HST 120 Exam 1 Smith
Who were the Hyksos?
A Semitic-speaking people who infiltrated Egypt in the seventeenth century B.C.E
Hyksos
A Semitic-speaking people who infiltrated Egypt in the seventeenth century B.C.E.
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen
Geocentric
A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.
Cyrus the Great
A remarkable leader who managed to reunite he Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world
What was Solomon's most revered contribution to the Hebrew society?
Constructing the temple
The written script of the Sumerians is known as
Cuneiform
The founder of the Persian Empire, who defeated Babylon and freed the Jews from captivity in 539 B.C., was
Cyrus the Great
Stoics
Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. a philosophy founded by Zeno in the fourth century B.CA.E. that taught that happiness could be obtained by accepting one's lot and living in harmony with the will of God, thereby achieving inner peace.
Who was credited with having been the first to separate medicine from philosophy?
Hippocrates
Illiad
Homer's epic poem of the story of the Trojan War
What did 'The Epic of Gilgamesh' teach?
Human life is fleeting; people are powerless against the supernatural.
Which statement best describes Hellenistic cities?
They were important centers of administration, most of which were dominated by Greeks and Greek culture.
Socrates was condemned to death for
corrupting the youth of Athens
The decline of the Hittites and Egyptians around 1200 B.C.E.
created a power vacuum which allowed several small states to emerge and temporarily flourish.
During the migrations of the Greek Dark Age, many Ionians
crossed the Aegean Sea to settle in Asia Minor.
As a result of the Agricultural Revolution, people
people enjoyed a steady source of meat and milk
Sophists
people who believed that you had to be a contributing member of society
Hebrew religion
was an ethical religion centered around the law of God
Hebrew Prophets
were considered by the Hebrews to be the voice of Yahweh
Sophists
were professional teachers who seemingly questioned the traditional values of their societies.
How did Alexander the Great facilitate the spread of Greek culture?
he founded new cities
Hoplite
heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greece who entered battle in a phalanx formation.
A hoplite was a
heavy infantry man
Tyrant
in an ancient Greek polis (or an Italian city-state during the Renaissance), a ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional way and ruled without being subject to the law.
Arete
in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest
Hellenistic
literally, "imitating the Greeks"; the era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the Near East and blended with the culture of that region.
Phoenicians
located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
Hippocrates
"Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today.
Cuneiform
"wedge-shaped." A system of writing developed by the Sumerians that consisted of wedge-shaped impressions made by a reed stylus on clay tablets.
Peloponnesian War
(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. Ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian league led by Sparta.
Socrates
(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of western philosophy, as being the first moral philosopher, of the western ethical tradition of thought.
Solomon
(Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC). Built the first temple
Euclid
(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geomertry.
Thermopylae
100 miles from Athens; it is where the Greek soldiers held off the Persian army for 3 days then the Persians killed every soldier guarding the pass and then marched on to Athens where they set it on fire
According to Hebrew tradition, the Hebrew people descended from which patriarch?
Abraham
Who was the only god within Zoroastrianism?
Ahuramazda
An especially important cultural center with the largest library in ancient times was
Alexandria
Ptolemy
Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)
What is one of the features of a human society's "civilization"?
An urban focus and a distinct religious structure
Epicureans
Ancient group of followers of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who maintained that the gods were removed from the concerns of human life and so were not to be feared or placated. Happiness came in establishing a peaceful harmony with other like-minded people and enjoying the simple pleasures of daily existence.
Which city-state led the Delian League?
Athens
Heliocentric
Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
Battle of Chaeronea
Battle near Thebes in 338 BCE where the Macedonians defeated the Greeks from the various Greek city-states and made them join an alliance against Persia.
Egyptian Pyramids
Built during the Old Kingdom, burial tombs for the Pharaohs
A popular Minoan sport was
Bull jumping
Which of the following was NOT a major source of slaves in the Hellenistic world?
Citizens who could not pay their debts were sold into slavery.
What did Early Greek philosophy seek to do?
Explain the universe on the basis of unifying principles
Hieroglyphs were the sole form of writing in ancient Egypt.
