the people out of work, Recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and Reform of American economic institutions. Challenged by Congress because they didn't believe in reform.

The First New Deal

With a politically wounded president, the Republican Congress passed this act which took the most powerful part of Glass-Stegall (passed during the First New Deal) that limited the merger of various financial institutions (like insurance, banking and investment). This allowed Citibank, Smith Barney and Travelers to merge into Citigroup. The allowance of such mega financial institutions was the major contributing factor that led to the financial meltdown ten years later in 2007.

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)

railroad built from Duluth to Seattle north of the Northern Pacific railroad; did not receive land grants; built by James Hill

The Great Northern

The U.S. housing market was the domino that, when it fell, toppled many of the world's major economies and led the world into recession. For the first half of the decade, aggressive investing by homebuyers, mortgage lenders, Wall Street investment houses, and insurers had driven up the median price of a single-family home by almost 10% a year, with housing in some parts of the country escalating even faster. When home prices headed back down in 2007, large numbers of homeowners faced rising adjustable-rate mortgage payments and/or could no longer borrow against a rising home value to finance other expenses. By the middle of 2009, the median home price had fallen close to its 2000 level. Those with heavy investments in housing, including risky mortgage-backed securities, found them all but worthless. The government stepped in with a massively expensive bailout program in late 2008 and continuing into 2009. The devastation to the U.S. economy spread far beyond housing. The banking industry was especially hard hit. Altogether, 176 banks in the U.S. failed in 2009, many of them small and local. Even financially secure banks, not trusting potential borrowers to pay them back, stopped lending. Businesses—especially small and new businesses—could not find the credit that they needed to pay creditors or buy inventory or to pay their own workers, much less to hire new ones. Even short-term interest rates close to zero did not fully thaw credit markets. Businesses that relied on their customers' ability to secure loans had a rough time. Automakers General Motors (GM) and Chrysler, both of which reorganized after brief trips through bankruptcy in 2009, qualified for bailout money. The overall economic slowdown sent stock prices reeling, with the benchmark Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) sinking by about 54% in the 17 months from the market high in October 2007 to the trough in March 2009.

The Great Recession

An idealistic call for improved environmental, conservation, racial, educational, and health programs, this was inspired by the staff of JFK and prompted by LBJ's insecure need to win over the American people. Largely successful in the first two years of the Johnson administration, its ultimate goals were not achieved due to calls to curtail government spending programs while maintaining an expensive war in Vietnam.

The Great Society

this is why the Progressive Era ends

The Great War

This was the 1st magnet west for people who wanted to be rich. Individual prospectors were first to strike gold using placer mining. Mining became expensive and large corporations began to get involved. A 1859 strike at Pikes Peak sparked mass migration. In 1873, John W Mackay wanted to dig deep in the Mountains were they found a 54 ft wide "Big Bonanza" of gold. The Final Fling came from Black Hills in 1874-1876, which would not of happened without Cl. George Custer telling people there was gold. Hostility soon began against immigrants imposing $20 monthly tax to mine and then Congress Passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which stopped all Asian immigration for 10 years. Western mines contributed billions of $ to economy before ending in 1890.

The Mining Bonanza

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. (This was a collectivized set of "Progressive ideas" that included Wilson establishing a graduated income tax to make of for lost revenue due to the lowering of tariffs, and it also led to the creation of the Federal Reserve) (In case you didn't catch the sarcasm, Wilson wasn't that Progressive)

The New Freedom

In response to critics of the 1st New Deal (particularly Huey Long and the more radical critics) it contained more relief programs and greater protection for labor unions (this was radical for the 1920s anti-union atmosphere). The most extensive of the reform programs that emerged was social security

The Second New Deal

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved. They participated in illegal, lucrative activities like leasing oil reserves for money.

The Ohio Gang

In 1973 Nixon declared that a peace had been reached in Vietnam. These accords ended the war between the North Vietnamese government and the South Vietnamese (but fighting continued until 1975).

The Paris Accords (1973)

steel industry's need for lubrication developed into the petroleum industry, turned into commercial product after discovery of its possible use as a fuel, drilling and oil wells sprang up

The Petroleum Industry

A clarion call to businesses to organize politically like the labor unions had in the past. Powell felt that businesses were being regulated TOO much and needed to have more influence (lobbying) at the federal government level. Powell would later become a member of the USSC nominated by Nixon.

The Powell Memo

The centuries long dive to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula undertaken by the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. The religious ambitions of the Reconquest helped justify exploration into lands beyond Europe, and its military victories for example, at Ceuta in 1415 helped the Portuguese gain greater access to sea routes.

The Reconquest

June 1939 - The S.S. St. Louis set sail from Hamburg carrying German Jews who wished to escape the Nazi regime in Germany to Cuba, then the US, then Canada, all of whom denied them entry. Finally they had to sail back to Germany where many of the Jewish passengers were then put into concentration camps.

The St. Louis

Ronald Reagan's popularity never seemed to change much despite the scandals and failures of his presidency. He was called this by some because nothing would stick to him. Even with all the criticism, Reagan remained very popular and charismatic.

The Teflon President

This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population; welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans; were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.

The knights of labor

reviving gory memories of the Civil War; helped elect Ulysses S. Grant as President in 1869

Waving the Bloody Shirt

American inventor and physicist who took out more than 1,000 patents in his lifetime. His worker's inventions include the telegraph (1869), microphone (1877), and light bulb (1879), but he took credit for them. They also designed the first power plant (1881-82), making possible the widespread distribution of electricity. During World War I, they worked on a number of military devices, including flamethrowers, periscopes, and torpedoes.

Thomas Alva Edison

A prominent minister in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who disagreed with other leaders in the colony over the exclusion from church of men and women who lived godly lives but who had not experienced conversion.

Thomas Hooker

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. Caused Samuel Tilden, the NY Democratic part chairman to do something to stop "Boss" William Tweed.

