HST-120 Final Exam Review Material: Chapters 1-15. [Unit 1: Q1-47] [Unit 2: Q48-125]

Prior to the arrival of Europeans in 1492, what impact did agriculture have on the development of Native American groups? Also, what effect did groups that farmed have on the continent? How did some groups manipulate the environment to make farming possible?

Agriculture pushed Native Americans to a more residential or permanent settlement rather than relying on being nomadic and just purely gathering things around their environment and exploring to others. Some Native American groups in the Great Basin or in Cahokia used irrigation systems and that would involve in creating water ways to their farms and villages/cities to have easier access to water.

Based on assigned materials, discuss conflict and warfare among Native American culture groups before 1492. Be specific. Explore the effects warfare had on the development of economic organization, trade, and the shaping of societies. Provide examples.

An example of warfare among the Native American culture groups before 1492 could be shown in the Aztec Civilization. They were known to praise warriors at a high regard and also known to dominate other indigenous groups and store all their gold into store houses. The Aztec Civilization would make those who were conquered to be enslaved and required to pay tribute to those in power. The complete domination would breed a deep hatred for the Aztecs among those who were conquered, leading those conquered wanting to ally with the Spaniards to fight back the Aztecs. In another regard for the Aztecs, they constantly trained their youth to be ready to fight, specifically more in the physically fit male children. Those who have done very well will be rewarded with a tortilla of some sort. This really proves to shape their society into a war culture. Though this is not related to the Aztecs, it was found that in the City of Cahokia, their walls ranged to 20 ft tall of fortification. This alone could be an indication of conflict

The land bridge that the Paleo-Indians crossed to reach the Americas is called

Beringia

The U.S. Constitution guarantees individual liberties with the

Bill of Rights.

In March 1770, British troops fired on an American crowd, killing five civilians in what is known as the ________________________________________.

Boston Massacre

The political elite in the colonial assemblies opposed British legislation after 1763 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Colonists' taxes were already too high

Thomas Paine's __________________________________ was published in January 1776 and influenced public opinion toward a rejection of monarchy and advocacy of republican government with the consent of the people.

Common Sense

The Revolutionary War began with

Confrontations at Lexington and Concord

The ___________________________________ was the regular or official army of the colonies that was created by the Second Continental Congress in June 1775.

Continental Army

Prior to the arrival of Europeans in 1492, what role did conflict and conquest play in Native American culture groups and how these groups developed? Provide examples of groups that dominated other groups and long-term outcomes of that domination.

In the Aztec civilization, they had store houses of gold, warriors were known to be held at a high regard, and Mexica at its peak was at a population of 6 million around the year of 1325. These three facts alone can indicate or allude to that they were a war & conquest-based civilization. In the end however, their success would be followed with conflict from those who were conquered by the Aztecs, in which the captives allied with the Spaniards and fight back.

Britain created new boundaries under the Proclamation of 1763 in response to Native American tribes who coordinated the uprising known as _______________________________________.

Pontiac's Rebellion

All of the following were colonial responses to the Stamp Act EXCEPT: Increased respect for Parliament

Rioters harassed stamp distributors Rejection or denouncement of the act Sons of Liberty organized

In North America, Native Americans built all of the following EXCEPT

Roanoke

Which of the following was England's failed (or "lost") colony in North America?

Roanoke.

The 1777 battle typically described as the turning point in the American Revolution occurred at

Saratoga

The American victory at the Battle of ________________________________ in October of 1777 convinced the French to send forces to fight against the British.

Saratoga

The first southern city captured by British forces was _________________________ in December 1778.

Savannah

In late 1778, British military strategists switched their focus to the southern colonies/states because they thought they might draw support from _________________________.

Slaves

According to your class material, what was the role of blacks in the American Revolution? Be sure to explain what happened to blacks who supported the British/Loyalist cause. Also, be sure to discuss blacks who supported the Patriot cause.