False
Unlike the Epicureans, the Stoics believed that complete withdrawal from the public world of politics and society was necessary in the quest for a passive and unattached life.
False
Peloponnesian League
Formed from the surrounding city-states near Sparta. It was formed to defeat democracy in Athens.
Abraham
Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.
Herodotus
Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.
Which statement best describes the Hellenistic era?
Greek culture was extended and imitated throughout the ancient Near East.
Thucydides
Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles
Alexander the Great's troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture
India
Which of these endeavors was the primary focus of the Phoenicians?
International trade
After the death of Solomon, tensions between the northern and southern tribes led to the establishment of which two kingdoms?
Israel and Judah
Which statement best describes the style of Hellenistic sculpture?
It was more emotional and realistic than classical Greek sculpture.
Assyrians
Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire
Moses
Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments
Ahura Mazda
Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit Angra Mainyu.
How did the shift to an agricultural society during the Neolithic Age affect relationships between men and women?
Men's work took them further away from home; women's work increasingly confined them to household labor.
Which form of government was dominant during the Hellenistic period?
Monarchy
Neolithic
New Stone Age. the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by sytematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10,000 and 4000 B.CA.E. (the Neolithic or "New Stone" Age).
Paleolithic
Old Stone Age. the period of human history when humans used simple stone tools (ca. 2,500,000-10,000 B.CA.E.).
immortals
Persian immortals, name given by Herodotus to an elite heavily-armed infantry unit of 10,000 soldiers in the army of the achaemenid empire
Hierogylphs
Pictures used as writing in ancient Egypt
According to most scholars, what accounts for the collapse of Minoan civilization?
Pillaging and conquest by the Mycenaeans
Who was the Greek general who took Egypt after Alexander's death and converted it into the first Hellenistic kingdom?
Ptolemy
Which of these trade items was closely associated with the Phoenicians?
Purple Dye
Which city-state dominated the Peloponnesian League?
Sparta
Minoans
The Mediterranean society that formed on the island of Crete and who were a big maritime society.
Who drove the Egyptians from Canaan in the thirteenth century?
The Sea Peoples
What event led to the ascension of Alexander the Great to the Macedonian throne?
The assassination of philip II
What was the result of the Peloponnesian War?
The defeat of Athens and the collapse of its empire
What resulted from the Lycurgan reforms?
The establishment of a military state in sparta
Hittites
The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy. Ancient Anatolian people who established an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC
Sumerians
The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.a member of the indigenous non-semitic people of ancient Babylonia
Which people ruled the largest empire?
The persians
What was Alexandrian scholar Euclid's most famous achievement?
The systemized study of geometry
Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
The narrow pass where 9000 Greek hoplites under the leadership of Spartan king Leonidas held a Persian army of over 150,000 men for two days was
Thermopylae.
Which statement best describes the Assyrian use of terror tactics and atrocities?
They especially targeted inhabitants of the empire who rebelled against Assyrian rule.
What was the primary role of the Hebrew prophets?
They were considered to be the voice of Yahweh
How did the Greek historian Thucydides differ from Herodotus?
Thucydides was unconcerned with spiritual forces as a factor in history.
The Greeks halted the Persian attempt to attack mainland Greece during the reign of Darius at the Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.E.
True
Which class of women achieved the most notable gains during the Hellenistic period?
Upper Class
The term polis refers to the
a city-state
civilization
a complex culture in which large numbers of humans share a variety of common elements, including cities; religious, political, military, and social structures; writing; and significant artistic and intellectual activity.
Socratic Method
a form of teaching that uses a question-and-answer format to enable students to reach conclusions by using their own reasoning.
Theocracy
a government ruled by a divine authority.
Satrap
a governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, each administered by a satrap.
Ziggurat
a massive stepped tower on which a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city was built.
Stoicism
a philosophy founded by Zeno in the 4th century BC that taught that happiness could be obtained by accepting one's lot and living in harmony with the will of God, thereby achieving inner peace
Zoroatrianism
a religion founded by the Persian Zoroaster in the seventh century B.CA.E., characterized by worship of a supreme god, Ahuramazda, who represents the good against the evil spirit, identified as Ahriman.
