HTML, CSS, JS Interview Questions

List out the different ways an HTML element can be accessed in a JavaScript code.

(i) getElementById('idname'): Gets an element by its ID name (ii) getElementsByClass('classname'): Gets all the elements that have the given classname. (iii) getElementsByTagName('tagname'): Gets all the elements that have the given tag name. (iv) querySelector(): This function takes css style selector and returns the first selected element.

Name some of the JavaScript Frameworks

A JavaScript framework is an application framework written in JavaScript. It differs from a JavaScript library in its control flow. There are many JavaScript Frameworks available but some of the most commonly used frameworks are: - Angular - React - Vue

What is Callback?

A callback is a plain JavaScript function passed to some method as an argument or option. It is a function that is to be executed after another function has finished executing, hence the name 'call back'. In JavaScript, functions are objects. Because of this, functions can take functions as arguments, and can be returned by other functions.

What is control flow function? Explain the steps how "Control Flow" controls the functions calls?

A generic piece of code which runs in between several asynchronous function calls is known as control flow function. Control the order of execution Collect data Limit concurrency Call the following step in the program.

What is a name function in JavaScript & how to define it?

A named function declares a name as soon as it is defined. It can be defined using function keyword as : function named(){ // write code here }

What is 'Callback' in node.js?

Callback function is used in node.js to deal with multiple requests made to the server. Like if you have a large file which is going to take a long time for a server to read and if you don't want a server to get engage in reading that large file while dealing with other requests, call back function is used. Call back function allows the server to deal with pending request first and call a function when it is finished.

What is an event bubbling in JavaScript?

Event bubbling is a way of event propagation in the HTML DOM API, when an event occurs in an element inside another element, and both elements have registered a handle for that event. With bubbling, the event is first captured and handled by the innermost element and then propagated to outer elements. The execution starts from that event and goes to its parent element. Then the execution passes to its parent element and so on till the body element.

What do you understand by Event-driven programming?

Event-driven programming is an approach that heavily makes use of events for triggering various functions. An event can be anything like a mouse click, key press, etc. When an event occurs, a call back function is executed that is already registered with the element. This approach mainly follows the publish-subscribe pattern. Because of event-driven programming, Node.js is faster when compared to other technologies.

Explain the purpose of ExpressJS package?

Express.js is a framework built on top of Node.js that facilitates the management of the flow of data between server and routes in the server-side applications. It is a lightweight and flexible framework that provides a wide range of features required for the web as well as mobile application development. Express.js is developed on the middleware module of Node.js called connect. The connect module further makes use of http module to communicate with Node.js. Thus, if you are working with any of the connect based middleware modules, then you can easily integrate with Express.js.

How to delete a cookie using JavaScript?

If you want to delete a cookie so that subsequent attempts to read the cookie in JavaScript return nothing, you just need to set the expiration date to a time in the past. You should define the cookie path to ensure that you delete the right cookie. Some browsers will not let you delete a cookie if you don't specify the path.

What are Exports & Imports?

Imports and exports help us to write modular JavaScript code. Using Imports and exports we can split our code into multiple files. For example-

In how many ways a JavaScript code can be involved in an HTML file?

Inline Internal External An inline function is a JavaScript function, which is assigned to a variable created at runtime. You can differentiate between Inline Functions and Anonymous since an inline function is assigned to a variable and can be easily reused. When you need a JavaScript for a function, you can either have the script integrated in the page you are working on, or you can have it placed in a separate file that you call, when needed. This is the difference between an internal script and an external script.

What is JavaScript?

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities that allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages. The general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.

What is argument objects in JavaScript & how to get the type of arguments passed to a function?

JavaScript variable arguments represents the arguments that are passed to a function. Using typeof operator, we can get the type of arguments passed to a function. For example − function func(x){ console.log(typeof x, arguments.length); } func(); //==> "undefined", 0 func(7); //==> "number", 1 func("1", "2", "3"); //==> "string", 3

What is the difference between window & document in JavaScript?

JavaScript window is a global object which holds variables, functions, history, location.The document also comes under the window and can be considered as the property of the window.

Explain libuv.

Libuv is a multi-platform support library of Node.js which majorly is used for asynchronous I/O.

What is the difference between Local storage & Session storage?

Local Storage - The data is not sent back to the server for every HTTP request (HTML, images, JavaScript, CSS, etc) - reducing the amount of traffic between client and server. It will stay until it is manually cleared through settings or program. Session Storage - It is similar to local storage; the only difference is while data stored in local storage has no expiration time, data stored in session storage gets cleared when the page session ends. Session Storage will leave when the browser is closed. In case you are facing any challenges with these JavaScript Interview Questions, please comment on your problems in the section below.