Thomas Nast

The second black justice on the Court, was nominated to replace Thurgood Marshall (although the latter was on the other end of the political spectrum from the former) and seated in 1991. His nomination was plagued with controversy due to sexual harassment allegations by Anita Hill, a former associate. The charges were dismissed in a series of highly public congressional hearings and Thomas was approved by a vote of 52-48.

Thomas, Clarence

In 1979, a near catastrophe occurred at this Island when there was an accident involving a nuclear power plant. Safety measures were taken so that a future incident would not occur. The plants were placed far away to reduce the hazards of near fatal accidents.

Three Mile Island

1st African American justice of the Supreme Court (1965), famous for his fight against discrimination, the death penalty, and his support of civil liberties and free speech. He was on the "winning" side in Brown v. Board of Education while James Byrnes of SC was on the "losing" side.

Thurgood Marshall

400-800 students were massacred by government troops during a pro-democracy demonstration in Beijing's central square. A wave of repression and executions followed. The U.S. responded with outrage and cut everything but diplomatic relations.

Tiananmen Square (Beijing)

the Clinton administration worked with various state attorney generals who were suing the tobacco industry to get a compromise worked out where the tobacco companies would pay $368b over 25 years for anti-smoking campaigns and for health costs related to smoking but would grant the industry immunity from future class-action lawsuits and from punitive damages from past wrongdoing.

Tobacco suit

laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea

Townshend acts

A U.S. economic report during the 1970s revealed that the nation imported more than it exported; the balance of trade was thrown off and the economic experts worried that the U.S. economy would not survive. As a result, Nixon began such programs as "revenue sharing" and wage and price controls for regulation.

Trade deficits

railroad boom after the Civil War, government wanted railroad, to be built in the north because the south seceded, miles of track doubled, built by private companies using government land/money

Transcontinental RR boom

The treaty negotiated by the Portuguese and Spanish monarchs in 1494 to delineate their land claims in the New World. The treaty drew an imaginary line eleven hundred miles west of the canary islands; land discovered west of the line would belong to Spain, and land to the east would belong to Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesilles

Located in Richmond, Virginia; was the only large factory in the south that made iron products; run by Joseph Anderson

Tredegar Iron Works

USS San Jacinto intercepted the British mail steamer Trent. U.S. removed 2 Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell, who were bound for Britain and France. This threatened war between U.S. and Britain, which the CSA wanted. Britain prepared for war against US and sent troops to Canada. However, tensions cooled. Lincoln released the envoys, and the incident was over.

Trent Affair

WWII was the first war in which African Americans fought in combat units in the Marines and Air Corps. The airmen were an all-black fighting unit formed in response to pressure from the NAACP. They were incredibly successful, and one of the most decorated units in WWII

Tuskegee Airmen

Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts

Tuskegee Institute, AL

In 1863 this law was passed that exempted an owner or overseer of twenty or more slaves from service at war

Twenty-Negro Rule

19 terrorists planned and carried out a simultaneous attack (using American jetliners as their weapons) on NYC and Washington DC. Even though the Twin Towers had been the site of a terrorist bombing before (1993), this event would transform the US and accomplish the goals of the terrorists to disrupt American society.

Twin Towers (9/11)

strike in which Roosevelt ordered federal troops to intervene and take over the coal mines if the owners refused to negotiate; set a new precedent of intervention on the side of laborers Roosevelt acted under J.P. Morgan's advice, and asked both parties to accept impartial federal arbitration (Arbitration - An arrangement in which a neutral third party conclusively determines the outcome of a dispute between two parties.)

UMWA strike

On Aug. 6, 1990, the resolution imposed an embargo on Iraqi trade effectively halting oil shipments from Iraq and Kuwait. Hussein responded by increasing his forces in Kuwait. The embargo had severe economic effects on surrounding countries who depended on Iraqi trade and oil.

UN Security Council Resolution 661 (trade embargo on Iraq)

The allied operation shifted to a potentially offensive nature with this resolution, issued November 29, 1990. It authorized the use of force by the allies if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15. The resolution was evoked early on January 17 when Allied planes began the air offensive.

UN Security Council Resolution 678

1876 - the fourteenth amendment authorized federal action against state laws that denied rights but did not permit federal action against the actions of private individuals discrimination is a private matter

US vs. Cruikshank

1895 - first decision interpreting the Sherman Antitrust Act, the court ruled that Congress could only regulate DIRECT interstate commerce and not INDIRECT interstate commerce; led to great merger wave in business in the 1890s and the better written Clayton Antitrust Act (1913)

US vs. E.C. Knight

In March 1864, Lincoln finally found this general that he trusted to command the war effort. He shared Lincoln's belief in unremitting combat and in making enemy armies and resources, not enemy territory, the target of military efforts.

Ulysses S. Grant

a Japanese facility in China during World War II where biological and chemical experiments were performed on human beings to create weapons. It almost manages to get worse from there.

Unit 731

the successor organization envisioned by Roosevelt. The term "United Nations" comes from the Atlantic Charter, an early meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill calling for a free world after the war.

United Nations

Muckraker who wrote about the horrible conditions in the food packing industry in "The Jungle" the Food and Drug Act becomes law

Upton Sinclair

Some southern blacks were not satisfied by the Brown v. Board of Education and formed this. Rejecting the courtroom strategy utilized by the NAACP, they advocated more militant tactics. They sought direct confrontation and violence with local governments.

Urban League

The event at which the Allies met to discuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman Empire, and various colonies around the world after the end of WWI (the Central Powers were not allowed to participate in negotiations. 1919, meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles.

Versailles Conference

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

Vertical Integration

Location of a Union victory that gave them control of the Mississippi River

Vicksburg, MS

Was the name given to the Vietnamese communist army; the National Liberation Front was a part of this group. In support of Ho Chi Minh, the group pushed to overthrow the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem. The National Liberation Front was partly responsible for the fall of Dinh Bien Phu and organization of the Tet Offensive.

