HST 201 - Exam #2

First Continental Congress

4,600 militiamen from thirty-seven towns lined both sides of Main Street as the British appointed officials walked the gauntlet between them. Urged Americans to refuse obedience to the new laws, withhold taxes,a nd prepare for war.

Navigation Acts

were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies. They began in 1651 and ended 200 years later. They reflected the policy of mercantilism

Boston Massacre

A fight between a snowball-throwing crowd of Bostonians and British troops escalated into an armed confrontation that left five Bostonians dead. One of those who feel in what came to be called the Boston Massacre was Crispus Attucks, a sailor of mixed Indian - African-white ancestry.

Triangular Trade

A series of triangular trading routes crisscrossed the Atlantic, carrying British manufactured goods to Africa and the colonies, colonial products including tobacco, indigo, sugar, and rice to Europe, and slaves from Africa to the New World.

Actual Representation

All, in the name of liberty, claimed the right to cover their own affairs.

Salutary Neglect

An American history term that refers to an unofficial and long-term 17th & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

Second Continental Congress

Authorized the raising of an army, printed money to pay for it, and appointed George Washington its commander. In response, Britain declared the colonies in a state of rebellion, dispatched thousand of troops, and ordered the closing of all colonial ports.

population growth in British colonies

British colonies became bigger

colonial cities

Colonial cities like Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were quite small by the standards of Europe or Spanish America. In 1700, when the population of Mexico City stood at 100,000. Boston had 6,000 residents and New York 4,500.

Common Sense

Common Sense appeared in January 1776. The pamphlet began not with a recital of colonial grievances but with an attack on the "so much boasted Constitution of England" and the principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government.

Deists

Deists believed, was the purest evidence of God's handiwork. Deists concluded that the best form of religious devotion was to study the workings of nature, rather than to worship in organized churches or appeal to divine grace for salvaton.

Tea Act/ Boston Tea Party

Dumped low priced tea on the American market, undercutting both established merchants and smugglers. On Dec 16, 1773, a group of colonists disguised as Indians boarded three ships at anchor in Boston Harbor and threw more than 300 chests of tea into the water. The event became known as the Boston tea party.

Enlightenment

Enlightenment thinkers hoped that "reason," not religious enthusiasm, could govern human life. Many prominent Americans moved toward the position called Arminanism, which taught that reason alone was capable of establishing the essentials of religion. Others adopted Deism, a belief that God essentially withdrew after crating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws without divine intervention.

Mercantilism

Governments should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power.

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

Had to have colonies join in order to get rid of Indians

Sugar Act

In 1764, the Sugar Act, introduced by Prime Minister George Grenville, reduced the existing tax on molasses imported into North America from the French West Indies from six pence to three pence per gallon. but the act also established a new machinery to end widespread smuggling by colonial merchants. And to counteract the tendency of colonial juries to acquit merchants charged with violating trade regulations, it strengthened the admiralty courts, where accused smugglers could be judged without reduction in taxation but as an attempt to get them to pay a levy they would otherwise have evaded.

Rural Areas

In south

African American culture -Marriage -religion -language -family

Many different cultures and many different religions created African traditions passed on different music, art, folklore, language, and religion. Transition from traditional religions to Christianity.Had belief in the presence of spiritual forces in nature and a close relationship between the sacred and secular worlds. Rice plantations had a low birthrate - children had African names. In the Chesapeake, the slave population began to produce itself. In North African Americans had fewer opportunities to create a stable family.

Great Awakening

Many ministers were concerned that westward expansion, commercial development, the growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion. These fears helped to inspire the revivals that swept through the colonies beginning in the 1730s. Know collectively as the Great Awakening, the revivals were less a coordinated movement than a series of local events united by a commitment to a "religion of the heart," a more emotional and personal Christianity than that offered by existing churches.

Conflict and resistance

Many of the conflicts between governors and elected assemblies stemmed from the colonies' economic growth. To deal with the scarcity of gold and silver coins, the only legal form of currency, some colonies printed paper money, although this was strongly apposed by the governors, authorities in London, and British merchants who did not wish to be paid in what they considered worthless paper.

Passage to Americas

Middle Passage- For slaves, the voyage across the Atlantic- it was the second or middle, leg in the triangular trading routes linking Europe, Africa and America - was a harrowing experience.

Jonathan Edwards

Minister Jonathan Edwards pioneered an intensely emotional style of preaching. Edwards's famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" portrayed sinful man as a "loathsome insect" suspended over a bottomless pit of eternal fire by a slender thread that might break at any moment. Only a "new birth" - immediately acknowledging one's sins and pleading for divine grace - could save men from eternal damnation.

