HST 130 Exam 1
What were the slave codes?
strict state laws that controlled the actions of slaves; started after the 1712 NYC revolt; slaves had to have a pass to travel, could not own weapons, and could be beaten as near to death as long as they didn't die
_____ was the only disease that transferred from the americas to europe
syphilis
Describe the role of women in colonial america
tended to the household; obeyed husband and helped provide for the family; single women were allowed to hold some property - worked as tavern keepers, artists or fashion designers
What did the first battle of the revolution decide?
that a full on war would be needed - the peaceful protests werent working - Continental congress called for a national army and put George Washington as head general (to get the South on board)
Describe the Slave Trade
Africans paid to capture small tribes and bring them from the intercontinent to the coastal ports; locked in cages for months until ready for transport
How were Maine and New Hampshire founded?
Basically the king went into debt and gave people land as payment: John Mason got NH and Sir Fernando Gorges got ME, both were less religious
What happened to Roanoke?
it disappeared, they moved away or were killed or something catastrophic
How was the Carolina Colony governed in the beginning?
"The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina" created by one of the 8 nobles, Lord Anthony Cooper and his secretary John Locke: granted religious toleration
the _____ indians hunted bison for food; very mobile group as the followed the buffalo
Great plains
Describe colonial cities
- only 10-15% of people actually lived in the cities - based near ports and focused on trade - largest was Philly with 30,000 - filthy due to lack of running water or sanitation system - disease spread quickly - no poor relief except in workhouses where they faced extreme conditions
explain how english colonies became the most populous prosperous and powerful region in north America by 1700
- organized for profit (minimal royal intervention) - many colonists wanted to stay in the americas - greater degree of self-government - variety of diversity
what were the major factors that explained the demographic changes that took place in the english colonies in the 18th century
- plentiful land and scarce labor (immigration/indentured servants) - better living conditions - higher birth and lower mortality rates
What were the major developments of Europe that allowed the Age of Exploration?
- rise of a middle class (bankers, merchants, investors) - new European nations (Spain) - innovations in shipbuilding, navigation, weaponry let to global maritime trade - lust for gold - political and religious turmoil
What was the impact of the columbian exchange?
- transformed the diet of both hemispheres - new animals allowed for more farming - transmission of Infectious diseases to the americas
what was the 1741 NYC revolt?
* not sure if conspiracy ever happened * another series of fires half of the cities male slaves were arrested; 17 blacks and 4 poor whites gave tortured confessions and were then hung/burned at the stake showed the scale of racism in the colonies
What was King Philip's War?
*PLEASE KNOW THAT KING PHILIP AND METACOM ARE THE SAME PERSON!!! *Native American population was decreasing, mainly because large numbers of active Americans had died from diseases that they caught from Europeans. (Only 12,000 Native Americans in New England, 1/10 of their population 100 years earlier.) 1675, a major conflict erupted. *Opponents of the English were led by Metacom, the chief of the Wampanoag, who was also known by his English name, King Philip. *His goal was to stop Puritan expansion. *Other Native American groups from Maine to Rhode Island joined the war, some siding with the settlers. *The fighting lasted a year and cost thousands of lives. *Metacom and his allies destroyed 12 English towns. *Uprising ended in 1676 when Metacom was captured and killed. *The war's end left the English colonies free to expand.
describe the creation of race-based slavery during the 17th century and its impact on the social/economic development of colonial america
- Virginia and Maryland planters wanted west african slaves bc growing tobacco and yams were similar - slave codes instituted a system of complete verbal and physical abuse - some slaves rebelled on small scale and large scale attempts
Describe the government of North Carolina
- an assembly much more powerful than governors - resisted royal authority - haven for pirates bc they weren't prosecuted by colonists
analyze how the french and indian war changed relations in North America
- british gain most of North America - Spanish gain Louisiana territory
how did the british tighten their control over the colonies after the french and indian war? how did the colonists respond?
- colonies were taxed to pay war debts - colonies required to supply, obey, and house left-over british soldiers - targeted american smuggling -> increase revenue - claim of virtual representation not well recieved - protests, boycotts, organized dissent - declaration of grievances- virginia resolves
describe the role of women in english colonies
- farm women had lots of responsibilities in the house (cooking, cleaning, made clothing) and in the garden (fed and watered live stock, tended to the garden) - tavernhostesses, shopkeepers, bakers, printers, upholsterers, artists, doctors eventually
Why were there so many diverse human societies before Europeans arrived in the americas?
- global warming and climatic/environmental diversity - an agricultural revolution (maize) allowed people to settle - vast empires (Aztec & Inca) and monumental cities were built (tenochtitlan) - religion, war, tribute, and trade systems developed between tribes
compare societies and economies of southern, new england and middle colonies
- half of white settlers were indentured servants - lots of social and economic inequality in the south as planters made extremely high profits - new england was pretty diverse with shipping industry and small farms - middle colonies were ethnically diverse
Analyze the role of indentured servants and the development of slavery in colonial America.
- indentured servitude solved labor shortage on large plantations - when indentured servants began to revolt; many planter turned to the cheaper and less restricted slave labor especially in the south - african slavery led to high profits, widespread racism, resistance/rebellions
Analyze the legacy of the Spanish form of Colonization on North American history
- infectious disease wiped out civilizations - three centuries of Spanish dominance and Hispanic Influences especially near spanish colonies - catholicism in New Spain - brought Horses to the Native Americans - system of economic exploitation of the Indians that created disparities in wealth, education, and opportunity
describe the political, economic, social and religious characteristics of the English colonies in the Chesapeake region, New England, the carolinas and the middle colonies prior to 1700
- jamestown was very fragile - economy largely based on cash crops (and some fur trade) - many of the colonies had established churches - government based on the assembly (who got to participate determined by colony but usually active church member) - social very high deathrate at first - eventually separation of church and state happened and religious toleration is more prevalent
What were the reasons for English colonization?
- land and profit for the crown - create a consumer market for english goods - reduce social problems - escape religious persecution
Describe how the Spanish were able to conquer and colonize the americas?
- lethal weapons and warhorses were no match for wood tipped arrows - rival tribes allied with the spanish - virgin soil epidemics greatly weakened population
The Southwest Indians built complex systems of _______
irrigation canals; main crop =corn
What did the First Continental Congress do?
-endorsed the suffolk resolves -urged colonists not to obey the coercive acts -Declaration of rights and grievances -expressed loyalty to the King but condemned coercive acts -signed nonimportation agreements -agreed to meet again -shows continuity -Formed the Continental Association that became a network for the resistance movement: thousands of men served on local committees and women organized boycotts
What enlightenment beliefs effected the revolution?
-freedom of thought - freedom to decide what you want to believe - John Locke's principles of Natural Rights and Consent of the Governed
analyze the ways english colonists and native americans adapted to each others presence
-fur trade (built trading posts but established friendly relations) - established own separate communities near indian villages ex. jamestown near the powhatan - religious conversion and land confiscation led to conflict over time
Why did Colonists come to America after the colonies were started?
1. faced eviction from previously feudal land in Europe (poor tenant farmers/indentured servants) 2. unable to find jobs in overcrowded cities 3. often accepted indentures as a way to get to america (7ish years of work, couldnt marry/get pregnant, could be traded during term) 4. courts sent criminals to colonists as servants
Who established Plymouth Colony in 1620
100 devout puritans who meant to go to Virginia but landed in Massachusetts
the _________ permits slavery on grounds of "enemies of christ"
1452 Papal Bull
in ______, ______ led an expedition to conquer the aztecs
1519, Hernando Cortez; he won by allying with local tribes
in ____, who established the colony at Roanoke?