Viet Cong

Constructed in 1982, the memorial is a black marble wall sunken below ground level in Washington D.C.'s National Mall. On it are inscribed the names of all Americans who died or were missing in action. It also includes a statue of three soldiers, located nearby.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial (1982)

The process of replacing the American armed forces with South Vietnamese troops trained by American advisors, allowed the U.S. to save its reputation and satisfy an American public weary with a futile struggle.

Vietnamization

A joint stock company organized by London investors in 1606 that received over 6 million acres in North America as a land grant from King James I in order to establish English colonies in the New World.

Virginia Company

...

Virginia and Kentucky resolves

This law established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department. It was under-budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Volstead Act

Was passed as a Great Society program under the Johnson administration. It prohibited the use of literacy tests as a part of the voter registration process which were initially used as a method to control immigration to the United States during the 1920s. The act enabled federal examiners to register anyone who qualified in the South, giving the power of the vote to underrepresented minorities. In a 5-4 decision, the law was significantly weakened by the SCOTUS in 2013.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

One of Washington's harshest critics, believing that Washington's pacifist plan would only perpetuate the second-class-citizen mindset. He felt that immediate "ceaseless agitation" was the only way to truly attain equal rights. As editor of the black publication "The Crisis," he publicized his disdain for Washington and was instrumental in the creation of the "Niagara Movement," which later became the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He eventually grew weary of the slow pace of racial equality in the United States and renounced his citizenship and moved to Ghana in 1961, where he died two years later. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.

W.E.B. Dubois

To compensate for the economic predicament caused by OPEC and the crisis of energy conservation, Gerald Ford proposed a rather silly program - "whip inflation now". If people wore buttons espousing this attitude, inflation would dissipate.

WIN

1886 - the regulation of interstate trade (ie railroad rates) was an exclusive power of the national government (overruled Munn vs. Illinois, that's more like it)

Wabash vs. Illinois

(1864) bill that made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath (they were not disloyal to the Union, nor had they ever been disloyal), pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Wade-Davis Bill

In response to the troubled American economy, Nixon declared a ninety-day freeze on wages, prices, and rents which would be followed by federally imposed controls setting maximum annual increases of 5.5% for wages and 2.5% for prices and rents.

Wage and Price Controls

act that allowed unions

Wagner Act

In the Treaty of Versailles; declared Germany and Austria-Hungary responsible for WWI. It required Germany to pay 132 billion gold marks (US$33 billion) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war.

War Guilt Clause

In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution where no declaration of war was made but a full-scale invasion of US military personnel took place, Congress passed this act which greatly curtailed the use of the military by the President.

War Powers Act

During WWII, FDR established it to allocate scarce materials, limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distribute contracts among competing manufacturers

War Production Board

Referred to Johnson's statement describing his goal to create a better America. It was used to describe Johnson's Great Society package that created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Economic Opportunity Office, which began the first federal funding for education.

War on poverty

Appointed in 1969, he was to replace the retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren. He was appointed by Nixon to move the court back to the right ideologically.

Warren Burger

Secretary War- Henry Knox Secretary State-Thomas Jefferson (relations with other countries Secretary Treasurey- Alexander Hamilton(money) Attorney General- Edmund Randolph (legal issues)

Washington Cabinet

The scandal exposed the connection between the White House and the accused Watergate burglars who had raided the Democrats' headquarters during the 1972 campaign. The election federal judge, John Sirica, refused to accept the claim of those on trial that they had behaved on their own terms and finally one of the plumbers "leaked".

Watergate

Another Presidential rumor shocked the committee and the nation by revealing that Nixon had put in a secret taping system in the White House that recorded all the conversations between his enemies in the Oval Office. Both the Ervin committee and prosecutor Cox insisted to hear the tapes, but Nixon refused.

Watergate tapes

An approach to labor relations in which companies met some of their workers' needs without being prompted by unions, thus preventing strikes and increasing productivity.

Welfare Capitalism

Dynamic dark horse Republican presidential nominee who attacked FDR only on domestic policy

Wendell Wilkie

The War in the ____ was short because the territories didn't want to war so they were easy to subdue

West

the marvelous contribution to railroad safety and efficiency which was generally adopted in the 1870s

Westinghouse air brake

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Whiskey Rebellion

Referred to white reaction against the massive ghetto riots of thousands of young blacks across the nation. The reaction slowed the civil rights movement because whites in power feared passing legislation and creating civil discontent and riots.

White Backlish

Led by G. Gordon Liddy and Howard Hunt, this covert team obtained approval by Attorney General John Mitchell to wire telephones at the Democractic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment/office complex. The operation was thwarted on June 17, 1972 by a security guard; it would eventually bring about the downfall of Nixon.

White house "plumbers"

A scandal which had plagued Bill and Hillary Clinton while in the White House, the Whitewater affair revolved around the question if the Clintons benefited improperly from their involvement in a real estate venture, the Whitewater Development Corp. Investigators began searching for incriminating evidence but, alas, found none.

Whitewater

an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States

ellis island

Governor of Virginia who attempted to restrain the mounting conflict between poor, land-hungry colonists and colonial elites by limiting elections and voting. Berkeley ultimately suppressed the most vivid and violent expressions of these tensions, Bacons's Rebellion, but the colonial disorder led to his removal as governor.

William Berkeley

First governor elected by the Pilgrims at Plymouth.

William Bradford

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

William Henry Harrison

He was chosen as "drug czar" by Bush in response to national concerns about drugs. His job was to coordinate federal programs against drugs, and his first target was the violent drug lords of Washington, D.C.

William J. Bennett

Prominent Quaker from an eminent English family who received a land grant from Charles II in 1681. The land became the new Quaker colony of Pennsylvania.