George Whitefield

More than any other individual, the English minister GW, who declared "the whole world his parish," sparked the Great Awakening. For two years after his arrival in America in 1739, Whitefield brought his highly emotional brand of preaching to colonies from Georgia to new England. God, Whitefield proclaimed, was merciful. Rather than being predestined for damnation, men and women could save themselves by repenting of their sins. Whitefield appealed to the passions of his listeners, powerfully sketching the boundless joy of salvation and the horrors of damnation

Paxton Boys & Regulators

Mostly Scotch-Irish farmers from the vicinity of the Pennsylvania town of Paxton, destroyed the Indian village of Conestoga, massacring half a dozen men, women, and children who lived there under the protection of Pennsylvania's governor. When the Paxton Boys marched on Philadelphia in February 1764, intending to attack Moravian Indians who resided near the city, the governor ordered the expulsion of much of Indian population. By the 1760s, Pennsylvania's Holy Experiment was at an end and with it William Penn's Promise of "true friendship and amity" between colonists and the native population.

non-importation & noncomsumption

Nonimportation, wrote George Washington, gave "the extravagant man" an opportunity to "retrench his expenses" by reducing the purchase of British luxuries, without having to advertise to his neighbors that he might be in financial distress.

Intolerable Acts

Parliament closed the port of Boston to all trade until the tea was paid for. It radically altered the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 by curtailing town meetings and authorizing the governor to appoint members to the council - positions previously filled by election.

Public Relief

Relieving the public. Freedom

Lexington & Concord

The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[9] They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen of its colonies on the mainland of British America.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

The Massachusetts Circular Letter was a statement written by Samuel Adams and James Otis Jr., and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts. Reactions to the letter brought heightened tensions between the British Parliament and Massachusetts, and resulted in the military occupation of Boston by the British Army, which contributed to the coming of the American Revolution.

Stamp Act

The Stamp Act of 1765 was a new departure in imperial policy. For the first time, Parliament attempted to raise money from direct taxes in the colonies rather than through the regulation of trade. The act required that all sorts of printed material produced in the colonies - such as newspapers, books, court documents, commercial papers, land deeds, almanacs - carry a stamp purchased from authorities. Its purpose was to help finance the operations of the empire, including the cost of stationing British troops in north america, without seeking revenue from colonial assemblies.

Colonial Women

The family was the center of the economic life. The independence of the small farmer depended in considerable measure on the labor of dependent women and children. High birthrate in part reflected the need for as many hands as possible on colonial farms.

diversity

The nearly 300,000 Africans brought to the mainland colonies during the eighteenth century were not a single people. They came from different cultures, spoke different languages, and practiced many religions.

Proclamation of 1763

The uprising inspired the government in London to issue the Proclamation of 1763 , prohibiting further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. These lands were reserved exclusively for Indians. Moreover, the Proclamation banned the sale of Indian lands to private individuals.

Stono Rebellion

Took the lives of more than two dozen whites and as many as 200 slaves. Some slaves managed to reach Florida, where in 1740 they were armed by the Spanish to help repel an attack on St. Augustine by a force from Georgia

Indians and the Great Plains

Went to the great plains to get away from British Colonies

Virtual Representation

Which held that each member represented the entire empire, not just his own district - the interests of all who lived under the British crown were supposedly taken into account.

Daughters of Liberty

Women who spun and wove at home so as not to purchase British goods.

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson and revised by the Congress before approval. Most of the Declaration consists of a lengthy list of grievances directed against king George III, ranging from quartering troops in colonial homes to imposing taxes without the colonists' consent.

Quartering Act

a name given to a minimum of two Acts of British Parliament in the local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations or housing. It also required colonists to provide food for any British soldiers in the area. Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act and required annual renewal by Parliament.[1] They were originally intended as a response to issues that arose during the French and Indian War and soon became a source of tension between the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London, England. These tensions would later fuel the fire that led to the Revolutionary War.

Republican Motherhood

it emerged as a result of independence, women played an indispensable role by training future citizens. Even though republican motherhood ruled out direct female involvement in politics, it encouraged the expansion for educational opportunities for women, so that they could impart political wisdom to their children.

New Lights / Old Lights

old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening

Slavery

slave trade would be condemned by statesmen and general opinion as a crime against humanity

Committees of Observation & Safety

they began the process of transferring effective political power from established governments whose authority derived from Great Britain to extralegal grassroots bodies reflecting the will of the people

Loyalist

those who retained their allegiance to the crown - experienced the conflict and its aftermath as a loss of liberty.

labor system & crops

three distinct slave systems were well entrenched in Britain's mainland colonies: tobacco-based plantation slavery in Chesapeake, rice-based plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia, and non-plantation slavery in New England and the Middle Colonies. The largest and oldest of these was the plantation system of the Chesapeake