1584, Sir Walter Raleigh
In ____ the Pueblo revolted against the Catholic, but it failed. In _____ it became the first royal colony; by _____ the pueblo drove off the spanish, but it was retaken in ______
1598,1608,1680,1692
in ______ the powhatan attacked colonists and killed 25%
1622; english retaliated by burning villages and destroying crops
What was the Treaty of Hartford?
1638, ended the pequot war and dissolved the nation
In _____ the _____ conquered New amsterdam and New netherlands became ______
1664, English, New York(named after the Duke of York who would eventually become King James II)
where did the first english colonists arrive in SC?
1669, Charles Town
How did Delaware become a colony?
1682, duke of york gave Penn the area and it was a part of Pennsylvania until 1704 when it was granted the ability to choose its own assembly and become independent
By _____ every colony except Georgia allowed slave
1700, by 1760 georgia did
When did New Jersey become a royal colony?
1702 East and West Jersey were united and became a royal colony
in _____, _____ founded New Orleans as a french trading post
1718 Jean Baptiste Le Moyne
When did the Carolina colonies split?
1719
In _____, the british captured Acadia and expelled french residents
1755, they moved to louisiana and became cajuns
in ______ georgia became a _____ based economy similar to SC
1759, slave; exported rice, lumber, beef and pork, traded with islands of west Indies
In the Spring of _____, Indians fought back and raided most of the british forts in the ohio river valley; also attacked Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia
1763; Pontiacs rebellion
In ______, Alaska was settled by the _____ after explorer Vitus Bering brought back expensive furs
1763; Russians
What was the Boston Massacre?
1770; fight between colonists & soldiers looking for extra work on the docks; that evening, a mob gathered in front of the customs house- 5 colonists dead including Crispus Attucks (1st dead, African Am.); news of the massacre reached everyone, including the illiterate, by an engraving by Paul Revere
What was the Battle of Bunker Hill?
1775; The first major clash of the revolution; right outside boston; militiamen attacked british soldiers; many militia men died as the british took the high ground ( but 2x as many british soldiers died)
by ______, only half of the colonists in American were actually british
1776
When did the US purchase Alaska from Russia?
1867
the Reformation led to ____ years of religious warfare in europe
200
What was the peace parle?
200 powhatans tried to come together with colonists to sue for peace but were murdered with poisoned wine
by 1750, about _____ percent of the slaves in america had been born there
50-80 percent (higher in chesapeake region)
What consequences were imposed on the pueblo after the spanish reconquered them?
500 random murders; all children taken away and forced into catholic schools, all men had 1 foot cut off
there were ____ distinct groups of Native Americans
7
What was a longhouse?
A 14 family dwelling used by the Iroquois confederacy; tried to create harmony by not allowing distinctions of wealth
What happened at Monongahle?
A devastating defeat of british forces after they were ambushed by french and indian fighters; targeted the officers so soldiers fled without leadership; george washington barely survived & braddock was killed
What was the Stono Rebellion of 1739?
A group of slaves killed their owner, gathered weapons and began marching to Florida picking up others along the way; killed 25 whites by the time the militia caught them on the edge of SC; all were executed
Who was Anne Hutchinson?
A puritan dissenter; she was banished from Massachusetts for claiming that she regularly received divine insights and for teaching to both men and women
What was the Reformation?
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. After Martin Luther began a campaign to reform the Catholic Church (95 Theses), many people followed it and created many other branches of Christianity.
Describe the circumstances by which the stamp act was repealed:
Americans protested and boycotted (decline by 40% of imported goods; the king replaced PM Greenville bc of these issues and gave Lord Rockingham the position; rockingham and parliament repealed the act in 1766 after the embarrassing situation
What was the Quartering Act of 1765?
An act that ordered the colonists to pay a tax or supply British soldiers with living quarters, fuel, candles, and cider or beer; kept the British army from having to build barracks or find food; colonists thought this was another overreach without representation - thought the soldiers should be out helping, not just imposing british tyranny
How did Pennsylvania get started?
Basically the Quakers couldn't get along with people in other colonies and were being persecuted by the Puritans so they took shelter in an area called Pennsylvania
______ built an 800 unit apartment complex; the largest in north america until 1800
Anasazi
this group grew corn as main food, built first apartment buildings, had very urban communities, had 400 miles of trading roads, and were destroyed/dispersed by severe drought in the 1500s
Anasazi
Describe the economy of the Southern Colonies
Based entirely on racial slavery and cash crop farming - rice plantations in the carolinas - tobacco in Virginia and Maryland Indian slavery gradually declined so African Slaves were used
Describe the religion/government of colonial new England
As the region became wealthier and more colonists came for business, religious fervor declined - almost all colonies removed the church member requirement for voting and made it property based instead -church membership became less common
What was Bacon's Rebellion and what caused it?
Bacon's Rebellion happened because the Royal Governor, Governor Berkeley, would not defend frontier settlements, and because indentured servants were angry about poverty from low tobacco prices; Bacon and his followers marched to Jamestown, took over the house of Burgesses, and burned Jamestown to the ground.
What was the main factor in shift from indentured servants to slaves?
Bacon's rebellion
what did Sir Edmund Andros do
Banned the assembly; stripped of civil rights; imposed anglicanism
Describe slavery in the north east
most lived in cities most had little contact with each other worked in households and businesses
How was the French and Indian War the first world war?
Britain and France fought all over the world, at sea and in the colonies
Define salutary neglect
England colonial policy of not interfering in colonial politics and economy as long as the neglect benefited England; ex. didnt enforce trade laws so smuggling became common
What did the Sugar Act of 1764 do?
Changed the sugar tax form 6 cents to 3 cents to encourage people to buy molasses legally and not smuggle it from the Caribbean; ended up adding taxes to other imports -- first tax to raise revenue not just regulate trade
In 1625 _____ disbanded parliament which led to the civil war between the Royalists and the Parliamentary force
Charles 1
Who were the Daughters of Liberty?
Colonial women who supported American boycotts of British products by producing homemade goods ex. sewing their own clothes and tending gardens
What was the Navigation Law of 1651?
Declared that goods going in and out of british colonies had to be on british ships
Describe early New York
Dutch bought land from natives; strictly a business colony (fur trade); allowed anyone to settle became very divers; capital called New Amsterdam; fort built on modern day wall street; promoted free enterprise, ethnic and religious pluralism
How were British colonies governed?
Each created an assembly elected by property holders; assembly paid governors salary so had a check on power
Identify the economic, political, and religious reasons for the establishment of the American colonies
Economy - joint stock companies allowed sharing the profits and losses so less economic risk - colonies would provide raw materials and help develop consumer markets - offer plentiful cheap land Politics - new countries wanted to create a name, establish power, and get gold - parliamentary monarchy in England established that everyone was equal before the law Religion - church of england was divided between reform minded puritans and the anglican establishment - religious persecution (catholic v protestant)
Describe the economy of the Middle Colonies
Economy based on many small farms but not many slaves; fur trade with native Americans (especially in NY) was extremely profitable
analyze the impact of the enlightenment and the great awakening on the colonies
Enlightenment - scientific revolution - deism - political freedom- natural rights and consent of governed Great awakening - religious response to the enlightenment - traveling evangelists hold intense revivals - emergence of new denominations -united under religious fervor -both urged one to exercise spiritual judgements - nurtured commitments to individualism and resisting authority
What effect did the Coercive acts have on the colonies?
Other colonies vowed to stand with Boston; helping supply them with food and supplies by mainland travel
What was the Glorious Revolution?
the invasion of England by William of Orange and Mary , which overthrew James II with almost no bloodshed
Why did the American Jewish community grow so slowly?
First Jews arrived homeless to NY in 1654; embraced, but told not to worship in public until late 1700s; didnt grow dramatically until 1800s-1900s
What major changes happened for Jamestown in 1619?
First legislative assembly, first women in colony, and first African slaves
How did the Germans come to america?