William Penn

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Wilson's 14 pts

Was an organization of women intended to mold women into a political force. They vehemently opposed alcohol. They were largely unsuccessful in politics, however.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

women volunteered as nurses, office work, telegraph (army, navy, marines)

Women in the War Effort

lots and lots of art

Works Progress Administration

Location of a massacre in 1890 that started when the 80 year old Sitting Bull reportedly reached for a gun. The US army killed 150 sioux at wounded knee; last major incident in the great plains

Wounded Knee, SD (1890)

pandered to public's appetite for violence and sensationalism

Yellow Journalism

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer are the leaders of what?

Yellow journalism

Israel's decisive triumph in the Six Day War had left the Arabs humiliated and eager to reclaim the militarily strategic Golan Heights which was taken from Syria. Syria and Egypt, backed by Russia, led an all out attack on Israel in 1973 on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. Aided by massive U.S. shipments of highly sophisticated weaponry, the Israelis stopped the assault and counterattacked. As part of the attack, Egypt convinced Saudi Arabia to curtail oil shipments to any country aiding Israel (i.e. the US) and an Energy Crisis ensued.

Yom Kippur War

Aimed toward Mexican-American teenagers involved in gangs and were know as "zoot-suiters." Animosity towards them produced a four-day riot in Los Angeles, during which white sailors stationed at a base in Long Beach invaded Mexican-American communities and attacked zoot-suiters. The police did little to restrain the sailors, who grabbed Hispanic teenagers, tore off and burned their clothes, cut off their ducktails, and beat them. When Mexicans tried to fight back, the police moved in and arrested them. In the aftermath of the riot, Los Angeles passed a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits.

Zooe-Suit Riots

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

abraham lincoln

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

albany congress

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

albany plan of union

First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.United States statesman and leader of the Federalists

alexander hamilton

laws signed by john adams to protect the country from immigrants-these acts were found unconstitutional and later repealed. made it illegal to criticize the government or adams

alien and sedation acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

alien and sedition acts

The agreement that bound the U.S. to defend the French West Indies "forever against all other powers" (British). "Morally" required America to go to war if the British attacked the West Indies, but no American statesman urged such a dangerous policy.

alliance of 1778

Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor

american federation of labor

a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

gold rush

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

american system

Was established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages

american temperance society

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

battle of fallen timbers

Battle where a Naval force led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British and secured Lake Erie

battle of lake erie

Once called the "Me Generation," people of the 1980s were interested with personal over public concerns. The "yuppie" was a person preoccupied with physical fitness, money, and materialism. TV's, VCRs, and personal computers were common.

baby boom generation hits middle age

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

bacons rebellion

This war was about issue was the Barbary pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea.

barbary wars

What are two major spectator sports that emerged at this time?

baseball and football

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

battle of bunker hill

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

federal reserve act

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

battle of new orleans

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

battle of saratoga

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

battle of tippecanoe

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

bessemer process

We keep the Philippines for rubber, Hawaii for coaling stations (pineapples), Puerto Rico as a naval base, Guam for more coaling stations, and then we find out Cuba has a large "________" population, so we don't really need it

black

The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were.

black legend

publicized lists of union members to prevent hiring

blacklists

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

bleeding kansas

In 1993, a bomb in a parking structure of the World Trade Center Building in New York killed six and injured nearly 1000 people. Officials later arrested militant Muslim extremists who condemned American actions towards Israel and the U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War.

bombing of World Trade Center I

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

booker t. washington

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

fort sumter

utopian society established by transcendentalist George Ripley near Boston in 1841; members shared equally in farm work and leisure discussions of literature and art. Author Nathaniel Hawthorne and others become disenchanted with the experiment, and it collapsed after a fire in 1847.

brook farm

Negotiations between President Clinton and Congress regarding balancing the budget wrapped up in May 1997. Republicans had originally wanted a constitutional amendment specifying a balanced budget, but Clinton resisted. The agreed upon plan is a moderate compromise.

budget showdown between Congress and the President

1st real battle of civil war, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

bull run

-1.7 million children under 16 unemployed -Child labor laws had no impact - set minimum age 12 and couldn't work more than 10 hrs but employers ignored -Working conditions fatal

child labor

Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

chinese exclusion act

nickname given to northern republicans that moved south

carbetbaggers

Leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction periods

charles sumner

1831. Determined that while the Cherokee people were an independent nation, they were still a "denominated domestic dependent nation". Denied an injunction brought forth by the tribe to null and void all laws enforced by Georgia over the tribe.

cherokee nation vs. georgia

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

chesapeake affair

the Mormons; sought to create a "New Jerusalem"; taught that every man and woman should aspire to become like a god and that family structure was very important, founded by Joseph Smith in the "Burned Over" district, after JS dies, Brigham Young leads them into Utah. Practice polygamy.

church of the latter-day saints

Act that prohibits any racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing

civil rights act of 1866

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

civil rights act of 1875

Lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts, and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor unions

clayton antitrust act 1914

the process by which wages, hours, rules, and working conditions are negotiated and agreed upon by a union with an employer for all the employees collectively whom it represents

collective bargaining

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

colonization

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

columbian exchange

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

compromise of 1850

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

compromise of 1877

Gave the government the right to seize any slaves used for insurrectionary purposes, the second allowed any government to liberate any slave owned by someone who supported the rebellion

confiscation acts

rich people want you to know that they have mad stacks; "middle" managers want you to know they aren't poor, so we get this new idea in America, where you buy things you don't need. What is it called?

conspicuous consumption

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

dawes severalty act

The new republics were wary of losing power to Russia, by far the largest and most endowed state, which hampered political unity. Violence erupted in some states. The economy was in shambles after the lifting of economic restraints and a severe drought. The commonwealth was very weak.

difficulties between Russia and the new republics

a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

direct primary

In 1991-1992, Yugoslavia split into Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. Violence erupted in Bosnia as Serbs and Croatians fought, killing tens of thousands. Many of Bosnia's Muslims were victims of "ethnic cleansing," mass expulsions to promote a Serbian ethnic partition of Bosnia.

