HS415-01 Environmental Health

As of 2000, about __________ percent of the world's fisheries had been classified as collapsed. a. 2 b. 10 c. 20

c. 20

A family of four in the United States uses approximately _________ gallons of water per day, including both indoor and outdoor water use. a. 50 b. 100 c. 400 d. 10000

c. 400

__________ is a natural botanical insecticide. a. Heptachlor b. Malathion c. Pyrethrum

c. Pyrethrum

In the United Kingdom, about _________ cattle were slaughtered to prevent people from getting variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease: as of 2005, about ____________ people had died of the disease. a. 4 million/ 150 b. 4 million/ 1,500 c. 10 million/ 150 d. 10 million/ 1,500

a. 4 million/ 150

What human disease may result if beef is contaminated during slaughter with the cow's fecal matter? a. E. coli O-157:H7 infection b. poliomyelitis c. variant Creutzfieldt-Jakob disease

a. E. coli O-157: H7 infection

The term radura refers to __________. a. a symbol indicating that a food product has been irradiated b. radon gas and radon progeny c. the part of the brain most affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

a. a symbol indicating that a food product has been irradiated

__________________ is/are the major direct human health risk of genetically modified foods. a. allergic reactions b. DNA damage c. Gastrointestinal cancer

a. allergic reactions

What potential human health concern has been raised related to administering recombinant bovine growth hormone to dairy cows? a. antibiotic residues in milk b. bacterial contamination of milk c. growth hormone residues in milk

a. antibiotic residues in milk

The growing of genetically modified crop plants may contribute to __________. a. antibiotic resistance in bacteria b. overgrowth of bacteria in silos c. risk of prion disease in cattle

a. antibiotic resistance in bacteria

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HAACP) system is a(n) __________. a. approach to improve food safety b. method to evaluate pesticide intolerance levels c. technique for integrated pest management

a. approach to improve food safety

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HAACP) system is a(n) ____________. a. approach to reducing the risk of foodborne illness. b. method for estimating the risk of waterborne illness due to ingestion of tap water c. tool for quantifying the health impacts of development

a. approach to reducing the risk of foodborne illness.

Which of the following steps are in primary sewage treatment? a. bar screen, grinder, grit chamber, primary clarifier b. settling, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration c. thickening and stabilization

a. bar screen, grinder, grit chamber, primary clarifier

Secondary sewage treatment is fundamentally a ________ process. a. biological b. chemical c. mechanical

a. biological

Under the Delaney Clause, no food additive can be approved by the FDA if it has been found to cause _________ in humans or animals. a. cancer b. neurologic effects c. reproductive or developmental effects

a. cancer

Four common air pollutants-particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone-have been clearly linked to mortality from asthma, respiratory disease, and _________. a. cardiovascular disease b. lung cancer c. sudden infant death syndrome

a. cardiovascular disease Although the book does mention SIDS, the evidence is inconclusive to prove or disprove is SIDS is actually linked.

Which body system in the insect do both organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides target? a. central nervous system b. digestive system c. reproductive system

a. central nervous system

A broiler is a ________. a. chicken raised to be eaten rather than to produce eggs b. device for scalding and defeathering chickens c. vat used for rendering animal remains

a. chicken raised to be eaten rather than to produce eggs

Concentrations of _________ have been documented at higher concentrations in farmed salmon than in wild-caught salmon. a. chlorinated organic compounds b. inorganic metals c. radioactive iodine

a. chlorinated organic compounds

These odors- dead fish, ammonia, and rotten-egg smell of hydrogen sulfide- are endured by people who live near______. a. concentrated animal feeding operations b. rendering plants c. slaughterhouses

a. concentrated animal feeding operations

When an acquaintance tells you that she has an artesian well, you know that her well draws on a(n) _________ aquifer. a. confined b. unconfined c. water table

a. confined

When an acquaintance tells you that she has an artesian well, you know that her well draws on a(n) __________ aquifer. a. confined b. unconfined c. water table

a. confined

Given that Mary is allergic to peanuts, which agricultural practice may be of particular concern to her? a. development of genetically modified food plants b. feeding of meat and bone meal to cattle c. routine use of pesticides in growing peanuts

a. development of genetically modified food plants

Which of the following hazards is not a common type of injury among meatpacking and poultry processing workers? a. electric shock b. lacerations c. repetitive strain injuries

a. electric shock

A selective herbicide might be applied to a(n) _______________. a. field of crops to kill only weeds b. lawn to only kill dandelions c. overgrown area to kill all plant growth

a. field of crops to kill only weeds

Bioaccumulation is the _________. a. gradual building up of a chemical in the tissue of an organism. b. increase of concentrations of a chemical at higher levels of a food pyramid c. movement of a chemical from water to living tissue

a. gradual building up of a chemical in the tissue of an organism

Bioaccumulation is the _______________. a. gradual building up of a chemical in the tissue of an organism. b. increase of concentrations of a chemical at higher levels of a food pyramid c. movement of a chemical from water to living tissue.

a. gradual building up of a chemical in the tissue of an organism.