Fled the religious wars and settled in Pennsylvania; large population of Mennonites settled outside Lancaster
Where did Spanish explorers focus? Why?
Focused on the Caribbean and South America to avoid portugal in the east
How did Pennsylvania differ from most other colonies?
Founded as a religious colony, but promoted toleration of all religions became diverse and prosperous The quakers were pacifists so had good relations with Native Americans and other colonies
compare how the british and french empires administered their colonies before 1763
French - absolute power (set up like monarchy - fur trading companies exploited trade relationships - religious restrictions (only Catholics) in New France - limited immigration - encouraged settlers to mix with the indians England - had elected legislative assemblies - change from salutary neglect to mercantilism - for most of the time, the colonies were very self regulated
What formed the economy of New France?
Fur trade with indians (much more friendly than the British were towards native americans)
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?
Gave spain the Americas while Portugal recieved Africa and Asia
Why was the British army at a disadvantage?
General Braddock refused to recruit Native American allies; dressed in bright colors so easily shot at; new nothing about Native Tactics
Who saved the Jamestown colony?
General De la Warr arrived with supplies from England in 1610
Who was appointed to head the Georgia colony?
General James Oglethorpe
Who was sent to built a fort in 1754 but ultimately driven out by the french after attacking Fort Duquesne?
George Washington, a virginian general
What was the last colony to be settled? When?
Georgia, 1732
What did the royal governor of Massachusetts do in response to the Adams-Otis letter?
He dissolved the Massachusetts Assembly --- big overreach---- and brought in a ton of soldiers to help enforce the dissolving in Boston
why didnt europeans use the land route to asia?
the land path was controlled by islamic nations who charged extremely high tariffs
in 1618 the ____ system introduced to supply labor requirements for tobacco farming in Jamestown; 50 acres for each indentured servant
Headright
How did the outbreak of the French and Indian War help the colonies?
Helped with Unification efforts Ben franklin proposed the Albany plan of union (failed, but became a model for the first article of confederation)
in 1539, __________ explored Mississippi
Hernando De Soto (Spain)
This group was the 1st major settlement in the southwest, built 300 miles of canals, and died out in the 1400s
Hohokam
What are the two groups who lived in the Southwest?
Hohokam & Anasazi
this financial center of europe provided lots of funding for exploration
Holland
When did New france become a royal colony?
In 1663, led by a governor general who modeled government after an absolute monarchy
Who founded New Jersey?
In 1676; John Berkeley (West) and George Carteret (East)
What was the Boston Tea Party?
In response to the Tea Act, (which said colonists could only buy tea from one company) colonists dressed like Indians, raided 3 British ships in the Boston harbor and destroyed/dumped the tea.
Where was New France located?
In what is now Canada and the Great Lakes region of the United States; founded in 1605
What was the "great league of peace?'
Iroquois 5 nations came together to form the Iroquois confederacy and promised not to fight against each other
How did the Stamp Act help unite the colonists?
It effected all the colonies, not just the Northern colonies who had trading industries; promoted ideas of self government and economic equality
What was the significance of the Renaissance for Europe?
It ended the middle ages and rediscovered greek and roman society (science, art, philosophy, technology)
What did the 1773 the Tea Act do?
It exempted the British East India Company from tea taxes therby lowering the prices of tea in america; really, parliament saw this company on edge of bancrupcy and tried to use the colonists to bail it out
What was the effect of the Enlightenment in America?
It let to the 1st Great Awakening
Why did colonists protest the Stamp Act?
It was a direct act on internal american products and had nothing to do with international trade
What was the Mayflower Compact?
It was an agreement reached by the first Pilgrims to constitute themselves a civil body politic that was signed aboard the Mayflower
What was the Olive Branch Petition?
It was an attempt to assert the rights of the colonists while maintaining their loyalty to the British crown; Wanted to give up the fighting if the King stopped taxation; he refused
Why was Georgia founded?
It was given to 21 trustees as a buffer against spanish florida (where SC slaves tried to escape too); a refuge for the "worthy poor" - those who had lost jobs/couldnt work but not out of laziness
What made the SC system of slavery different?
It was task based; slaves were motivated to work hard so they could get off earlier in the day
What was the 1649 Toleration Act?
It was the first in North America to grant religious freedom to all Christians; it was rescinded in 1654 and Puritans began persecuting Catholics
In 1607, this colony was founded by the Virginia Company whose colonists were looking for gold
Jamestown settlement
Who proposed the heliocentric theory?
Nicolaus Copernicus in 1533; went directly against the church's teachings
_____ discovered that ____ grew really well in Virginia and quickly made Jamestown rich
John Rolfe; tobacco
Who arrived in 1608 and ordered the Jamestown colonists to work?
John Smith
Who led the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
John Winthrop; hoped to create a city on a hill
____ and _____ explored the MS river area in _____
Joliet and Marquette; 1673
Who restored the English Monarchy in 1660?
King James II
______ took over in _____ and was a catholic king who persecuted Puritans
King James; 1603
Where was the first battle of the Revolutionary War?
Lexington and Concord Massachusetts
Why was Maryland founded?
Lord Baltimore wanted a place of religious freedom for Catholics
What was the main objective of early exploration efforts?
Mainland china and india with lucrative trade in spices, silk and gold
_____ was the first African empire; it thrived because of gold under _______
Mali; Mansa Musa; collapsed before european arrival
What were the British hoping to obtain in Concord?
They hoped to arrest rebellion leaders like Samuel Adams and get the large stockpile of weapons/gunpowder
Which colony was formed second?
Maryland, ten years after Virginia became a royal colony (1634)
What started the Pequot war?
Mass Bay settlers accused Pequot man of murder; wanted revenge but tribe wouldnt give him up; retaliated by burning the village and shooting anyone who tried to escape (killing 700+) Sassacus was the head of the pequot tribe who retaliated against the massacre
______ were congregationalists while ______ were separatists
Mass. Bay Colonists; Plymouth Pilgrims
This group settled near the MS river from 700 CE-1300 CE
Mississippi Mound Builders
Who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Moderate Puritans in 1629
What five tribes made up the Iroquois League?
Mohawk, Onondage, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca
Who fought in King Philip's War?
Native Americans (large percent Wampanoag) and colonists in New England
Where was the largest dutch population in the colonies?
New York
the Algonquian confederacy dominated from ______ to ______
North Carolina to New England
The ______ Indians were very prosperous due to ample food sources
Northwest Coast; fishers and hunters
What was the Treaty of Paris of 1763?
Officially ended the French and Indian War; french lost ALL land in North America; transferred more land than any war in HST; 1 million soldiers/civilians killed worldwide; the native americans were not consulted in this treaty even though their land was given away
What religion was permitted in New France?
Only Catholics
the Powhatan Confederacy led by ______ traded with the Jamestown colonists at first
Opechancanough
Why were William and Mary called to England? What did they do?
Parliament wanted to get rid of King James II so they invited William and Mary to come rule
Who were the Sons of Liberty?
Patriot resistance group that organized against the British in response to the Stamp act; organized meetings and mobs that drove out stamp agents; organized boycotts before the Revolutionary War
Who foiled the British plan to attack concord?
Paul revere and william dawes had a famous midnight ride to warn the rebel leaders that the British were coming by boat; the minute men militia were ready to fight
The _____ of central nebraska used subsistence farming
Pawnee
What was the revenue of the Townshend acts to be used for?
Paying the colonies governors-- giving them incentive to actually listen to the british
How did Pennsylvania get its name?
Pennsylvania means "Penn's Woods". Most of Pennsylvania was covered with lush green forests. "Sylvania" means woods. The King of England wanted to honor William Penn's father (to whom the land originally belonged) by adding Penn to "Sylvania".
Why did New York struggle to defend itself?