disintegration of Yugoslavia

these were used first in the battle of Cold Harbor

dog tags

were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War

draft riots

landmark supreme court decision which confirmed that status of slaves as property rather than citizens, and therefore the case was thrown out by Chief Justice Roger B Taney

dred scott v. standford

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

elkins act

An important figure in early American history who was a Professor of History at Yale University and argued that Virginians in the 1650s--and for the next two centuries--turned to slavery and a racial divide as an alternative to class conflict.

edmund s. morgan

the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers

elastic clause

The person with the most electoral votes, John Adams, became President and the person with the second most electoral votes, Thomas Jefferson, became Vice President. A problem from this situation was that Adams and Jefferson belonged to different political parties, so political tensions were strong in the Executive Branch. In modern elections, presidential candidates choose their vice presidential candidates to run with them, so the situation in 1796 could not occur.

election of 1796

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ran as a Federalist. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney. George Clinton won for Vice President.

election of 1804

the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.

election of 1808

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

election of 1860

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

election of 1864

A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870.

elizabeth cady stanton

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

english bill of rights

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

era of good feelings

a newspaper term used to describe the two terms of President James Monroe. during this period, ther was only one major political party, the democratic-republicans; it was therefore assumed that political discord had evaporated.

era of good feelings

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

erie canal

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

eugene v. debs

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

farmers' alliance

By 1890, it had more than one million members. It rallied behind political reforms to solve farmers' economic troubles.

farmers' southern alliance

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

federalists

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

fifteenth amendment

In order to build the Panama Canal in Panama, the US government has to arm the Panamanian "____ _________," and use the US Navy as a deterrent towards Nicaraguan Intervention

fire department

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

first continental congress

1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

florida purchase treaty

made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

fourteenth amendment

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

free silver

leisure used to be seen as a variety, but now that work hours went down and the economy expanded, workers had more?

free time

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

free-soil party

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

freedman's bureau

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

fugitive slave law

The term refers to Alexander Hamilton's plan to refinance the national debt at par; that is, exchange new government securities for old government securities at their face value despite the fact that many persons holding these securities had purchased them from their original holder for a fraction of their face value.

full funding

purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary

gadsden purchase

used with large plantations for people who had more slaves. under this system enslaved people were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown.

gang system

Reversing the trend of the middle-class exodus from urban centers, yuppies bought run-down apartments and town houses in poorer districts and fixed them up. The process often came at the expense of poorer and older residents, including a great number of elderly citizens.

gentrification

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory.

george mcclellan

The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.

gettysburg

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

ghost dance

a democrat who wanted a gold standard

gold bug

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

great awakening

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

great compromise

Consist of flat land which covers Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Native American tribes were nomadic relying on buffalo's from the plains and some described them to be part their culture. Teepee's which were commonly used in the tribes due to them being easy being assembled and disassembled.

great plains

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.

grimke sisters

language developed by African workers so white masters could not understand them, hybrid of English and African, culturallly a connection to Africa

gullah

iron clad river boats with guns attached to them, used in the Navy, and powered by steam and armed with cannon

gunboats

In law, an order requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court at a specified time and place in order to determine the legality of the imprisonment. This Civil liberty was suspended by Lincoln in defiance of the Constitution and the Supreme Court's chief justice. It was done so that anti-Unionists could be summarily arrested.

habeas corpus

the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment

habeas corpus

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

hartford convention

The Great Compromiser

henry clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states,Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser."

henry clay

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

hepburn act

compared to today, voter turnout during the Gilded Age was?

high

appears only in industrial cities in the north, because sheriffs are crowd control in the south

high school

Due to Gorbachev's more liberalized policies, Moscow began losing direct control over Eastern Europe. The USSR reduced its military force in its eastern satellites and allowed more freedom of expression. Non-Communist political movements soon re-developed in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia.

holes in the "Iron Curtain"

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

homestead act 1862

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

homestead strike

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions. Carnegie moves his steel production to Birmingham where there are virtually no labor unions. (Carnegie wanted to look good, so he publicly supported unions, but privately ordered that the Homestead plant manufacture large amounts of inventory. He wanted it to weather a strike, and he left Henry Frick to put it down. Frick cuts wages 22%, replaces people who want 8 hour days with scabs, and then demands that workers who want to return stay union free and take a 25% pay cut)

homestead strike

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition.

horizontal integration

the act of coercing someone into government service

impressment

The 11th U.S. President, he led the country during the mexican war and sought to expand the United States

james k. polk

45% of immigrants since 1965 have been from the Western Hemisphere, and 30% have come from Asia, signaling a new pattern of immigration. The issue of illegal immigration became a hot topic politically, especially in the south west and west. Many bills were passed in an attempt to limit immigration.

increased Asian, Hispanic immigration

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years.

indentured servant

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

indian removal act 1830

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

indian reorganization act

this allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation directly to voters in general elections (people have the right to propose a law)

initiative

Required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just." It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, or the ICC, which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices.

interstate commerce act 1886

The term referred to Operation Restore Democracy. Supported by the Clinton administration, the plan was designed to restore President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power. The mission was successful, but Aristide did little towards turning Haiti into a democracy. Clinton later withdrew his support.

intervention in Haiti

The laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 that closed Boston Harbor, dissolved the Massachusetts assembly, and forced Boston colonists to house British soldiers.

intolerable acts

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

james buchanan

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

john c. fremont

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

john d. rockefeller

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

john jay

1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.

john marshall

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

john peter zenger

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

john quincy adams

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

john smith

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

john winthrop

review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

judicial review

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

judiciary act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

kansas-nebraska act

These stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstiutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts

kentucky and virginia resolutions

War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

king phillips war

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

knights of labor

Secret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party

know-nothing party

These two battles occurred on the same day. They were the first military conflicts of the war. Lexington was the first one, in which a shot suddenly rang out as minutemen were leaving the scene at Lexington. Fighting then occurred. The British won the brief fight. In the second battle, Concord, the British had gone onto Concord and, finding no arms, left to go back to Boston. On the bridge back, they met 300 minutemen. The British were forced to retreat, and the Americans claimed victory.