Some blacks got their freedom through the Slave Enlistment Act of 1778, for fighting on the Patriot side. A notable group was the First Rhode Island Regiment. Some of the other slaves got their freedom by running away to the British Empire. If they were caught fighting for the enemy, they could be sold away again

Name one manner in which women contributed to the Patriot cause during the Revolutionary War.

Some wives helped bring food, water, clothes for men on the field. If their husband got injured or died, they would step in his place for him.

The first European nation to establish permanent colonies in North America was

Spain.

Which of the following pairs of colonizing countries and North American regions is INCORRECT?

Spain: Pacific Northwest

In 1765, the British imposed the _____________________________ , which was a tax on all paper used for official documents, newspapers, and almanacs, in order to raise revenue for war debt.

Stamp Act

To pay for war debts, Britain put an internal tax on legal documents, playing cards, dice, and newspapers (among other items). They did this with the

Stamp Act of 1765

In April 1764, the British government imposed the _______________________________, which was a new tax that lowered the duty on foreign (French) molasses imported into the colonies. It was enforced by the Royal Navy and special Vice-Admiralty Courts.

Sugar Act

In order to discourage smuggling and increase revenues, Britain cut the tariff on molasses through the

Sugar Act of 1764.

In the French and Indian War (a.k.a. the Seven Years War), American colonists generally

Supported the war and agreed to fight in it

In October 1781, the combined forces of Americans and the French won the Battle of _________________ in which the British were trapped, forcing British General ______________ to surrender.

Yorktown Cornwallis

As one of America's prominent early leaders, John Adams was

a man of high ideals who was driven by his principles.

The Constitution of the United States did create NOT create: a democracy with universal voting rights.

a representative government based on the sovereignty of the people. a republic without a monarchy. a federal system, with shared power between the central government and state governments.

The Articles of Confederation created

a weak national government.

Republicanism is dependent upon

conditional rule with permission of the people.

Eighteenth century southern planters

copied the leisured and luxurious lifestyle of the English aristocracy.

North American Indians gained all of the following crops from Central America EXCEPT: wheat

corn squash beans

The Mississippian culture of the Mississippi floodplains did NOT: use horses to hunt buffalo

create dozens of cities. build earth mounds. grow maize with flint hoes.

A similarity between Englishmen and Indian men of the Eastern Woodlands was that BOTH

engaged in warfare

The Second Continental Congress set out to

establish an army and reconcile with Britain.

The main goal of the first explorers of the Americas was initially to

find a western route to Asia.

Benjamin Franklin's famous "Join or Die" political cartoon, which depicted a snake chopped up and labeled with each colony's name, symbolized a push for

greater centralization and unity of the colonies under the Albany Plan.

Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: large-scale burial mounds

hundreds of apartment-like rooms specific structures for religious ceremonies connections to long-distance trade

The English colonial regions of the Chesapeake and the West Indies

initially relied upon the labor of indentured servants working under a headright.

Large Native American towns developed in the arid Southwest because

irrigation enabled the Indians to grow plenty of crops.

French missionaries and fur traders typically

lived among the Indians, learning their languages and cultures.

With the Tea Act of 1773, the British

lowered the existing tax on British tea.

To prevent the "tyranny of the people" the original Constitution allowed direct popular election only for

members of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Mercantilism was an economic system in which

national governments engaged in fierce competition for wealth and resources, which they believed were finite or limited.

One major reason the Europeans so easily defeated the Native Americans was that the Indians

never domesticated animals, so had no immunity to European diseases which killed up to 90%.

The first human groups migrated to North America

over a land mass which joined northern Asia and North America.

In May of 1775, delegates of the Second Continental Congress sought to establish and supply an army and to

reconcile with Britain.

A collection of essays known as Cato's Letters was important because it

rejected the concept of limited monarchy.

After deciding to drop the Articles of Confederation, the first debate of the Constitutional Convention resulted in the Great Compromise which addressed the issue of

representation for small states versus large states.

In New Spain, the encomienda system

required Indians to pay tribute to a Spanish encomendero ("owner").

In the Proclamation of 1763, King George III established a new administrative structure that

restricted white settlement to the west

During the Renaissance, one area of competition between European nations was the

search for faster, more direct trade routes.