Poorly governed; army was small; citizens had little common interest that would unite them
this site was one of the first in Louisiana and was very prosperous
Poverty Point
Which five tribes were the most prominent in the Algonquian Confederacy?
Powhatan, Miami, Ojibwe, Roanoke, and Wampanoag
Who were the two main puritan dissenters?
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
Who were Scots-Irish immigrants? Where did they primarily settle?
Protestant Scotland and Irish individuals fleeing catholic regimes; settled in backcountry along the appalachian mountains especially in the shenandoah valley
How did the colonies respond to the Navigation acts?
Protested in New England and declared "null and void"
The spanish erroneously referred to all the Southwest Indians as ??
Pueblos
Who was William Penn?
Quaker who founded Pennsylvania and was the proprietor of it
When did the carolinas become royal colonies?
SC in 1719, NC in 1729
what was the Starving Time?
The winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown where nearly 500 colonists died. Disputes over land led to Indian Attacks. Colonists were trapped in the fort and some even resorted to eating the dead to survive.
What did Mass. Bay Colony focus on?
Religion (very undemocratic and didnt tolerate other religions) Education (for religious accessability)
Who was the first to reach the Gulf of Mexico by the MS river?
Rene Robert Cavelier in 1682
What was the navigation act of 1663?
Required all shipments to stop in england to pay taxes
What was the Navigation Act of 1660?
Required colonial goods (only several products) must be shipped on British ships and only to england with the crew being 3/4 British; "British Bottoms"
What was the Currency Act of 1764?
Required colonists to pay British merchants in gold and silver, rather than inflated colonial paper currency. This made it illegal for colonies to produce paper money.
What happened in response to the Townshend Acts?
Samuel adams and James Otis wrote the Adams-Otis letter which circulated around the colonies; restated ideas of no taxation without representation and called on other colonies to help support by boycotting and protesting
Who was the father of new france?
Samuel de Champlain
When was the First Continental Congress?
September 5, 1774
What were the Coercive/Intolerable Acts?
Series of acts passed in the wake of the Boston Tea Party in 1774. -*The Massachusetts Government Act* brought the governance of Massachusetts under direct British control. -*The Administration of Justice Act* allowed British authrities to move trials from Massachusetts to Great Britain. -*The Boston Port Act * closed the port of Boston to trade until further notice. -*The Quartering Act* required Boston residents to house British troops upon their command.
What was the 1712 NYC slave revolt?
Several dozen slaves revolted, started fires and attacked anyone who came to put them out; militia called to stop the fighting; 26 slaves captured, 6 committed suicide others executed/burned alive
What advances made large ships and navigation possible?
Sextant, compass, star charts, improved maps, gunpowder/firearms
What was the Declaration of Independence?
Signed July 4th, 1776; Document that stated the 13 colonies were no longer a colony of Britain and they would be a separate and independent state. It also stated why they had the right to leave and what the king had done wrong; called for natural rights and consent of the governed
Who were privateers?
Sir Francis Drake and others, they raided spanish ships laiden with treasure from the colonies
What was the Enlightenment Period?
Stress on human reason and autonomy which eventually led to challenges to the Christian faith and the Church's authority.
What were slave revolts?
Slaves attacked their captors and killed members of the crew; much more common in small, isolated disturbances like faking illness, destroying tools etc
____ was the second african empire, it was a center of islamic scholarship but collapsed of drought
Songhai
The Spanish focus was on the ________
Southwest region
Why did Spain need to colonize?
Spain had only gained independence in 1469; "glory, god, gold;" needed to establish power and re-establish Catholic domination
in 1492, Christopher Columbus attempted to sail to Asia for _____ but landed in ______
Spain; Hispaniola in the Bahamas
______ introduced horses
Spanish
In the 1500s, large numbers of ______ missionaries enslaved Native Americans in the Southwest and forced them to convert; destroyed objects of tribal religion and were very harsh
Spanish Catholic
What were the major consequences of the Columbian Exchange?
Spread of virgin spoil epidemics (smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, plague, dysentery); as many as 90% of some communities were wiped out.
______ was the first permanent European settlement in North America (1565)
St. Augustine; founded by Perdro Menendez de Aviles
what was the Mexica capital at mexico city called?
Tenochtitlan
Who settled in New York in 1626?
The Dutch; called in New Netherland; Henry Hudson led some expeditions
What made english colonization possible?
The English defeat of the Spanish Armada made England dominate the sea
Who did the Iroquois (backed by dutch and english fur traders) fight in the Beaver Wars?
The French and Algonquian-speaking tribes
Why did the British think it was okay to impose new taxes?
The French and Indian war was extremely costly; the average englishman paid 26x the taxes of the colonists
What was Pontiacs Rebellion of 1763 about?
The Native american leaders who backed the french were shocked that their ancestral lands had been transferred to the british and that the french were fleeing without them being in the negotiations; british also refused the customary gift giving
Who won the English civil war of 1642-1651?
The Parliament and they instated Oliver Cromwell
Who was the Pequot War (1636-1638) between?
The Pequot tribe and the Mass Bay settlers
With which tribe did the Jamestown colonists rely on for trade?
The Powhatan, but they were treated unfairly
How did Pontiac's war end?
The Proclamation of 1763; didnt settle any of the major issues; drew a line down the appalachian mts but couldnt actually keep settlers from infringing on it ; this was seen as british overrreach by the colonists
This was the only succesfull native american revolt in US history
The Pueblo revolt of 1680
What happened as a result of the Boston Massacre?
The Townshend acts were repealed but the Tea tax remained
How was the Iroquois league different from other Indian Nations?
They formed a strong alliance of 50 chiefs and 12,000 members all united under the Great Law of Peace - giving power, peace, equity, and Justice to its people
How were the colonies effected by the Glorious Revolution?
The colonies bartered for their charters back and the new monarchs gave in; demonstrated to the colonists that the king could be overthrown
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.
How did the French and Indian War begin?
The growth of the English colonies made a clash with France inevitable. For some time the English and the French stayed far enough apart as to not bother each other. But with the English expanding westward and the events after the Glorious revolution. Not long after, the two leading colonial powers in North America were at war; basically a border conflict over the ohio river valley (Pittsburgh)
What was pine tar?
The main export of North Carolina. An expensive sealant for ship building
Who was Roger Williams?
The puritan dissenter who argued for separation of church and state; believed each person should choose their religion; Founder of Rhode Island where he gave full religious freedom and it became a refuge
What was the Middle Passage?
The transatlantic journey that brought slaves to the Americas; about 1/6 died on the journey; extremely cramped conditions allowed the spread of disease
What was a potlatch feast?
The wealthiest of the Northwest Coast Indians would host a feast and give away most of their wealth
What was the name of the Indians who settled in Mexico city?
They called themselves Mexica and the spanish called them Aztecs
Why did the colonists oppose higher taxes after the French and Indian War?
They claimed that they did not have any direct representation in Parliament; British argued that they had virtual representation as every member of parliament represented the entire nations
How did the Puritans end up in America?
They were calvinists who fled the persecution of James 1; went to holland but feared they were getting to dutch; then left and became the "1st Pilgrims" in America
Why did the Mass. Bay Colony have issues with the Native Americans?
They were seen as enemies of religions, claimed the indians didnt deserve the land because they didnt work hard for it (really only 20% of land was arable and the Indians lived there) tried to convert them by force
Who were conquistadors?
They were the independently wealthy Spanish men who first came to the Americas especially in search of gold
Describe the relationships between SC and the Indians?
Trade with Cherokee, Creek, and Chickasaw helped early carolinas flourish; The english bookkeepers modified trade documents so the Indians were constantly indebted to the colonists; some indians were sold into slave trade
Where was the Iroquois Confederacy located?
Upstate New York
How did people travel in the colonies?
Very little travel because it was very difficult/long mostly used rivers or ocean going ships stage coach lines began in 1732 but were very inefficient
Who settled in North Carolina first?