lexington and concord

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

lincoln-douglas debates

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

little big horn

the end of the _____ ______ was marked by the death of hundreds of thousands of cattle due to a lack of grass caused by severe weather problems

long drive

Courts should read the Constitution expansively and should not limit themselves to what is explicitly stated

loose constructionism

On November 7th, 1775 Lord Dunmore of Virginia promised freedom to any slave who fought for the British

lord dunmore's proclamation

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

louisiana purchase

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

lucretia mott

opened trade with britain and france, said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other, didn't work

macons bill # 2

The leader of the army that crushed the Indians of the Northwest Territory in 1794., American general during the American Revolution (1745-1796)

mad anthony wayne

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000

mexican war

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

middle passage

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

midnight appointments

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

missouri compromise

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

monroe doctrine

native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places

mound builders

war of 1812

mr.madisons war

a journalist who wrote about environmental, social, and political problems Americans faced in the early 1900's

muckrackers

authors who stirred reform energies with articles exposing urban political corruption and corporate wrongdoing - they were criticized for writing about the worst aspects of american life and called "muckrackers" - took label as a badge of honor

muckrackers

Republican reformer who chose to change parties rather than accept Blaine as their candidate

mugwumps

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

munn v. illinois

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.

nat turner

Late-nineteenth century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the West and the South

national alliance

Formed in 1890 and united 2 major women's suffrage groups at that time discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood

national american women's suffrage association

(NAACP); Founded by W.E.B Du Bois in 1910 in order to help create more social and economic opportunities for blacks

national association for the advancement of colored people

organized in 1866 have about 600,000 members agitated for arbitration of disputes and an 8 hour workday

national labor union

breaking of countless treaties to relocate Native Americans to reservations that lowered their native population; in 1832 Jackson ordered Indian Removal Ac which sent federal troops into western Illinois to forcibly remove Chief Black Hawk and the Sauk and Fox peoples; many tribes were sent into lands west of the Mississippi river via "trail of tears"

native american removal

term for the fear and resentment among Americans towards the new immigrants

nativism

a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants

nativist

nonparticipation in a dispute or war

neutrality

This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q

new harmony

People who moved to America from 1880-1920, came from Southern and Eastern Europe, moved to urban areas and continued to practice un-American traditions

new immigrants

William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress

new jersey plan

a Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam

new netherland

the first outsourcing of northern companies was to the "______ _________," because the region was union free

new south

This was a religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

new zion

granted women the right to vote in 1920

nineteenth amendment

these showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

northwest forts

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

olive branch petition

the 1892 platform of the Populist party repudiating laissez-faire and demanding economic and political reform

omaha platform

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

oneida community

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

orders in council

this territory was bought from Great Britain in 1846.

oregon territory

The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs.

outsourcing

First Depression in American history; Banks lost money, people lost faith in banks, and country lost faith in President Martin van Buren; lasted four years; due to large state debts, expansion of credit by numerous, unfavorable balance of crop failures, and frenzy that was caused by the avalanche of land speculation.

panic of 1837

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

panic of 1857

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

panic of 1873

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

panic of 1893

landowner in the Dutch colonies who ruled like a king over large areas of land

patroon

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

paxton boys

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

pendleton act

an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.

pequot war

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

petition of right

Charles Fourier's small model communities that were self-contained cooperatives. The inhabitants would live and work together for their mutual benefit.

phalanxes

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

pickney treaty

sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal

plessy v. ferguson

Pontiac's Revolt was a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War.

pontiac's revolt

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

populist party

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.

powhatan

the belief that experts in fields (sociology, engineering) could solve societies problems

pragmatism

an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time

precedent

reform effort, generally centered in urban areas and begun in the early 1900s, whose aims included returning control of the government to the people, restoring economic opportunities, and correcting injustices in American life.

progressive movement

colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted

proprietary colony

a tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

protective tariff

in 1796 established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices.

public land act

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

pullman strike

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

pure food and drug act

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

puritans

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

quakers

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

quartering act

strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad quickly spread across 11 states and shut down 2/3rds of the country's rail trackage; railroad workers were joined by an estimated 500000 workers from other industries in an escalating strike that was quickly becoming national in scale; Hayes used federal troops to end the labor violence

railroad strike of 1877

gave voters the ability to remove public officials from office at a special election (self-explanatory)

recall

1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.

reconstruction acts

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

redeemers

provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval ( a law passed by the legislature can be referenced to the people for approval/veto)

referendum

These were vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina. They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature.

regulators

Postwar uprisings by Shi'ite Muslims in southern Iraq and Kurds in the North were crushed by Hussein's army. The fighting claimed nearly 25,000 lives and created massive refuge problems for bordering nations. The U.S. used force to protect the Kurds. The UN created a safe zone for them

revolts in Iraq

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

revolution of 1800

Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828)

revolution of 1828

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

roger williams

chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

second bank of the united states

John C. Calhoun introduced this to help the financial stability of the country by issuing national currency and regulating state banks

second bank of the us

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

second continental congress

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

second great awakening

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

second industrial revolution

the land given to the NA was not useful for agriculture, but after the Civil War mining is important, so we need the land with all the minerals as long as the buffalo live on the land, the NA can live there; so we will have to kill the buffalo (buffalo soldiers)

second treaty of fort laramie

loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

sectionalism

Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)

seneca falls convention

American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships

shakers

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

shays' rebellion

Antitrust legistation stating: "Every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade is declared to be illegal." Terminology in the act was vague and difficult to prove.

sherman antitrust act 1890

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

sherman silver purchase act

General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive. He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia.

sherman's march

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

sitting bull

the first one is in Chicago; built because steel allows for taller buildings

skyscrapper

Herbert Spencer; this was a belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. The argument of many people who promoted a laissez fairee style economy.

