Hs 200 Ch 4

Cowpers glands

Below the prostrate gland. These two glands secrete a fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acid that may remain in the urethra after urination.

Gender role stereotypes

Boundaries made by society that make it difficult to express ones identity. Men are independent, aggressive, logical, in control of emotions.

Secondary sex characteristics

Breaks, widening hips, underarm and pubic hair caused by the onset of puberty.

Vulva

Collective term for external female genitals.

Accountability

Entails recognizing that you are reasonable for your own decisions, choices, and actions. Important for a good relationship.

Labia majora

Folds of skin and erectile tissue that enclose the urethral and vaginal openings

What are the first relationships we develop outside family?

Friendships which are a good determined of relationship ability.

Puberty

Hormones are released by the pituitary gland, the gonadotropins, stimulate the testes and ovaries to make appropiate sex hormones.

Hormone replacement therapy

Hormones such as estrogen and progesterone have been prescribed to relieve menopausal symptoms and reduce the risk of heart disease and osteoporosis.

Ejaculatory ducts

Pass through the prostate gland and empty into the urethra.

Open relationships

Patterns agree that they may each may be sexually active with others outside their relationship.

What acts as chemical messengers among women during puberty?

Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Ovaries

Menopause

The permanent cessation of menstruation. Signals end of menstruation. Decreases libido and vaginal lubrication and can cause hot flashes, dizziness, and headaches.

Sexual identity

The recognition and acknowledgement of oneself as a sexual being, is determined by the interaction of genetic, physiological, environmental, and social factors.

Scrotum

The scrotum encases the testes, protecting them and and helping control their temperature, which is vital for sperm production.

Vas deferens

The two vas deferentia make up the tubes whose sole function is to store and move sperm.

Family of origin

Those in our household during our first few years that we initially learn about feelings, problem solving, love, intimacy, and gender roles.

Urethral opening

Through which urine is expelled.

Fallopian tubes or oviducts

Two Thin flexible structures that Extend from upper end of uterus. The Fallopian tubes capture eggs as they are released form the ovaries during ovulation and are the site where sperm and egg meet and fertilization takes place. They then serve as passageway to uterus where the fertilized egg becomes implanted.

What are some common reasons why relationships end?

1) Illness 2) financial concerns 3) career problems 4) unmet expectations

What are the steps of the typical human sexual response?

1) arousal: vascocongestion-Increased blood flow causing genitals to swell during arousal. Penis erects and vagina lubricates. 2) plateau phase: Initial responses intensify. Voluntary and involuntary muscle contraction.Penis and women's nipples become erect. The or is secretes a few drops of pre-ejaculatory fluid. 3) orgasmic phase: Vas congestion and muscle contraction reach peak, rhythmic contractions occur in women's uterus and sphincter and in men's prostate gland which propels semen through urethra, and the anal sphincter contracts. 4) resolution phase: Muscle tension and congested blood subside. And penis returns to perarousal state. Experience relaxation. Women can become rearguard but men experience a refractory phase in which they can't.

What are three components of healthy and responsible sexuality?

1) good communication 2) acknowledging that you are a sexual person 3) understanding sexual structures and their functions 4) accepting and embracing your gender identity and your sexual orientation

Helen fishers 4 predictable patterns of love?

1) imprinting- our evolutionary patterns, and past experiences trigger a romantic reaction 2) attraction- our neurochemicals produce feelings of euphoria and elation 3) attachment- endorphins(natural opiates) cause lovers to feel peaceful, secure, and calm 4) cuddle chemical- the brain secretes the hormone oxytocin, stimulating sensations during love making and eliciting feelings of satisfaction and attachment.

What are the three characteristics of a healthy relationship? Also known as three elements of trust.

1) predictability- you can predict your partners behavior, based on the knowledge that he or she acts in consistently positive ways. 2) dependability- you can rely on your partner for support, particularly in situations where you feel threatened with hurt or rejection. 3) faith- you feel certain about your partners intentions and behavior.

What are three ways to cope with a failed relationship?

1) recognize and acknowledge your feelings 2) find healthful ways to express your emotions, rather than turning them inward 3) spend time with friends

Three potential negative outcomes from combining sex with alcohol or drugs?

1) unprotected intercourse 2) inhibits sexual response, might not be able to get it up 3) date rape drugs

List the characteristics of an intimate relationship.

1)Behavioral Interdependence- refers to the impact that people have on each other as their lives intertwine. 2) Need fulfillment- through our relationships with others we fulfill our needs for intimacy(someone with whom we can share our feelings freely), social integration( someone with whom we can share worries and concerns), nurturance(someone we can take care of and who will take care of us), assistance(someone to help us in times of need), and affirmation(someone who will reassure us of our own worth and tell us we matter). 3) Emotional attachment- feelings of love. Such as intimacy( does not have to be sexual they can be emotionally or spiritually intimate). 4) emotional availability- ability to give and receive from others emotionally without fear of being hurt or rejected.