The English colonial region of Carolina was primarily settled by

slave-owning planters who migrated from the West Indies.

The War of 1812 resulted in

the British loss of lands to the U.S.

The colonies that practiced a 'frontier of exclusion" of Indians from their society were

the English Colonies.

The Great Awakening was

the Enlightenment in America.

All of the following were results of the French and Indian War, EXCEPT: France gained control of all Spanish territory.

the Proclamation of 1763. an increased national debt for the English Empire. Britain increased control over the colonies.

Some colonists opposed British taxation after 1763 because

the colonies had no representatives in British Parliament.

The ideas of the Enlightenment spread most rapidly among the

the farmers on the frontiers of the Thirteen Colonies.

Land in colonial Virginia was mainly distributed through

the head-right system.

Mercantilism was

the main economic theory of the 17th and 18th century in Europe. political control of the economy by the state. the assumption that resources, wealth, and money were finite.

The Declaratory Act gave British Parliament full authority to make laws binding the colonies. It was coupled into

the repeal of the Stamp Act.

During the 17th century, which of the following crops were exported out of the Chesapeake and Carolina?

tobacco, rice, and indigo

The Spanish typically

took Indian women as wives or mistresses.

The first generation of African immigrants in the early 17th century

were all defined as slaves under the law

In response to the XYZ Affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) were four new laws that

were passed by the Federalist-dominated Congress.

Name one significant action of John Adams between 1765 and 1781.

One thing he did was be a diplomat in France

Mercy ______________ Warren and her brother, James, argued for "no taxation without representation."

Otis

American Major General __________________________________ led Patriot victories in the southern theater of the Revolutionary War in 1781.

Nathaniel Greene

The ________________________________________________ is the document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain.

Declaration of Independence

The ___________________________ gave Parliament unassailable right to make colonial laws "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing.

Declaratory Act

Based on assigned materials, explain England's motivations for colonizing in America. Be sure to name key people and nations important in England's decision to compete for the New World.

England had the same motivation to colonize America such as the other nations but they probably were more on the Nationalism and Religion side. The English at first wanted to attack Spain and competed with the Portuguese and the Dutch, but the main driving force that convinced Queen Elizabeth was Richard Hakluyt. Richard wrote to the Queen that it was necessary to enlarge Christ to prevent the abandonment of their religion, that it would be short and so easy, and kind of appealed to the ego that whenever the Queen settles there, she would be more lawful than all of the other Nations in the world. Another person that could be a key factor here would be the poor leader of Roanoke, Sir Humphrey Gilbert. He was known to be a terrible leader but got very lucky that when Spain attacked, a storm took out their entire armada, ending the Spanish Reign and made colonization much easier.

All the following factors led to European exploration of the Atlantic World, EXCEPT the

Enlightenment.

Which of the following occurred at the Boston Massacre?

Five civilians were killed in a confrontation with British soldiers

discuss the advantages and disadvantages faced by both sides in the Revolutionary War

For the Patriots, they at first had a militia system where they would just recruit only the nearby men with very little to no military training at all. It was very disorganized for them and there was no sense of unity or a lack of moral at the time. The British were also the most powerful nation in the world as they had the best navy, best trained military men, and a lot more experience than the colonists. But as the war continued on and they gained an ally with France, the moral and unity of the Patriots began to sky rocket and they were on their way to victory against the British.

A major reason American Patriots won the Revolutionary War was their alliance with

France

Which of the following pairs of European nations was interested in North America because of its potential for fur trade?

France and Spain

In 1756 the war known in the colonies as the ____________________________________ was declared. It resulted in the British acquisition of French and Spanish territories in North America.

French & Indian War

The Second Continental Congress selected General ________________________________ to lead the Continental Army.

George Washington

Match each colony with the appropriate colonial region:

Georgia - Southern Colonies (Lower South) Massachusetts - New England New York - Middle Colonies Virginia - Chesapeake (Upper South) Pennsylvania - Middle Colonies

In the original draft of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson blamed the English Empire for the slave trade. Congressional delegates from ___________________ and _______________ insisted that Jefferson remove this from the final draft of the document.