social darwinism

Because a Democratic President and a Republican House (led by Newt Gingrich) were elected in 1992, both had the power to obstruct the other. This "gridlock" occurred midway through Clinton's term. Unable to resolve a dispute, many government projects and parks were closed down for several weeks.

southern moderate Bill Clinton

it required that all public lands be purchased with "hard" money

specie circular

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

spoils system

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

square deal

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

stamp act

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

starving time

the belief that an individual state may restrict federal authority

states rights

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

stono rebellion

a judicial approach holding that the Constitution should be read literally, with the framers' intentions uppermost in mind

strict constructionism

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

tariff of 1816

a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

tariff of 1828

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

task system

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

tecumseh

Term given to the overcrowded housing for workers and the poor, refered to as "slum dwellings."; better than a lean to

tenements

poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

tenements

required the president to secure consent of the Senate before removing appointees once they had been approved

tenure of office act

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

the federalist papers

Colonist set fire to an english ship that captured many smugglers.

the gaspee

Encompassed the liberalism of college students during the 1960s. They held idealistic views of civil rights movements, supported the election of John F. Kennedy, and heralded the campaign against nuclear testing that created the nuclear test ban treaty of 1963. It was also the root of protest over Vietnam. They were a major part of the Baby Boom.

the new left

The most striking feature of the American Party system during the Gilded Age was what?

the stability of the market system

one of America's most distinctive political institutions (Tammany Hall)

the urban machine

why does America decide to take territories from the Spanish Empire?

they are a teetering, CATHOLIC empire

abolished slavery

thirteenth amendment

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

treaty of ghent

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

treaty of paris 1763

The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.

treaty of paris 1783

this company fire killed over 140 immigrant girls in NYC causing sweatshops to get regulated

triangle shirtwaist

(law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)

trust-busting

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

tuskegee institute

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

uncle tom's cabin

Late 1790s - Beginning in 1794, the French had began seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. The conflict became especially violent after the X,Y, Z Affair. A peace convention in 1800 with the newly installed dictator, Napoleon, ended the conflict.

undeclared naval war with france

novel published in 1906 that portrayed the filthy conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry and led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act

upton sinclair's the jungle

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.

utopian communities

most popular form of urban entertainment was this form of theater

vaudeville

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

vertical integration

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

vicksburg

Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.

virginia plan

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP.

w. e. b. dubois

Why did yellow journalists not use the term reservations when describing where the Spanish placed Cuban missionaries?

we did the same thing to the NA

Why is it that when America first gets the idea to begin practicing imperialism, we have to disguise our objectives?

we threw off imperialism to found our country

The reason Bush gave for invading Iraq after 9/11 was that Saddam Hussein had the capability to create WMDs. This turned out to be incorrect. However, it did allow Bush II to complete an agenda that his father set out to do with his "coalition of nations" in Operation Desert Storm back in the early 1990s.

weapons of mass destruction

a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy

whiskey rebellion

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

wounded knee

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

xyz affair

incident of the late 1790s in which French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France in lieu of negotiating a dispute over the Jay Treaty and other issues

xyz affair

workers offered employment, if they do not join unions

yellow dog contracts

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

zachary taylor

A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Heis one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote. (he opposed radical republicans who passed reconstruction acts over his veto, and also wanted wealthy southerners to personally apologize to him for starting the war)

Andrew Johnson

Location of a battle in Maryland won by the Union won only because Lee's plans were found; Lincoln used the victory to deliver his Emancipation Proclamation

Antietam, MD

In 1955, this brought 85% of all union members into a single administrative unit, which promised aggressive unionism under the leadership of AFL's George Meany as president and CIO's Walter Reuther as vice-president. However, the movement was unable to achieve its old level of success due to the Taft-Hartley Act.

AFL-CIO merger

The 'cowtown' at the end of Chisholm Trail, where trains picked up cattle to take them east to be sold. Shotgun committees would block railroads from having tick-infested cattle enter into their state.

Abilene, KS

nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states). - Abhorred slavery but not an abolitionist, only wanting to prevent its spreading - Didn't believe blacks and whites were equal

Abraham Lincoln

An American politician from Georgia. He was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883.

Alexander Stephens

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, Petition

Amendment 1

States can not be sued in federal court

Amendment 11

Election of President and Vice President, Revision of Electoral College

Amendment 12

rights of citizens: 1)all persons born in the united states are granted citizenship, 2) no state can deny any person the equal protection of the laws, 3)no state can deny any person life, liberty, property without due process of law

Amendment 14

Black Suffrage, No denial of vote because of race, color, previous condition of servitude

Amendment 15

Gave Congress power to collect taxes on income

Amendment 16

People Elect the Senators

Amendment 17

Liquor Abolished

Amendment 18

Women's Suffrage, women gain the right to vote

Amendment 19

Right to keep and bear arms

Amendment 2

Presidential, Congressional Terms, Lame Duck -- shortened the period of time between presidential election and inauguration

Amendment 20

Amendment 18 Repealed

Amendment 21

(Presidential Term Limits) Limits the president to two terms or a maximum of ten years

Amendment 22

Gave residents of Washington D.C the right to vote in presidental elections

Amendment 23

Abolition of Poll Tax in National Elections

Amendment 24

Presidential succession, vice presidential vacancy, and presidential disability

Amendment 25

Voting Age Set to 18 Years

Amendment 26

Provides that Congress' member can't increase their salary until the next election.

Amendment 27

No Quartering of Soldiers

Amendment 3

Right to a Speedy Trial

Amendment 6

Trial by Jury in Civil Cases

Amendment 7

No Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Amendment 8

Unenumerated rights (the people hold more rights than those only listed in the Constitution), Rights Retained by the People

Amendment 9

Headed the most popular wild west show, begun in 1883. Very distinctly American, showed off war whooping Indians and shooting talent

Bill Cody

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations.