What are common obstacles to achieving a successful relationship?

1)Jealousy- an aversive reaction evoked by a real or imagined relationship involving ones partner and a third person. Caused by past deception and loss, over dependence, sexual exclusivity, low self esteem, fear of losing control. 2) changing gender roles- women often have to work full time jobs and do most of the family and household chores. They become frustrated and stressed. 3) sharing power- power is the ability to make and implement decisions. Couples may have unequal power. 4) unmet expectations- need to communicate our expectations regarding time, money etc

What forms can committed relationships take?

1)Marriage- entering into a legal agreement that includes shared finances and responsibility for raising children 2)Cohabitation- a relationship in which two unmarried people with an intimate connection live together 3)Gay and lesbian partnerships- seek the same things in relationships that heterosexual couples do 4)Staying single- 52.1% of women and 62% men aged 20-34 have never married.

What are some common problems associated with menstruation?

1)Premenstrual syndrome-term used for a collection of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that many women experience 7-14 days prior to their menstrual period. 2)Premenstrual dysphoric disorder- Severe form of PMS with symptoms that include depression, hopelessness, anger, anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, irritability, tension. 3) Dysmenorrhea- a medical term for menstrual cramps, the pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen that many women experience just before or after menstruation.

Sexuality

A component of some of our most improtant relationships and of our understanding of ourselves.

What are some strategies for conflict resolution?

A conflict is an emotional state that arises when the behavior of one person interferes with that of another. Conflict resolution and conflict management firm a systematic approach to resolving differences fairly and constructively. 1) ID problem 2) generate possible solutions 3) evaluate solutions 4) decide on best solution 5) implement solution 6) follow up

Family

A group whose central focus is to care for and love one another. The definition of family changes over time.

Uterus

A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ. Hormones acting in inner lining of uterus(endometrium) either prepare the uterus for implantation and development of a fertilized egg or signal that no fertilization has taken place in which case the endometrium deteriorates and becomes menstrual flow.

Monus pubis

A pad of fatty tissue covering and protecting the pubic bone.

Ejaculation

A series of rapid, spasmodic contractions that propels semen out of the penis.

Vagina

A tubular organ that serves as a passageway from the uterus to the outside of the body. It allows menstrual flow to exit from uterus during a women's monthly cycle, receives the penis during intercourse, and serves as birth canal during intercourse.

Ovaries

Almond sized organs on either side of the uterus, produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone and are the reservoir for immature eggs.

Perineum

Area of smooth tissue between the Vulva and the anus. Can play a part in sexual excitement.

What are some examples of sexual expression?

Celibacy- avoidance or abstention from sexual activities with others. Autoerotic behaviors- sexual self stimulation. Sexual fantasies- sexually arousing thoughts and dreams. Masturbation- self-stimulation of genitals. Most common. Erogenous zones- mouth, earlobes, inner thighs 1) Manual stimulation- sex 2) oral-genital stimulation for men its called fellatio and women cunnilingus 3)vaginal intercourse 4) anal intercourse

What are the two kinds of love? What are the three components for passionate love?

Compassionate- love is a secure affectionate and trusting attachment. Similar to what we away feel for family and friends. Passionate- an intense state of wanting to bond with another. 1) cognitive component( one has a preoccupation with and desires to know a person) 2) emotional component( strong feelings and sexual arousal) 3) behavioral component( be helpful, actions to know the other person)

Prostate gland

Contributed more fluids to the semen, including chemicals that help the sperm fertilize an ovum and neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina to make it more conductive to sperm motility and potency.

Variant sexual behavior

Describes sexual behaviors that most people do not engage in. Ex: group sex

Self-nurturance

Developing individual potential through a balanced and realistic appreciation of self-worth and ability. Important for a relationship.

Monogamy

Exclusive sexual involvement with one partner. Many Americans believe this is a characteristic of marriage.

Characteristics of romantic relationships?

Fascination Exclusiveness Sexual desire Giving the utmost Being an advocate

Epididymis

Immature Sperm are released into a comma-shaped structure in the back of the testes called the epididymis where they ripen and reach full maturity.

Common law marriage

In some states cohabitation lasting a designated number of years usually 7. Legally constitutes a common law marriage for purposes of sharing many financial obligations.

Hymen

In some women this thin membrane covers the vaginal opening.

Labia minora

Inner lips, folds of mucous membrane found just inside the labia majora.

Robert ster bergs triangular theory of love, what are the 3 components? What is a combination of all three called?

Intimacy Passion Commitment Consummate love

Why is listening an important part of communication?

Listening allows us to share feelings, express concerns, communicate wants and needs and make our thoughts and opinions known. We listen best when: 1) we believe the message is important and relevant to us 2) speaker holds our attention through humor or drama 3) we are free of distractions and worries

Clitoris

Located at upper end of the labia minora and beneath the mons pubis; it's only known function is to provide sexual pleasure.