Georgia and South Carolina

In New England, 77 English Puritans and their Indian allies killed an entire fortified village of

Pequot.

Discuss these nations' various methods of colonization (inclusion versus exclusion), specifying how each differed in their interactions with Native Americans.

Inclusion: Dutch, French, Spanish Exclusion: English The main difference between inclusion and exclusion would be that inclusion would mean they intermingled or associated with the Native Americans and Exclusion would be that they did not associate the Native Americans as equals or human. In exclusion they would treat the Natives like lesser people. In inclusion, cultural mixing was allowed or deemed normal. Inclusion would include relationships with the Native Americans such as marriage, children, and mixing cultural practices together. For New France, they intermingled with the Native Americans without being so forcing and much less violence than other nations. The French did not really expect the Native Americans to adapt to Christianity customs, so they just implemented Christ customs into Native American cultures. For New Spain, a guy named Bartolome de Las Casas wrote a book about the encomienda system, which is where New Spain had forced the Native Americans into doing unethical things, such as converting their religion, throwing the Native American customs completely out the window and having the Natives pay tribute for living in New Spain's land, when in reality it was actually theirs first. The Dutch intermingled with the Iroquois nation for fur trade to compete with France and attacked the Huron nation. The English tried to dominate or conquer the Native Americans and viewed them as inferior human beings and that they should not even be touched at all

Which of the following is true of the U.S. Supreme Court case known as Marbury v. Madison?

It allowed the Supreme Court to assume authority in overruling the acts of other government branches.

Besides trying to reduce the national debt, Britain directly taxed the colonists after 1763 because

It helped pay for the defense and administration of territory gained from France

The first U.S. President to be affiliated with a political party was

John Adams

Match each term with the correct definition. Each definition can only be used once, and not all definitions will be used.

Kiva - Underground room for Pueblo religious ceremonies Cahokia - Indian Cities on Mississippi River the Middle Passage - Slaves' voyage from Africa to America Bartholome de Las Casas - Sympathetic Spanish missionary New Lights - Great Awakening Revivalist converts Stono Rebellion - slave rebellion in South Carolina Mayflower Compact - pilgrim's agreement to govern themselves King Philip's War - War between Native AMericans and England Colonists Anne Hutchinson - questioned Puritan Doctrine and was exiled to Rhode Island Bacon's Rebellion - uprising of discontent farmers in Virginia British Atlantic trade system - Exchange of goods between England, Africa, and the colonies Olaudah Equiano - Provided a narrative for forced Migration from Africa George Whitefield - English preacher in the Great Awakening Protestant Reformation - separation from Catholic Church, Martin Luther

The Revolutionary War began at the battles of ______________ and _____________________ in April of 1775.

Lexington and Concord

____________________ were colonists who remained allegiant to Britain during the war, probably numbering around one-fifth of the American population in 1776.

Loyalists

Which of the following 18th century pairs of exports is NOT correct? Correct: Chesapeake: tobacco South Carolina and Georgia: rice and indigo New England: fish and lumber

Middle Colonies: cotton and copper

discuss the English colonial system of indentured servitude.

The English Colonial System of Indentured Servitude comprised of their jailed, indebted, or poor population back in England to allow these people have a new purpose. A major driving force for this system was to free up the jails back at home and to help others find work to do, as long as someone pays for their passage coming over. These indentured servants would have to work a few years in order to obtain their freedom. In the earlier times of indentured servitude, free land was promised to those after they finish their service but in the later years of the colonies, it was found that the promised skills and land would become worthless, as they did not learn anything of significance and all of the good land was taken. As time went on from the earlier years, indentured servants varied from England; some were Dutch, Scottish, and from other lands in the world. They all had many different roles though, from being a house caretaker, to farming the land for cash crops like tobacco, to fixing up shoes, and even to work on boats for the merchant men. Indentured servants really set the colonies off to a great start because the ability to grow the population with only the first voyagers were near to impossible, as they only had a majority of men during the very first years of discovery and settling. The colonies would not have been able to survive without the import of new people as their rate of death or sudden disappearance, like the Roanoke colony, could not hold a stable population and stand as independent. A notable colony that initially relied on indentured servants would have to be the Chesapeake colonies, as they used the head-right system, where the servants would get a chance to obtain land.