Chief Joseph

Eisenhower signed this bill to establish a permanent commission on civil rights with investigative powers but it did not guarantee a ballot for blacks. It was the first civil-rights bill to be enacted after Reconstruction which was supported by most non-southern whites.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Eisenhower signed this bill to appease strong southern resistance and only slightly strengthened the first measures provisions. Neither act was able to empower federal officials to register the right to vote for African-Americans and was not effective.

Civil Rights Act of 1960

The pregnant 17 year old who was the first to refuse to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery. Rosa Parks copied her demonstration while the cameras were rolling.

Claudette Colvin

Commanded a squadron of ironclads and wooden vessels that smashed past weak Confederate forts near the mouth of the Mississippi, and from there sailed up to New Orleans. The city was virtually defenseless because the Confederate high command had expected the attack to come from the north, and the general populous, being German immigrants, never felt any loyalty to the CSA. The surrender of New Orleans on April 25, 1862, was an important turning point in the war. And from then on the mouth of the Mississippi was closed to Confederate trade.

David Farragut

Truman would not seek reelection. The Democrats drafted Adlai Stevenson, who was unsuccessful. In reality, the Democrats could have chosen anybody and they would not have been successful against Eisenhower. The Republicans decided to back the war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower who chose Nixon as his running mate. The GOP controlled both houses.

Election of 1952

Eisenhower was more popular than his own party as the Democratic Party won majorities in both houses of Congress that would last until 1994. The apparent domination of Congress by the Democrats was somewhat of an illusion as conservative southern Democrats often sided with conservative Republicans to form a majority to stop anything too liberal.

Election of 1956

The term used to describe the downbeat and dark themes of the films of the late 1940s and 1950s. These films reflected the tensions and insecurities of the time period - fear, mistrust, bleakness, loss of innocence, and despair were all part of this genre, reflecting the chill of the Cold War period when the threat of instant nuclear annihilation was ever-present.

Film Noire

It rejected an extreme step to the right side of politics and a return to the pre-New Deal policies. Also, it abandoned the goal of a balanced budget in favor of increased spending to restore prosperity.

Fiscal management

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Frederick J. Turner

A Swedish economist who wrote about anticipated changes in race relations, as well as the problems between the races in 1944. He specifically noted that Black veterans returned with very high expectations from civilian life due to war against fascism and totalitarianism.

Gunnar Myrdal

Eisenhower transformed the Federal Securities Agency into this and gave it cabinet rank in 1953. This agency allowed for the reorganization of government in order to achieve greater efficiency and a better economy.

HEW (Department of health, education, and welfare)

an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians, but not until 17 million had already died.

Helen Hunt Jackson

He was the first African-American senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, he worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.

Hiram Revels

Antigovernment demonstrations in Budapest on Oct. 23, 1956 as revolutionaries demanded the denunciation of the Warsaw Pact and liberation from Soviet troops. On Oct. 21, U.S. announced it wouldn't give military aid to the revolutionaries (so much for winning the Cold War). On Nov. 4, Soviets attacked Hungary.

Hungarian Revolt (1956)

Passed in 1958 to provide $300 million in loans to students of undergraduate and graduate status, funds for training teachers, and for the development of new instructional material to ensure a higher level of national security. It also began to provide lump sum grants to colleges for the purpose of developing better weapons for national security.

NDEA Act (National Defense Education Act)

Dec 17, 1955, the U.S. offered Egypt a loan to build the Aswan High Dam, withdrawing its offer after Egypt accepted Soviet Union aid and Pres. Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal to use tolls to build the dam. On Oct 31, Israel invaded Egypt with French and British aircraft. This angered the US (its feelings were hurt) and the US told GB and France to give the canal back to Egypt; Britain's role as world leader was eviscerated.

Nasser Suez Canal Crisis

A New York lawyer who rose to fame by bagging big boss Tweed, a notorious New York political boss in New York. Was nominated for President in 1876 by the Democratic party because of his clean up image. This election was so close that it led to the compromise of 1877. Even though he had more popular votes the compromise gave presidency to the Republicans and allowed the Democrats to stop reconstruction in the south.

Samuel Tilden

The Supreme Court (following the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws) said that it had no place in schools, so it ordered the desegregation of schools, navy yards and veteran's hospitals. Enacted because of the inferiority complex given to blacks, it set forth an attempt to liberalize without losing control so as not to create a violent backlash by those used to the current racist system in place.

Separate but equal

Approved by Eisenhower, this seaway linked the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean in 1954. It was built to accelerate suburban growth, expand trade to promote economic prosperity, and allowed boats greater access to transport goods. It connected Montreal and Lake Ontario promoting good relations with Canada (which provided $338b for the project - the US, $134b).

St. Lawrence Seaway

A Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. He was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,and a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader who dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. He was majorly pissed at the confederacy because his iron works was destroyed in the war.

Thaddeus Stevens

Led a Confederate army that staged a rapid march north through the Shenandoah Valley, as if preparing to cross the Potomac and attack Washington. They army was able to defeat two Union forces and slip away before McDowell could catch them.

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

May 3, 1960, the USSR announced an American U-2 plane was shot down in Soviet territory. May 5, NASA released a cover story of a lost weather research plane. May 7, pilot Francis Gary Powers confessed to being a CIA spy. May 11 Eisenhower admitted to authorization of U-2 flights explaining that they were cheaper than military buildup.

U-2 Incident

An Ohio native who grew up in the west. Became a captain in the Confederate army after organizing a group of mainly teenage boys to terrorize areas around Kansas-Missouri border with guerrilla war. They were exceptionally murderous. Most infamous for the siege of Lawrence Kansas killing 150 civilians, adults and children. He finally died at the hands of Union troops shortly after the war.

William Quantrill

One of the leaders of one of the two great offensives for 1864. In Georgia, the western army, under this man, would advance toward Atlanta and destroy the remaining Confederate force, now under the command of Joseph E. Johnston.

William T. Sherman