According to Zoroastrianism, what is the name of the evil spirit?
ahriman
Delian League
an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians
Polis
an ancient Greek city-state encompassing both an urban area and its surrounding countryside; a small but autonomous political unit where all major political and social activities were carried out centrally.
Early Greek Philosophy
attempted to explain the universe on the basis of underlying principles
Polytheism
believing in or worshiping more than one god.
In what way was Zoroastrianism similar to Judaism?
both religions were monotheistic
Alexandira
city on the mideterranean coast of Egypt founded by alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum, acenter for leadeing scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.
The Egyptian pyramids can be best described as
conceived and built as tombs for a city of the dead.
"sea Peoples"
confederacy of naval riders who harried the coastal towns and cities of the mediterranean region between c. 1276-1178 BCE.
Philip II of Macedon
conquered Greece after they were weakened by the Peloponnesian Wars
All full-time residents of Athens were considered citizens.
false
At the time of the Persian Wars, the Greek city-states were far wealthier and more powerful than Persia.
false
Moses was the original Hebrew patriarch.
false
The Assyrians lacked an effective military machine to develop and expand their empire.
false
The geography of Greece is characterized by smooth, well-watered plains and fields.
false
The great literary epic of the ancient Sumerians was known as the Book of the Dead.
false
The word "theocracy" means "rule by the strongest."
false
The vast majority of the population in Sumerian city-states worked as
farmers
Mycenaeans
first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy
The Hebrew Bible
focuses on the basic theme of the necessity of the Hebrews to obey their God.
According to the Sumerians, who owned the cities?
gods and goddesses
In Hellenistic cities, the primary cultural influence was
greek
What happened to the Delian League once Persia was defeated?
it became an instrument for Athenian Imperialism
What made the religion of the Jews different from that of their Greek and Eastern counterparts in the Hellenistic world?
it was monotheistic rather than syncretistic
Once systems of writing developed, the Mesopotamians used writing largely for
keeping records and documents that might endure
Oligarchy
rule by a few.
Alexander the Great
son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world
Rhetoric
the art of persuasive speaking; in the Middle Ages, one of the seven liberal arts.
Syncretism
the combining of different forms of belief or practice, as, for example, when two gods are regarded as different forms of the same underlying divine force and are fused together.
What was an important Phoenician contribution to the ancient Near East?
the development of a simplified writing system
Monotheism
the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
What claim did supporters of the heliocentric model of the universe make?
the earth rotated around the sun
According to Egyptian theology, from what source did a king - or pharaoh -- derive his authority?
the fact that he was perceived as a divine instrument of order and harmony
According to the Sumerians, who owned the cities?
the gods
Where did Sumerian kings derive their authority to rule?
the gods
What was the name applied to the elite infantry of the Persian army?
the immortals
After the collapse of the Old Kingdom, which new dynasty began?
the middle kingdom
Hebrew Bible
the name used by Jews for their scripture that is basically the same as Christians' Old Testament.
Persians Wars
the persian wars were conflicted over the Greek city-greek in Asia Minor. After being conquered by the Persians, these states revolted. Greeks tried to help defend them. this enraged King Darius.
Ahriman
the spirit of evil in Zoroastrianism
What did the term arete mean to the Greeks?
the striving for exellence
Battle of Marathon
took place in 490 bc, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. Fought between citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes.
Lycurgan Reforms
transformed Sparta into a militaristic society, protected Spartan society from helot revolts, halted the output of art/music. diffused the problem of class warfare by raising the status of the lower classes and it created a homeland army to protect the kingdom from, another messenian revolt.
According to the Epicureans, happiness was the goal of life.
true
After the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.E.), the Greek city-states were required to take an oath of loyalty to Philip of Macedonia.
true
Ahuramazda was the supreme being of Zoroastrianism.
true
The most prominent structure in a Sumerian city was a temple called a ziggurat.
true
The political institutions of Hellenistic cities were modeled after those of the Greek polis.
true
The vast majority of scholars believe that Homer's Iliad has a basis in fact.
true
The word "Paleolithic" means "old stone."
true
The term "Ma'at" expresses the Egyptian belief in...
truth, justice, and order in the universe.