What does it mean "non-blocking" in node.js?

Non-blocking functions are used in regards with I/O operations. They immediately respond with whatever data is available and keeps on running as per the requests. In case, any answer couldn't be retrieved then the API returns immediately with an error.

How do JavaScript primitive/object types passed in functions?

One of the differences between the two is that Primitive Data Types are passed By Value and Objects are passed By Reference. - By Value means creating a COPY of the original. Picture it like twins: they are born exactly the same, but the first twin doesn't lose a leg when the second twin loses his in the war. - By Reference means creating an ALIAS to the original. When your Mom calls you "Pumpkin Pie" although your name is Margaret, this doesn't suddenly give birth to a clone of yourself: you are still one, but you can be called by these two very different names.

How to read a cookie using JavaScript?

Reading a cookie is just as simple as writing one, because the value of the document.cookie object is the cookie. So you can use this string whenever you want to access the cookie. - The document.cookie string will keep a list of name = value pairs separated by semicolons, where name is the name of a cookie and value is its string value. - You can use strings' split() function to break the string into key and values.

What is the 'Strict' mode in JavaScript and how can it be enabled?

Strict mode is a way to introduce better error-checking into your code. - When you use strict mode, you cannot use implicitly declared variables, or assign a value to a read-only property, or add a property to an object that is not extensible. - You can enable strict mode by adding "use strict" at the beginning of a file, a program, or a function.

What is the purpose of 'This' operator in JavaScript?

The JavaScript this keyword refers to the object it belongs to. This has different values depending on where it is used. In a method, this refers to the owner object and in a function, this refers to the global object.

What is the difference between the operators '==' & '==='?

The main difference between "==" and "===" operator is that formerly compares variable by making type correction e.g. if you compare a number with a string with numeric literal, == allows that, but === doesn't allow that, because it not only checks the value but also type of two variable, if two variables are not of the same type "===" return false, while "==" return true.

Differentiate between Node.js vs Ajax?

The most basic difference between Node.js and Ajax that, Node.js is a server-side JavaScript whereas Ajax is a client-side technology. In simpler terms, Ajax is mostly used for updating or modifying the webpage contents without having to refresh it. On the other hand, Node.js is required to develop the server software that are typically executed by the servers instead of the web browsers.

What is package.json?

The package.json file in Node.js is the heart of the entire application. It is basically the manifest file that contains the metadata of the project where we define the properties of a package.

How can you convert the string of any base to integer in JavaScript?

The parseInt() function is used to convert numbers between different bases. It takes the string to be converted as its first parameter, and the second parameter is the base of the given string. For example- parseInt("4F", 16)

What are the scopes of a variable in JavaScript?

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript variable will have only two scopes. • Global Variables − A global variable has global scope which means it is visible everywhere in your JavaScript code. • Local Variables − A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.

How to create a cookie using JavaScript?

The simplest way to create a cookie is to assign a string value to the document.cookie object, which looks like this- Syntax : document.cookie = "key1 = value1; key2 = value2; expires = date";

What are the ways to define a variable in JavaScript?

Var - The JavaScript variables statement is used to declare a variable and, optionally, we can initialize the value of that variable. Example: var a =10; Variable declarations are processed before the execution of the code. Const - The idea of const functions is not allow them to modify the object on which they are called. When a function is declared as const, it can be called on any type of object. Let - It is a signal that the variable may be reassigned, such as a counter in a loop, or a value swap in an algorithm. It also signals that the variable will be used only in the block it's defined in.

How can you create an Array in JavaScript?

you can define arrays using the array literal as follows- var x = []; var y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

What is the difference between innerHTML & innerText?

innerHTML - It will process an HTML tag if found in a string innerText - It will not process an HTML tag if found in a string

Name some of the built-in methods and the values returned by them.

- CharAt(): It returns the character at the specified index. - Concat(): It joins two or more strings. - forEach(): It calls a function for each element in the array. - indexOf(): It returns the index within the calling String object of the first occurrence of the specified value. - length(): It returns the length of the string. - pop(): It removes the last element from an array and returns that element. - push(): It adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array. - reverse(): It reverses the order of the elements of an array.

What is the difference between Java & JavaScript?

- Java is an OOP programming language.JavaScript is an OOP scripting language. - It creates applications that run in a virtual machine or browser.The code is run on a browser only. - Java code needs to be compiled.JavaScript code are all in the form of text.

What are the variable naming conventions in JavaScript?