Testes

Manufacture sperm and testosterone.

Communication patterns among men and women?

Men: Facial: - avoid eye contact - frown Speech: - lower voices - more abrupt - likely to interrupt - direct statements Body language: - occupy more space - gesture away form body - lean back when listening - more forceful gestures - less feedback via body language Behavioral differences: - more inclined to be analytical - difficulty expressing intimate feelings - hold fewer grudges - give fewer compliments - gossip less - less likely to ask for help - take rejection less personally Females are complete opposite!

Do men experience a rapid hormone decline in middle age like women?

No men lose testosterone after age 30 gradually at 1% a year . This is called andropause.

How do nonverbal cues affect interactions?

Nonverbal communication includes all unwritten and unspoken messages, intentional and unintentional. Research shows that when verbal and nonverbal communications don't match, we are more likely to believe nonverbal cues. Ex touch, facial expression, body language, tone.

Socialization

Our sense of masculine and feminine traits is largely a result of socialization during childhood.

Describe a 28 day menstrual cycle beginning with proliferators phase?

Proliferative phase: - begins with end of menstruation - endometrium proliferates - hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH which triggers pituitary gland to releases FSH. - when FSH reaches ovaries it signals several ovarian follicles to begin maturing. - normally only the Graafian follicle reaches full maturity. - while maturing the follicles produce estrogen, which signals the endometrial lining of uterus to proliferate. - high estrogen signals pituitary gland to slow down production of FSH and increase LH - LH causes the Graafian follicle to rupture and release a mature ovum. - this event which usually occurs during day 14 is called ovulation. - if two follicles develop twins are born. If one splits into two identical twins are born. Secretory phase: - the ruptured follicle is transported to corpus luteum and begins secreting large amounts of estrogen and progesterone. - these secretions peak around day 30 and cause endometrium to thicken - if implantation and fertilization take place the cells are pubs the embryo release HCG increasing estrogen and progesterone that maintain the endometrium and signal pituitary gland not to start another menstrual cycle. - if no implantation occurs then then the hypothalamus signals the profitably gland to stop producing FSH and LH peaking levels of progesterone in the blood. - the corpus luteum begins to decompose, leading to rapid declines in progesterone and estrogen the hormones needed to sustain the uterine lining. - without them the endometrium is sloughed off the menstruated flow beginning the menstrual phase Menstrual phase: - low estrogen levels signal the hypothalamus to release GnRH, which acts on the pituitary gland to secrete FSH and the cycle beings again.

Seminal vesicles

Provide sperm with nutrients and other fluids that compose semen.

What factors are involved in the choice of a romantic partner?

Proximity- the more often you see someone, the more likely interaction will occur. We often choose partners based on similarities, opposites attract is not true. Physical attraction- attraction is complex and influenced by social, biological, and cultural factors.

Sexual orientation

Refers to a persons enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to others. For example, Heterosexual( attracted to opposite sex), homosexuals(attracted to same sex), bisexual(attracted to both sexes).

Gender identity

Refers to a sense or awareness of being a male or female.

Gender

Refers to characteristics and actions typically associated with men or women as defined by culture.

Androgyny

Refers to the combination of traditional masculine and feminine traits in a single person.

Gonads

Reproductive organs

Factors that affect your ability to nurture and maintains healthy relationships?

Self-concept( how you define yourself) Self esteem( how you evaluate yourself)

Libido

Sex drive.

What are some types and causes of sexual dysfunction?

Sexual dysfunction is problems that can hinder sexual functioning. 1) inhibited sexual desire- lack of interest or sexual pleasure 2) sexual aversion disorder- sexual phobias and anxiety about sexual contact 3)erectile dysfunction- difficulty achieving or maintains penile erection 4) premature ejaculation- ejaculation that occurs before or very soon after insertion of penis into the vagina. 5) female orgasmic disorder- woman has to fake orgasms. 6) sexual performance anxiety- man may not nea able to maintain erect penis and woman may not be able allow vaginal penetration 7) dyspareunia- pain experienced by a woman during intercourse 8) vaginismus- the involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles making penile insertion impossible

How can appropriate self-disclosure contribute to healthy communication?

Sharing personal information with others is self disclosure. Suggestions- Get know yourself Accept yourself Discuss sexual history Choose a safe context for self-disclosure

Gender roles

The behaviors and activities we use to express maleness or femaleness In ways that conform to society's expectations.

Spermatogenesis

The development of sperm. This processe is governed by the pituitary gland.

Testosterone

The hormone responsible for development of male secondary characteristics such as deepening of voice and growth of facial, body and pubic hair.

Cervix

The lower end of the uterus, extends down into the vagina.

Penis

The male organ that deposits sperm in the vagina during intercourse.

Transgendered

When a persons gender identity does not always match his or her biological sex.

Serial monogamy

Where a person has a monogamous sexual relationship with one partner before moving on to another.