Discuss the difference between the agricultural methods of the Eastern Woodlands group and the English colonists. Be sure to include the different gender roles in farming for both Native Americans and Europeans.

The English colonists were very confused as to why the women did the farming and men did the hunting, as it was opposite to their lifestyle back in their home country. Men who hunted usually did it as a leisure activity and men who did the farming were hard workers or in easier terms, "a real man". A noticeable difference to the English in regards of farming was that they did large fields of a singular crop and had animals help them to do all the farming. The Eastern Woodland Natives did not use animals the same way the English had and had multiple crops together stacked on top of each other to utilize the nutrients from each plant. They stacked corn, beans, and squash together.

Compare and contrast the domestication of animals among Native Americans and Europeans. What effect did this have on Indians once Europeans migrated to the New World?

The English used their wolves/dogs to be as pets and had animals to use for farming, and horses for travel. The English showed the Natives how to use horses for traveling and this helped them a great amount. What about the effects of European diseases and Native Americans' lack of domestication?

For Native American groups that did not develop agriculture, what did they eat? What did they hunt and/or gather? How did this effect the development and structure of their society?

The groups that did not develop agriculture mostly hunted big game animals like buffalos, bears, they gathered berries, and were usually nomadic. The one exception of groups that didn't farm and had a settlement were the Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest.

Based on assigned materials, discuss the Native Americans who lived at Cahokia (in present-day Illinois). Be sure to describe the geographical location, significance of architecture, the type of agriculture, and the lifestyle of the people living there, including any religious practices and any reliance on trade.

Their geographical location would be in the Eastern Woodland Cultures, where forest efficiency was necessary to live off of. Cahokians were known to be mound builders which really showed their life style/culture: a death culture. It was found that they would have burials under these mounds to honor their dead ones and these mounds were meant to be decorative. These mound builders actually formed a very cool shaped "neighborhood" where their houses would be placed on the "Great Serpent Mound". The Cahokians also relied on major valleys to support their agriculture through irrigation water ways and through all of this, Cahokia became a large city in which its size was greater than a pyramid. Its population was also bigger than London at the time. Since the city became larger and larger, it became a ginormous trade center where they traded fur, beads, maize, seeds, and other food staples which they grew so easily.

name and discuss the significance of early factors that led to Europeans exploring the world.

This could be brown down into 3 simple reasons. The change to social structure, religion, and nationalism. Social Structure - the Black Plague had wiped out a good amount of the population, which includes almost all of the nobles that were in control of the land. This alone completely destroyed feudalism and there happened to be some peasants who were left behind to take an opportunity for improving their own lives with all of the freed up land and free from "slavery" some could say. They did not really have to be peasants anymore and were free to what they wanted to do. Religion - The church was starting to see a divide away from the Catholic Religion: so many of the nations felt a threat that it was necessary to send missionaries to spread their religion to keep it alive. The same could be said to those who reformed into a new church, they also wanted to spread their new religion in order to do what they thought was correct. If recalled correctly, Queen Elizabeth of England was convinced to begin exploration almost entirely because of Religion from a person named Richard H. (Hakluyt? I don't remember how it is spelt.) Nationalism - there were many monarchs in the world at the time that noticed Christopher Columbus and other neighboring European neighbors were celebrating about finding what they thought was a new trade route to India and wanted to join in basically. The whole point of the Nationalism aspect was to put their nation into a higher place of power and to have a stronger pride. They also wanted the faster trade route for more knowledge, technology, and goods.

A joint-stock company founded the colony of

Virginia

Which of the following was NOT begun as a proprietary colony (a colony gifted by the king to an individual)?

Virginia