Virginia settlers looking for tobacco land; remained mostly scattered farms
ID term: the Declaration of Independence
Who: principally drafted by Thomas Jefferson When: 1776 Where: signed at independence hall, philadelphia what: officially announced the colonies break with Great Britain - adopted by the second continental congress Significance: not just created a new nation but expressed ideals of natural rights and consent of the governed
What was the Seven Years War?
War between Great Britain and France that caused massive taxes for landowners in North America and France; also called the French and Indian War
What was the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
When England king fled the crown and William and Mary received the throne without bloodshed
Describe the slavery that existed in Africa when the portugese arrived
mostly POW slavery, not hereditary, europeans would end up paying africans to kidnap slaves
ID term: Jonathan Edwards
Who: prominent preacher of the great awakening when: 1730s where: massachusetts what: preached emotional sermons to try to get people to feel about religion and ignore the reason of science Significance: helped start/encourage the great awakening
How did French colonies differ from the british?
much smaller in size; had better relations with Native Americans
ID term: Stono Rebellion
Who/Where: slaves in Stono, South Carolina headed to Florida When: 1740 what: twenty slaves killed their owner, gathered weapon and headed toward freedom in spanish florida, gathered followers along the way and had killed 25 whites by the time they were captured on the edge of SC Significance: slavery justified the dehumanization of groups of people because of the economic opportunity there
What were the Salem Witch Trials?
Who/Where: the people of Salem, Massachusetts When: 1692 what: three girls claimed they were influenced by the voodoo of a west african slave named tituba, they began behaving weirdly and accused others of being witches; 20 men and women killed during the trial; only stopped when the governors wife was accused Significance: showed immense fear of the unknown/conspiracies
ID term: Middle Passage
Who: African slaves and slave traders When: 17th and 18th centuries where: Europe -> Africa -> colonies/carribean-> Europe What: the horrible and often (1/6) deadly middle leg of the transatlantic trade in which European ships transported goods to Africa and then carried enslaved workers to the colonies/caribbean and then conveyed american agricultural products back to europe Significance: brought 12.5 million Africans to the americas; high profits led to widespread racism in the colonies (also abusive work conditions
ID term: Coercive Acts
Who: Lord North (convinced Parliament) to punish Boston when: 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party where: boston what: Parliamentary measures that required boston to pay for the tea, closed the harbor, imposed a military government, disallowed colonial trials of soldiers, and forced the Quartering of troops in private homes Significance: seen as the Intolerable acts by the americans; everyone stood with boston; the last straw of british overreach
ID term: King Philips War aka Metacomet's war
Who: Native American leaders especially the Wampanoags led by chief Metacomet (to the english King Philip) when: after the Pequot war in mid 17th century where: New England ( boston, rhode island threatened) what: angry about the colonists trying to force Indian conversions to Christianity enraged wampanoag warriors destroyed 50 towns and killed hundreds of english settlers Significance: showed the english determination to have complete dominance over the Native Americans; 5% of male english population died; wampanoag had severe population loss; first militia conscripted;
Id term: Boston Tea Party
Who: Sons of Liberty when: 1773 where: Boston mass what: demonstration where the sons of liberty dumped hundreds of chests of british owned tea into the boston harbor while dressed as Indians Significance: caused the boston harbor to be shut down, pushed the british officials to breaking point
ID term: New Mexico
Who: Spanish settlers and Native Americans when: sixteenth century where: colony located near present day Santa Fe what: a center of Catholic Missions and Spanish foothold in the US; greatly exploited the indigenous peoples significance: huge center for forced catholicism; the pueblo revolt led by Pope was one of the only one of native americans to work against colonizers (kicked the spanish out for like 12 years)
What was the Edenton Tea Party?
Who: Women When: 1774 Where: Edenton, NC What: women in NC (far away from the boston issues) met and vowed to help support the american cause
ID term: Columbian Exchange
Who: between the European colonizers and the Native Americans of the Western Hemisphere and Africa When: 16th and 17th century-- after Columbuses voyages where: europe, the americas, and Africa What: the transfer of biological and social elements- plants, animals, people, disease, and cultural practices Significance: corn grown in Europe causes massive population increase; virgin soil epidemics in the americas
ID term: Townshend Acts
Who: named after Charles Townshend when: 1767 where: american colonies what: in an attempt to create revenue for britain, taxed tea, paper, and other colonial imports to pay salaries of royal governors Significance: major rebellion, mass protest movement begun and british loyalty began to fade
define the Regulators:
Who: poor settlers from the edge of South Carolina When: 1759-1761 Where: backcountry carolinas What: were angry at the lack of protection from Native Americans and opposed the rich/wanted economic equality; wanted to march from the edge to the east and tell of their grievances; the east militia was sent out because they were afraid of rebellion and the movement died Significance: showed the issues of domestic inequality and inequity economically in the states
ID term: Sons of Liberty
Who: protestors of the Stamp act and other taxes; first organized by Samuel Adams when: 1765 where: almost every colony what: groups of colonists who met and were dedicated to militant resistance- parades, bonfires, other demonstrations- against british control of the colonies Significance: extremely helpful to the revolution; already had a nationwide organization of resistant fighters; most became militia men
Id term: Iroquois League
Who: the Iroquois nations when: early 17th century where: New York -> eastern america what: an alliance of 50 sachems (chiefs) and their 12,000 members; governed by the Great Law of peace- gave power to the people Significance: used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across the east (played the English and French off each other to get better deals)
ID term: Aztec Empire
Who: the aztec people; aka mexica When: late 1400s- conquering in 1521 where: northern mexico what: a sophisticated empire ruled by semidivine emperor and divided into two social classes; capital tenochtitlan; developed thriving trade of gold, silver, copper, pearls+ agricultural products Significance: large, war based empire that took a hundred years to build and only 2 for cortes to destroy; laid the foundation for how the spanish would routinely enslave indigenous peoples and have them work looking for gold and silver
Who was the governor of Plymouth?
William Bradford
What did the Stamp act of 1765 require?
a british stamp/seal on any piece of paper- newspapers, phamplets, bonds, leases, deeds, licenses, insurance policies, college diplomas, playing cards etc
What did the mass bay colonists bring with them that prevented the king from interfering?
a colonial charter
Describe what it was like to be an indentured servant
a rank between slaves and freemen could own property couldnt trade could marry with permission owners could beat and extend length of service as punishment
What was the Yamasee war of 1715?
angry about the enslavement and exploitation of their people, the Yamasee tribe of SC fought with colonists; the yamasee were devastated but the Indian slave trade ended
Describe Colonial economy in New England
based on maritime industry; shipping, fishing, ship building; highly involved with the slave trade despite low proportion of slaves
The Northwest Coast Indians were technologically advances especially with
boats and agricultural tools
Describe South Carolina slavery
brutal conditions of rice plantations african culture thrived slaves often worked to death a constant influx of new slaves
How did the Russian's treat the alaskan natives?
brutally exploited them; population declined by 75%; disease and warfare; introduced alcohol and created mass alcoholism for generations
Describe the make up of the First Continental Congress:
fifty five delegates representing each colony met in Independence Hall in Philadelphia
how did the east coast indians get food?
fishing, foraging, slash-and-burn farming, corn
What was the Massachusetts general court?
government of mass bay; a legislature assembly; only church members could vote (women couldnt but could join church); locally they used the town meeting to govern
The great plains indians did not have ____ until spanish introduced them in the 1500s
horses
How was Connecticut established?
in 1636, Thomas hooker moved three moderate puritan congregations to Connecticut where they kept church and state separate
What did the Townshend Acts do?
in 1767,They placed a tax on popular imported goods, such as glass, paint, and tea; things the Americans had not been able to make themselves yet
What were the Conciliatory Propositions?