Which of the following is a reason that ground beef is an especially likely vehicle for contamination by E. coli O157: H7? a. grinding of meat increases the surface area b. residues of antibiotics are low in ground beef c. when bacteria are ground up, each fragment grows into a new cell

a. grinding meat increases the surface area

Efforts to prevent illness from ground beef tainted by a pathogen are hampered by the fact that ___________. a. ground beef is distributed and sold quickly b.ground beef from different feedlots may be mixed at a meatpacking plant c. meat from many cows is mixed into one batch of ground beef

a. ground beef is distributed and sold quickly

In the United States today, Most exposure to lead from earlier use of leaded gasoline is exposure by ____________. a. incidental ingestion of dust b. ingestion of fish contaminated with lead c. inhalation of airborne lead

a. incidental ingestion of dust

Which of the following is the most common exposure pathways for solvents? a. ingestion of groundwater b. ingestion of meat or fish c. inhalation of dust

a. ingestion of groundwater

The recycling of elements from discarded US personal computers is an industry that ____________________. a. is mostly exported to lower-income countries b. makes a substantial contribution to the burden of occupational illness in the United States c. takes place mainly in California, which has strict controls in this industry

a. is mostly exported to lower-income countries

About how much of all US cropland was certified organic in 2005? a. less than 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 10 percent d. 20 percent

a. less than 1 percent

A __________ chemical is one that has a tendency to move from water into an oily medium. a. lipophilic b. persistent c. volatile

a. lipophilic

Both rice paddies and belching cows produce __________, a greenhouse gas. a. methane b. nitrous oxide c. ozone

a. methane

Detrimental effects on the ______________ system have no been linked to pesticide exposure. a. musculoskeletal b. neurological c. reproductive

a. musculoskeletal

The cornchewer is considered a pest because it eats corn. The wily gadfly feeds on cornchewers but does not eat corn. Intending to kill off the cornchewers, a farmer applies an insecticide that nearly wipes out both insect populations. What is likely to happen next? a. the cornchewer population rebounds b. the gladfly population rebounds c. both insect populations rebound

a. the cornchewer population rebounds

About how many licensed nuclear power plants are there currently in the United States? a. 50 b. 100 c. 200 d. 400

b. 100

__________ is an organochlorine pesticide; __________ is an organophosphate pesticide. a. DDT/ chlordane b. DDT/ parathion c. Malathion/ DDT

b. DDT/ Parathion

The term thermohaline refers to the movement of ___________. a. chemicals between the sediment and fish tissue b. deep ocean waters around the globe c. parcels of surface air in the equatorial region

b. Deep ocean waters around the globe

Pesticide A is an organochlorine pesticide; Pesticide B is an organophosphate pesticide. Which of the following statements would you expect to be true? a. Pesticide A and Pesticide B are about equally persistent in the environment. b. Pesticide A is more persistent in the environment than Pesticide B c. Pesticide B is more persistent in the environment than Pesticide A.

b. Pesticide A is more persistent in the environment than Pesticide B.

Which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic hazard? a. a chemical toxin produced by a plant b. a chemical used to dry clean clothing c. a landslide cause by an earthquake

b. a chemical used to dry clean clothing

Which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic hazard? a. a chemical toxin produced by a plant b. a chemical used to dry clean clothing c. a landslide caused by an earthquake

b. a chemical used to dry clean clothing

Radon, which emits alpha radiation is __________. a. an external hazard, but not an internal hazard b. an internal hazard, but not an external hazard c. both an external hazard and an internal hazard

b. an internal hazard, but not an external hazard.

Potable water is water that is ___________. a. available for human use within a given watershed b. considered suitable for use as drinking water c. derived from a sustainable source

b. considered suitable for use as drinking water

The term thermohaline circulation refers to the movement of __________. a. chemicals between sediment and fish tissue b. deep ocean waters around the globe c. parcels of surface air in the equatorial region

b. deep ocean waters around the globe

When found in food, insect parts, olive pits, and rodent hairs are examples of food _______. a. additives b. defects c. intoxicaions

b. defects

The persistence of a chemical in the environment-for example, in soil or sediment-is often quantified as its ___________. a. environmental affinity b. environmental half-life c. partition quotient

b. environmental half-life

The persistence of a chemical in the environment-for example, in soil or sediment-is often quantified as its _______________. a. environmental affinity b. environmental half-life c. partition quotient