- You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keyword as variable name. For example, break or boolean variable names are not valid. - JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin with a letter or the underscore character. For example, 123name is an invalid variable name but _123name or name123 is a valid one. - JavaScript variable names are case sensitive. For example, Test and test are two different variables.

What is an Event loop in Node.js and how does it work?

An event loop in Node.js handles all the asynchronous callbacks in an application. It is one of the most important aspects of Node.js and the reason behind Node.js have non-blocking I/O.

How many types of API functions are there in Node.js?

Asynchronous, non-blocking functions - mostly I/O operations which can be fork out of the main loop. Synchronous, blocking functions - mostly operations that influence the process running in the main loop.

What is the difference between Attributes and Property?

Attributes- provide more details on an element like id, type, value etc. Property- is the value assigned to the property like type="text", value='Name' etc.

List down the major security implementations within Node.js?

Authentications Error Handling

What is Closure? Give an example.

Closures are created whenever a variable that is defined outside the current scope is accessed from within some inner scope. It gives you access to an outer function's scope from an inner function. In JavaScript, closures are created every time a function is created. To use a closure, simply define a function inside another function and expose it.

What is the command that is used in node.js to import external libraries?

Command "require" is used for importing external libraries, for example, "var http=require ("http")". This will load the http library and the single exported object through the http variable.

What are the advantages of JavaScript?

Following are the advantages of using JavaScript − Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server. Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something. Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard. Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

For Node.js, why Google uses V8 engine?

Google uses V8 as it is a Chrome runtime engine that converts JavaScript code into native machine code. This, in turn, speeds up the application execution and response process and give you a fast running application.

List down the tasks which should be done asynchronously using the event loop?

I/O operations Heavy computation Anything requiring blocking

What are the features of JavaScript?

It is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for creating network-centric applications. It is complementary to and integrated with Java. It is an open and cross-platform scripting language.

What is the advantage of using node.js?

It provides an easy way to build scalable network programs Generally fast Great concurrency Asynchronous everything Almost never blocks

What is NaN in JavaScript?

NaN is a short form of Not a Number. Since NaN always compares unequal to any number, including NaN, it is usually used to indicate an error condition for a function that should return a valid number. When a string or something else is being converted into a number and that cannot be done, then we get to see NaN.

Where Node.js can be used?

Node.js can be used to develop: Real-Time Web Applications Network Applications Distributed Systems General Purpose Applications

What is Node.js and how it works?

Node.js is a Server side scripting which is used to build scalable programs. Its multiple advantages over other server side languages, the prominent being non-blocking I/O. Node.js works on a v8 environment, it is a virtual machine that utilizes JavaScript as its scripting language and achieves high output via non-blocking I/O and single threaded event loop.

Why is Node.js single-threaded?

Node.js uses a single threaded model in order to support async processing. With async processing, an application can perform better and is more scalable under web loads. Thus, Node.js makes use of a single-threaded model approach rather than typical thread-based implementation.

What would be the result of 2+5+"3″?

Since 2 and 5 are integers, they will be added numerically. And since 3 is a string, its concatenation will be done. So the result would be 73. The " " makes all the difference here and represents 3 as a string and not a number.

What are the two arguments that async.queue takes?

Task function Concurrency value

How does TypeOf Operator work?

The typeof operator is used to get the data type of its operand. The operand can be either a literal or a data structure such as a variable, a function, or an object. It is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.

What is a Typed language?

Typed Language is in which the values are associated with values and not with variables. It is of two types: - Dynamically: in this, the variable can hold multiple types; like in JS a variable can take number, chars. - Statically: in this, the variable can hold only one type, like in Java a variable declared of string can take only set of characters and nothing else.

What is the difference between undeclared & undefined?

Undeclared variables are those that do not exist in a program and are not declared. If the program tries to read the value of an undeclared variable, then a runtime error is encountered. Undefined variables are those that are declared in the program but have not been given any value. If the program tries to read the value of an undefined variable, an undefined value is returned.

What are the data types supported by JavaScript?

Undefined Null Boolean String Symbol Number Object

What is the difference between null & undefined?

Undefined means a variable has been declared but has not yet been assigned a value. On the other hand, null is an assignment value. It can be assigned to a variable as a representation of no value. Also, undefined and null are two distinct types: undefined is a type itself (undefined) while null is an object.

Can you assign an anonymous function to a variable and pass it as an argument to another function?

Yes! An anonymous function can be assigned to a variable. It can also be passed as an argument to another function.

Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language?

Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords, variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

How can you create an object in JavaScript?

You can create an object using the object literal as follows − var emp = { name: "Daniel", age: 23 };