in 1775 an offer from British Lord North to eliminate all taxes on any colony that voluntary paid all its share of the military debt and for the salaries of royal governors; arrived AFTER fighting started in America
At first, the colonists recruited _____, who were given passage to america upon requirement to work for 3-7 years
indentured servants
The english colonization was mostly funded by _____
joint stock companies
why was poverty point so successful?
major corn crop, used POW labor, agricultural success led to population growth, had very complex politics and religion
During the renaissance, trade grew as a result of _____ and _____ who provided funds for voyages?
merchants and bankers
The renaissance saw the rise of an "Open Economy" meaning
more trade within European nations and between European nations and the rest of the world; feudalism died out and the Merchant/Banker class developed
How did Pontiac's rebllion get its name?
named after the Ottawa chief pontiac who was a prominent figure of the war
Why did Maryland allow protestants?
needed $$$$
Most of the early war went _____ for the british
poorly
what was the purpose of the mounds?
possible religious site, pedastool for the gods, or a burial place
What was an indulgence?
release from all or part of the time spent in purgatory
The encomienda system was replaced by ________; where natives where free by had to work in mines under harsh conditions for a certain number of days a year
repartimiento
In 1686, King James _____ and sent _____ to be the dictator of the "New England Dominion"
revoked the charters; Sir Edmund Andros
Describe the conditions of slavery in SC
slaves outnumbered free men; brutal rice farming; water bred disease ridden insects; by 1715 Indian slave trade had stopped so they relied solely on the African Slave trade
a ______ epidemic greatly weakened the aztecs
small-pox
explain the underlying factors amid events that led the colonies to declare their independence in the 1770s
spontaneous resistance led to harsher british control led to more resistance, spiraling of violence, Common Sense helped spur revolutionary fervor
_____ was founded in 1650
the Albemarle colony, North Carolina
this group was extremely wealthy (and very stratified), performed human sacrifices (POW and criminals), and conquered many other tribes (making enemies who later united with spanish to defeat them)
the Mexica/Aztec
____ explored Africa in the 1400's and established the slave trade
the Portuguese, specifically Prince Henry the Navigator
Who was the first African in the Americas?
the african navigator that travelled with Columbus
What was the Gaspee Incident?
the british ship the Gaspee chased smugglers in 1772, ran aboard in Virginia and seized local property; the colonists burn the ship and kill the captain; Britain asked for suspects to be expedieted but the colonists protested strongly
What turned the tide for the british?
the conquering of quebec in 1759; royal navy dominated the seas and hampered france's ability to resupply army
What did stagecoach lines lead to?
the emergence of taverns; bars/boarding houses where travelers could stay; became important political centers when assemblies were dismantled
a plantation like enslavement system instituted by Cortez
the encomienda system
How did South Carolina area get started?
the english 8 nobles who were given the land by the king recruited planters from Barbados to bring the profitable sugar-plantation system (based on slave labor) to the colony
Describe the battle at Lexington town square:
the shot heard round the world, british soldiers and american militia men lined up in the town square, militia was beginning to retreat when a shot was fired, brief fighting occured-- outnumbered militia retreated but british failed and forced to march back to boston with militia men shooting at them along the way
What did the term visible saints mean?
to the Puritans, visible saints were those who had been saved and could go to heaven
ID term: Staple crops
who/where: grown in the southern colonies to be exported to Europe when: during the 16th century onward what: profitable marked crops such as cotton, sugarcane, indigo, tobacco and rice that predominate in a given region because of popularity Significance: the south became very wealthy because of profit margins from unpaid slave labor; as plantations grew, mass importation of African slaves; the south also became kind of isolated from the New England colonies
True/False The northwest coast indians were very stratified and held POWs as slaves
true
What were some new foods brought to europe?
turkey, corn, potatoes, lima beans, tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapple, cacao
Describe the rights of colonial women
very few, could not vote, no penalties for domestic violence and divorce was almost never granted
Describe colonial southern society
very heirarchical -you were either a very very rich planter (owned 20+slaves) or a very poor small farmer or a slave -no middle class -those on the coast moved inward during summer to escape disease; left Overseers in charge of plantations
what were the jobs of the "god-chiefs" of the ms mound builders
waged war with other tribes, made sure their tribe had food and shelter, and payed tribute to other tribes for protection
What were some new foods brought to the Americas?
wheat, barley, oats, wine, and coffee
ID term: Loyalists
who/what: American colonists who supported the king and british authority before and during the war where: across the colonies when: 1760s-the end of the war significance: some remained loyal to the very end and wanted to remain a part of the English colonies
ID term: slave codes
who/where: instituted by New york and other state officials against slaves in their regions when: early 18th century what: ordinances that regulated the lives and behavior of slaves often including severe punishment for infractions; ex. had to travel with a pass, could not carry weapons Significance: hysteria in response to minor slave rebellions; showed how much physical and psychological power the colonists had over their slaves
ID term: Maize
who/where: people living in mexico began; spread everywhere when: 5000 BCE what: corn crop that would be ground into flour Significance: allowed people to adapt to warmer climate by going from hunter gatherers to farming societies; excess food spurred population growth, city construction (aztecs), and new industries; created more complexity
ID term: burial mounds
who: Adena-Hopewell culture where: Ohio Valley and Mississippi When: 800 bce-400 ce What: enormous earthworks; elaborate funeral traditions of erecting mounds of dirt over graves; often shaped like animals Significance: sign of thriving Native American culture across the country; predominantly agricultural societies (because they stayed near the graves)
Id term: Virtual representation
who: British Leaders when: 1760s where: England what: the idea that american colonies- had no physical representative- had virtual representation by all members of parliament significance: started the no taxation without representation act; colonies still wanted to be a part of England, but they wanted to be given the same rights as mainland
ID term: Boston Massacre
who: British Soldiers and a mob where: Boston, Mass when: spring 1770 what: a violent confrontation between british soldiers and a boston mob in which five colonists were killed and 8 injured; the first being Crispus adams a freed black man Significance: an engraving by Paul revere of the bloody scene was passed around the mostly illiterate colonies sparking outrage
id term: salutary neglect
who: British officials to Americans colonists when: most of the 17th and 18th centuries where: american colonies what: practice of not enforcing trade laws in the colonies; allowed for a ton of smuggling to develop Significance: when the british did try to enforce new laws, colonists protested
ID term: Treaty of Paris
who: Great Britain and France when: 1763 where: signed in Paris but dealt mainly with the colonies What: settlement between England and France that ended the French and Indian war and transferred huge amounts of french land (french colonies in India, west indies, and in North America) Significance: Great Britain had clear dominance over North America; the native americans who had sided with the french were entirely left out of the conversation as their land was given away
Id term: glorious revolution
who: King James II -> William of Orange when: 1688 where: english crown what: the successful coup instigated by english aristocrats that overthrew king james II and instated William and Mary Significance: the new rulers granted back the colonial charters and removed Edmund Andros
ID term: Royal proclamation of 1763
who: King george iii when: 1763 Where/what: issued a boundary line along the Appalachian mountains from Canada to Georgia to minimize issues of Native American vs settlers violence; colonists forbidden to go west of the line; little enforcement Significance: for the first time british officials had decided where colonists could/couldnt go and was seen as massive overreach
id term: Navigation acts
who: Oliver Cromwell enforced on colonists when:: 1651, 1660, ans 1663 where: on the colonies what: restrictions passed by Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system - only on english ships - certain products only to england - all shipments must stop in england significance: merchants and shippers resented the acts and New england was hit really hard
ID term: Committee of Correspondence
who: Samuel Adams organized the group where: boston when: 1772, in response to the Gaspee Incident what: in response to the gaspee incident where british soldiers destroyed colonists property, colonists attacked them and britain wanted to expedite the colonists; Samuel adams organized this committee that issued a statement of Americas rights and grievances and asked other colonies to do the same Significance: the rights/grievance portion was used in americas founding/rebellious documents; organized a network of rebellion
What was Common Sense?