b. environmental half-life

Which class of pesticides is used in the largest quantities in the US? a. fungicides b. herbicides c. insecticides

b. herbicides

Both CAFO workers and confined animals are at risk of the toxic effects of ________ and _______. a. ammonia/ methane b. hydrogen sulfide/ ammonia c. hydrogen sulfide/ methane

b. hydrogen sulfide/ ammonia

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HAACP) system is an approach to _______. a. abating lead hazards b. improving food safety c. regulating pesticides

b. improving food safety

A hormone called bovine somatotropin is administered to dairy cattle to ________. a. increase their metabolism of genetically modified feed grains. b. increase their milk production c. reduce their susceptibility to prion disease d. reduce udder infections

b. increase milk production

The main rationale for development of genetically modified foods is to _______________ the world's food supply. a. augment the variety b. increase the quantity c. lower the cost

b. increase the quantity

Which of he following programs for controlling insect pests in a building best reflects the principles of Integrated Pest Management? a. insecticidal baits are set out in high-pest locations on a regular schedule b. insecticidal baits are set out in high-pest locations when pests become a problem c. insecticidal sprays are broadly applied on a regular schedule d. insecticidal sprays are broadly applied when pests become a problem

b. insecticidal baits are set out in high-pest locations when pests become a problem

Which of the following is not a principle of organic farming? a. it does not use synthetic pesticides or commercial fertilizers b. it must be on a small scale c. its impact on soil must be sustainable

b. it must be small scale, large scale organic farms are quite common

______________ is less common but more fatal than _______________. a. basal cell carcinoma; malignant melanoma b. malignant melanoma; squamous cell carcinoma c. squamous cell carcinoma; malignant melanoma

b. malignant melanoma; squamous cell carcinoma

The familiar USDA grading of meat (e.g. USDA prime and USDA Choice steaks) is based on the ________. a. conditions in the slaughterhouse of origin b. marbling in the steaks themselves c. wholesomeness of the carcass from which they were cut

b. marbling in the steaks themselves

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that results from decay of organic matter under anaerobic conditions? a. carbon dioxide b. methane c. ozone

b. methane

Consumption of nitrate-contaminated groundwater may cause _____________. a. cyanosis in adults b. methemoglobinemia in infants c. neurotoxicity in the elderly

b. methemoglobinemia in infants

The practice of giving pigs low doses of antibiotics throughout their lives causes _____________ to become more resistant to antibiotics. a. humans b. microbes c. pigs

b. microbes

Which of the following is a tactic typically used in integrated pest management? a. choosing a single, targeted intervention for pest control b. monitoring populations of target pests c. undertaking pest control on a predetermined schedule

b. monitoring populations of target pests

The earliest synthetic organic pesticides, including DDT, are in a class of chemicals known as ____________. a. carbamates b. organochlorines c. organophosphates

b. organochlorines

Which of the following characteristics is not used to classify a waste as a hazardous waste? a. corrosiveness b. persistence d. toxicity

b. persistence

As it relates to mad cow disease, rendering is the ____________. a. improved slaughtering method that yields prion-free meat b. processing of cow carcasses c. transfer of prions from sheep to cattle

b. processing of cow carcasses

Which of the following is not considered a food defect in the US regulatory framework? a. insect fragments b. radiolytic chemicals c. rodent hairs

b. radiolytic chemicals

The most common cause of premature death among cattle and swine in US CAFOs is _____________. a. diarrheal disease b. respiratory conditions c. trampling or suffocation

b. respiratory conditions

Which of the following products of burning fossil fuels may ultimately contribute to the problem of acid deposition? a. carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide b. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide c. volatile organic compounds

b. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

A secondary pest outbreak occurs after a pesticide is applied. Which of the following is most likely to be true? a. the secondary pest is a natural predator of the target pest b. the target pest is a natural predator of the secondary pest c. the target pest and the secondary pest are the same species

b. the target pest is a natural predator of the secondary pest

Greenhouse gases keep the earth's atmosphere warm by __________. a. concentrating incoming solar energy b. deflecting polar winds c. re-radiating heat back towards earth.

c. Re-readiating heat back towards the earth

_________, a prion disease of sheep, may have been the source of the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain. a. Chronic wasting disease b. Kuru c. Scrapie

c. Scrapie

_____________ are widely used to degrease metals-- for example, in the manufacture of electronic components. a. Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) b. Phthalates c. Solvents

c. Solvents

Which of the following is the best definition of a pest? A plant or animal that ________. a. causes illness in humans b. disturbs the natural balance of an ecosystem c. Interferes with humans' interests

c. interferes with humans' interests

High biochemical oxygen demand in sewage effluent can lead directly to ____________. a. coagulation of the waste stream b. diarrrheal disease in people living downstream c. killing of fish in the receiving water

c. killing of fish in the receiving water

Both cattle and swine in CAFOs in the United States are concentrated in __________. a. small operations b. mid-sized operations c. large operations

c. large operations

Primary sewage treatment is fundamentally a ______ process. a. biological b. chemical c. mechanical

c. mechanical

Methemoglobinemia in infants, caused by _______ in groundwater, is marked by _______. a. herbicides/inadequate oxygenation of the blood b. herbicides/ too much oxygenation of the blood c. nitrates/ inadequate oxygenation of the blood d. nitrates/ too much oxygenation of the blood

c. nitrates/ inadequate oxygenation of the blood

Which of the following products are made using processes that involved perfluorochemicals (PFCs)? a. consumer electronics b. flexible plastic containers c. non-stick coatings

c. non-stick coatings

The major public health concern related to the presence of antibiotic- resistant bacteria in CAFO waste lagoons is that these bacteria may ___________. a. cause human illness by contaminating meat at slaughter b. deplete oxygen in local waters c. pass the resistance trait to other bacteria in the environment

c. pass the resistance trait to other bacteria in the environment

A combined sewer overflow is designed to handle _________. a. combined food and fecal wastes b. overflow of pretreated industrial wastes c. peak volumes due to surface runoff

c. peak volumes due to surface runoff

The bar screen, grinder, and grit chamber are used in ____________. a. municipal drinking water treatment b. municipal solid waste disposal c. primary sewage treatment

c. primary sewage treatment

Which of the following is an example of a physical hazard? a. mold b. pesticides c. radiation

c. radiation

Which of the following is not considered a food defect in the US regulatory framework? a. insect fragments b. mold c. radiolytic chemicals

c. radiolytic chemicals--- used to decontaminate meat.

Which of the following gas is not a greenhouse gas? a. carbon dioxide b. methane c. radon

c. radon

Greenhouse gases keep the earth's atmosphere warm by ________________. a. concentrating incoming solar energy b. deflecting polar winds c. re-radiation heat back towards the earth

c. re-radiating heat back towards the earth

The term pesticide tolerance refers to the maximum pesticide __________. a. application that a specific pest can survive b. exposure that is safe for agricultural workers c. residue that is allowed in human food

c. residue allowed in human food

In the United States, the current feed ban to prevent bovine spongiform encephalopathy prohibits the feeding of __________. a. mammalian protein to mammals b. mammalian protein to ruminants c. ruminant protein to mammals d. ruminant protein to ruminants

c. ruminant protein to mammals

As a general rule, a high-molecular-weight chemical is least likely to be present in _________. a. body fat b. soil or sediment c. the atmostphere

c. the atmosphere

As a general rule, a high-molecular-weight chemical is least likely to be present in _______________. a. body fat b. soil or sediment c. the atmosphere

c. the atmosphere

Irradiation of a food product may result in ______. a. a low-level radioactive residue in the food b. more rapid spoilage of the food c. the creation of new chemicals in the food

c. the creation of new chemicals in the food

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is closest to the earth's surface? a. stratosphere b. thermosphere c. troposphere

c. troposphere

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is the closest to the earth's surface? a. stratosphere b. thermosphere c. troposphere

c. troposphere

What human disease may result if beef is contaminated during slaughter with bits of the cow's brain or spinal cord? a. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease b. E. coli O-157: H7 infection c. variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease

c. variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

In occupational health regulations, priority is given to modifications of the work environment over personal protective equipment requirements partly because _____________. a. providing personal protective gear is often more costly to companies. b. work environment modifications reduce exposure more effectively c. workers may not always wear the protective equipment

c. workers may not always wear the protective equipment

At the present rate of use, the world's recoverable coal reserves may last about _______ years, and the world's proved petroleum reserves may last about ________ years. a. 40/100 b. 100/40 c. 100/200 d. 200/40

d. 200/40

Industrial wastes, if not pretreated before entering a municipal wastewater treatment system, may _____________. a. cause damage to the municipal works b. interfere with coagulation and flocculation c. kill bacteria used in wastewater treatment d. a and c but not b e. all of the above

d. a and c but not b

Additives are put into food in order to _________. a. add nutritional value b. improve flavor c. prevent or slow down spoilage d. all of the above e. a and c only

d. all of the above

If reprocessing of spent reactor fuel is added into the nuclear fuel cycle, this step would ______________. a. extract plutonium to be used in making nuclear weapons b. extract unfissioned uranium-238 to be made into fuel pellets c. produce an additional radioactive waste stream d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following food defects is prohibited in food at any level? a. insect fragments b. maggots c. rodent hairs d. all of the above

d. all of the above