who: Thomas Paine Where: spread throughout the colonies When: January of 1776, 6ish months into war What: a phamplet that attacked the British monarchy; one of the first of its kind to attack the crown and not just the taxes/parliament; used simple language and short text so easily read by tons of people throughout the colonies Significance: helped convince british loyalists to abandon their devotion to the king and embrace the notion of independence
ID term: Patriots
who: american colonists rebelling when: 1760s-end of war where: colonies what: rebelled, organized dissent and protested against the British rule Significance: america was mostly divided causing issues between the patriots and the loyalists, needed to become a united front against the british
Id term: french and Indian war
who: battle between the French (their indian allies) and the british when: 1756-1763, mid 18th century where: across the NE colonies what: the last and most important of the colonial wars between france and england for control of North America east of the MS river; the first global conflict as France and England fought around the world Significance: redrew the political map of the world as the French lost a significant amount of land
ID term: the Enlightenment
who: began by scientists/philosophers in Europe spread to the colonies, notable - John locke when: 17th century what: an intellectual revolution that emphasized reason, critical thinking and science over religion and tradition Significance: led to a scientific revolution, led to the great awakening; ideas of individualism, natural rights, and freedom of thought/expression/belief strongly influenced founding documents of America
ID term: albany plan of union
who: benjamin franklin; passed by the Albany Congress when: 1754 where: Albany, NY what: a failed proposal by the seven northern colonies in anticipation of the french and indian war, urging the unification of the colonies under one crown-appointed president significance: too radical at the time, but if it had passed might have quelled the need for a whole revolution; model for the Articles of Confederation
ID term: Spanish Armada
who: built by Philip ii the catholic king of spain when: 1588, late 16th century where: Fought in the English channel before being swept into the North Sea what: an extensive fleet of war ships built so that Spain could destroy the English Royal Navy; unfortunate storms destroyed many of the ships and the Royal navy had a stunning and complete victory over spain Significance: led to more English colonization as they now controlled the seas and strengthened the protestant cause across europe
ID term: womens work
who: colonial women when: 17th and 18th centuries where: the american colonies what: traditional term used to describe tasks performed majorly by women- tasks in the house, garden and fields; eventually expanded to include medicine, shopkeeping, upholstering and the running of inns/tavnerns Significance: women in the colonies had very few rights or access to independence, it was considered good and proper for a woman to work in her fathers house then get married and have children and work in her husbands house
Id terms: Daughters of Liberty
who: colonial women when: 1760s and 70s where: across the colonies what: colonial women who organized boycotts of british products - especially clothing- in favor of making/producing/growing their own in an attempt to put economic strain on British Significance: enabled women to play a significant public role in the fight against the british (staying within their sphere but advancing their argument)
ID term: New Netherland
who: dutch settlers from the Dutch East India Company led by Henry Hudson the explorer where: new york area when: set up trading posts in early 17th century; conquered by English n 1667 what: Dutch colony in America founded on fur trade with native americans; a strictly business colony so became very diverse; promoted free enterprise and ethnic/religious pluralism Significance: when conquered by the english became four new colonies of NY, new jersey, penn, and Delaware
id term: mercantilism
who: embraced by PM oliver cromwell when: end of the 17th century where: enforced it on american colonies what: political and economic policy that placed the government in charge of all economic activity to assert power; key industries began to be taxed significance: supported the creation of a global british empire by regulating the production/trade of important goods
Id term: joint stock companies
who: english investors when: 17th century where: founded English settlements in the americas what: colonies where expensive to start so large groups of investors purchases shares of stocks to share the profit or the loss by the venture significance: one of the two reasons english colonies got started (the other being religious freedom); most important organizational innovation for the age of exploration; provided first instruments of English colonization of America
ID term: tobacco
who: englishman john Rolfe began growing in the colonies where: began in the Caribbean, first grown in america in Virginia for export to england when: early 17th century, 1612 what: a cash crop grown in virginia and maryland colonies that was increasingly profitable because of english smoking significance: helped save the virginian colonies by providing a source of revenue; because of labor intensive growth cycle, native americans and african american slaves were brought in to work large plantations
ID term: birth rate
who: in reference to colonial families when: 17th century where: colonies what: percent of births per 1,000 of total population; colonists got married and had families younger than in europe Significance: lower mortality rates and higher birth rates led to a fast growing colonial population
ID term: death rate
who: in reference to the colonists when: first years it was 50% where: colonies What: percentage of death per 1,000 people of the total population; on average the population in the colonies doubled ever twenty-five years Significance: as conditions in the colonies became more settled and secure, life began to flourish which encouraged more settlers
Id term: pontiac's rebellion
who: indian attacks by the ottawa and other Native Americans on the British Forts when: 1763 where: british forts east of the MS river What: attacks on the British forts and capturing/raiding of many villages in response to the french giving away their land to the british Significance: an agreement was reached that allowed the British to occupy the region as long as they reestablished the fur trade; didnt really solve the main issues for rebellion
ID term: headright
who: instituted by Sir Edwin Sandys (head of the Virginia company) when: 1618 (early 17th century) where: Virginia what: land grant policy that gave any englishman who bought a share in the company and paid for the voyage to Virginia 50 acres upon arrival and 50 more for any accompanying servants;colonists were promised the same civil rights and liberties as those in Europe Significance: caused many wealthy englishmen to come to the americas and bring indentured servants; system was expanded to include colonists and adopted in other areas
ID term: horse
who: introduced by the Spanish to the Native Americans when: by 1690 where: missouri valley, midwest region (began in NEw Mexico) what/significance: the pueblo revolt let the native americans capture hundreds of spanish horses that they traded to other tribes; allowed new source of mobility and power while hunting; became a sign of wealth and prestige
ID term: Stamp Act
who: issued by British PM Greenville onto American Colonists when: 1765 Where: colonies what: required a stamp on almost all printed materials in an attempt to fund british military protection/salary in the colonies Significance: caused massive protests as it was the first tax on something strictly domestic and had nothing to do with trade- just to increase revenue
What was the Great Awakening?
who: leaders included jonathan edwards ; the tennants; and several women itinerant ministers when: 1700-1750, peaked 1730 where: across the colonies, especially new England what: widespread revival of religious fervor in response to the enlightenment Significance: helped to unite the colonies under religious passion right before the revolution; emphasized individual freedom to chose one's religion
ID term: Bacon's Rebellion
who: led by Nathaniel Bacon along with many other landless servants slaves and small farmers when: mid 1670s where: Virginia what: virginia was very very stratified, the wealthy people got the good land near the colonies and the poorer settlers had to be on the edge and fight with indians over poor land; unhappy about their disadvantage, bacon went to the governor but was dismissed; angry he and his men attacked virginias wealthiest and political leaders- burning jamestown Significance: showed the beginning of unhappiness within the colonies, unreasoned attacks on the Native americans, and economic disparity between the very very wealthy and poorer settlers
ID term: indentured Servants
who: many poor/homeless of England, Ireland, Scotland and continental Europe where: Used in the Virginia, Maryland and Chesapeake bay regions when: early 17th century What: a contract that paid the passage of an individual to america with the promise that they would work a certain number of years Significance: did most of the work in the tobacco production of 17th century; harsh lifestyle and mistreatment led to discontent and several revolts which led to the switch to african slaves
ID term: the Carolina Colonies
who: migrating virginian colonists in the north and 8 lord proprietors from England in the south when: mid 17th century where: north and south carolina What: in the north- a remote scattering of farms from colonists; in the south- the lords brought in Barbados planters and slaves to turn it into am agricultural state Significance: became extremely profitable (but kind of lawless) centers of rice, timber and tar production-- relied heavily on African slave trade and became extremely brutal/stratified colonies
ID term: Massachusetts Bay Colony
who: moderate group of puritans; led by John Winthrop where: massachusetts bay, center=boston when: 1630 what: a much larger group of more moderate puritans; some wanted riches but most wanted a religious haven; very undemocratic and persecuted other religions Significance: Boston harbor grew into a very important base for the revolution; over time grew into a governing body that included more freemen and nonreligious peoples
ID term: Race Based Slavery
who: most europeans and american colonists vs. african slaves when: 17th & 18th century where: europe and america what: the idea that ones station in life was predetermined and thus slaves were natural and just should be used (way to avoid thinking about morality of slavery in an economy that was highly dependent) Significance: no one questioned the morality/ethics of slavery until the late 18th/19th centuries
ID term: Mexica
who: people from aztlan; aka aztecs when: late 13th century where: central highlands of mexico, tenochtitlan what: took control of the region through relentless warfare; built the huge city of Tenochtitlan; eventually conquered by Cortes Significance: built the huge aztec empire whose conquest was the most major by europeans; formed the base for Spanish conquest in North America
ID term: mayflower Compact
who: pilgrims (seperatists) on board the Mayflower when: 1620 where: Plymouth Massachusetts What: a formal agreement signed by the colonists that required them to abide by the laws made by leaders of their own choosing Significance: first governing document in the US by colonists; set up government around the bases of church government- only church members were eligible
ID term: Parliament
who: representatives of the English people where: England when: since the 13th century what: representatives formed the national legislature made up of hereditary and appointed members (house of lords) and elected members (house of commons); held the power to impose taxes significance: power over taxation held great significance and caused massive outrage in the 18th century when the colonies were taxed; held power over the monarch in the Parliamentary monarchy
What was the Committee of Correspondence?
who: samuel adams what: organized a statement of American rights and grievances and invited other colonies to do the same. when: in response to the gaspee incident, 1772ish where: began in boston, sprang up across the colonies Significance: united the colonies by a list of grievances, began to discuss the rights they wanted to protect; organized a nation wide network of rebellion and national resent before the Revolution
Define the Paxton Boys
who: similar to the regulators/bacons rebellion, frontiersmen who were unhappy when: 1763 where: pennsylvania What: discontented with lack of colonial protection on the frontier; settled near peaceful indian tribe but attacked and killed them for no good reason; marched to the capital where they were quickly dismissed Significance: showed discontent in the colonies; want for protection; wanted more economic equality and better representation
ID term: Deism
who: some enlightened thinkers modified Isaac Newtons belief when: during the enlightenment what: belief that god created the world and set it into motion but then let it be; enlightened principles of religion emphasizing reason, morality and natural law Significance: many instrumental people of the American revolution were diests (franklin, jefferson) who believed that cultivating Reason was the best way to create a moral and just society
ID term: conquistadors
who: spanish and portuguese soldiers (specifically those with cortes) when: during spanish colonization; 16th century where: mexico what: conquerors of the land held by indigenous peoples in central and southern america; brought from europe by Cortes to help conquer the Aztecs
ID term: Protestant Reformation
who: started by Martin Luther When: 1517 through the rest of the 16th century where: began in Germany and spread throughout Europe What: the publication of 95 theses was public criticism (by a monk) of the corruption within the catholic church, specifically the sale of indulgences and inability of members to read/interpret the Bible for themselves Significance: led to political turmoil and religious wars throughout Europe -> caused many religious refugees to seek shelter/religious freedom in colonies; also battle between catholic and protestant countries to establish new colonies and converts
ID term: encomienda
who: system used by Spanish conquistadors on indigenous people when: 16th century where: hispanic america what: system by which favored officers were given lots of land and put in charge of Indian villages as Encomenderos - protected the village as long as the natives provided them with goods and labor significance: became a very stratified society with wealthy conquistadors, encomenderos and priests at one end and enslaved Indians at the other
ID Term: eastern woodland peoples
who: the Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskogean tribes when: after the collapse of the Cahokia circa 1400 where: along the atlantic sea board from Maine to Florida and along the gulf coast to Lousiana What: the group that rose to dominate the Atlantic Seaboard; Algonquian- hunter gathers with slash/burn farming; Iroquoian- let by women clanleaders, farmers with longhouses; Muskogean- matrilineal lived in clans surrounding a central plaza Significance: these were the main groups the europeans encountered when they came to america; for years before the Europeans came they had been dealing with frequent warfare, changing climate and varying environments-- resilience they would put to use when dealing with colonists
ID term: infectious diseases
who: the Europeans brought most to America when: 16th century where: across the colonized lands (mexico in central america and north eastern sea board) what: the spread of infectious/contagious diseases among the native americans who had no immunity Significance: in 1568 (75yrs after columbus) 80-90% of the Indian Population had died or were so weakened they could easily be conquered - greatest loss of human life in history
ID term: Roman Catholicism
who: the Roman Catholic Church & its followers; namely spanish colonizers when: long been a unifying factor within europe where: europe and its colonizers what: the faith and religious practices of the roman catholic church Significance: during the protestant reformation came under criticism; led to founding of new denominations and need for colonization between catholic and protestants; the spanish attempted many forced conversions into Roman Catholicism
ID term: powhatan confederacy
who: the indigenous peoples of the Chesapeake region (algonquian tribes) when: late 16th and early 17th centuries where: along the atlantic coast (near virginia maryland delaware) what: an alliance of several powerful tribes under Chief Powhatan- organized into thirty chiefdoms; one of the most powerful group of Indians along the coast Significance: main group of Native americans that english colonizers interacted with; powhatan trades with the colonists but realized too late the colonists intentions of taking their land
ID term: Cahokia
who: the mississippians when: 1050-1250 ce where: southwest illinois, a few miles from St. Louis MO What: a large regional center called a chiefdom; an enormous intricately planned farming settlement; houses temples public structures plazas and flat topped pyramids Significance: with 15000 residents on 3,200 acres it was the largest city north of mexico; mysteriously vanished and the people split into smaller tribes
ID term: puritans
who: theologically conservative dissenters beginning in England who moved to the colonies when: early 17th century where: england -> Plymouth and Mass Bay colonies in North America What: people who wanted to purify the church of england of its anglican and catholic elements Significance: when met with Indifference in England, some of the most devout group (called separtists) left england and became pilgrims first in Holland and then in America
ID term: natural rights
who: theory made popular by John Locke where: England-> global when: late 17th century what: belief that an individuals rights to life, liberty, and property should not be violated by any government or community Significance: locke argued that when rulers failed to protect these rights that the people should overthrow the monarch and change the government- exactly what happened in the American revolution- became a foundational belief of american democracy
ID term: triangular trade
who: traders from Europe when: late 17th and 18th centuries where: trade between europe, africa, and the american colonies what: exchange of manufactured goods, agricultural products, and humans in a three way trade Significance: because of the ports along the New England coasts, cities like boston in NE became specialized shipping grounds through which many goods moved
ID term: Great Awakening
who: traveling evangelists met with local congregations where: beginning in southern colonies to Atlantic coast into NE when: early 1730s what: emotional revival of religious fervor in the wake of the enlightenment in the colonies significance: united individuals (masses) from all thirteen colonies; created ties that would help coordinate revolutionary attacks against the british
ID term: Common Sense
who: written by Thomas Paine when: 1776 where: passed around the colonies what: a pamphlet that put the blame on the english monarchy not just parliament; advocated for a declaration of american independence Significance: because of its simple language it was passed around all the colonies and helped unite everyone-- helped convince the remaining loyalists
how did the reformation spark colonialism?
with new protestant religions trying to compete with each other and with catholicism, each tried to out do each other in making colonies
Describe slavery in the Chesapeake region
worked tobacco farms had self-sustaining population african culture slowly faded