HU - Biology 111 Ch. 29

Which of the following is a major difference between adaptive immunity and innate defenses? A. Adaptive immunity includes defense components which are multicellular, such as skin, tears, and mucus; innate defenses include cellular and subcellular components. B. Adaptive immunity responses are the first to attack an invader; innate defenses are the second responses to attack an invader. C. Adaptive immunity responses are produced only on demand; innate defenses are always produced. D. Adaptive immunity responses are similar to most pathogens; innate defenses are always specific for specific pathogens. E. All answers are correct.

C. Adaptive immunity responses are produced only on demand; innate defenses are always produced.

Why would HIV infection lead to immunodeficiency? A. All of the antibodies in the body bind to HIV and cannot bind other pathogens. B. HIV infects the bone marrow where immune cells are produced. C. HIV infects T helper cells. D. Antibodies cannot bind to HIV. E. The body cannot make antibodies to HIV.

C. HIV infects T helper cells

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow? A. They would be paralyzed. B. They could not filter their blood and would require dialysis. C. They would be immunocompromised. D. They could not produce bile. E. Their bones would degenerate.

C. They would be immunocompromised.

Which of the following is not part of the innate defense response? A. cilia that sweep bacteria out of the respiratory tract B. the process of inflammation C. antibody production D. fever production E. the complement-protein system

C. antibody production

In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", which of the following would a person in a less-developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more-developed country, according to the hygiene hypothesis? A. bacterial infection B. parasites C. asthma D. viral infection E. fungal infection

C. asthma

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen? A. increased number of white blood cells only B. increased migration of white blood cells to site of infection only C. both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection D. increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood only E. both increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood and number of white blood cells

C. both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection

HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of A. blood platelets. B. B cells. C. helper T cells. D. cytotoxic T cells. E. plasma cells.

C. helper T cells

The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is A. histamine. B. complement protein. C. interleukin. D. all of the answers. E. epinephrine.

C. interleukin.

B cells or T cells are A. basophils. B. invaders. C. lymphocytes. D. allergies. E. vaccines.

C. lymphocytes.

A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a A. B cell. B. T cell. C. macrophage. D. plasma cell. E. chondrocyte.

C. macrophage.

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly-stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are A. cytotoxic T cells. B. helper T cells. C. plasma cells. D. macrophages. E. all of the answers.

C. plasma cells.

Which of the following vaccines would expose a person to an antigen for the longest time, and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations? A. an inactivated pathogen B. inactivated toxins C. subunits of pathogens D. a live weakened pathogen E. individual proteins from pathogens

C. subunits of pathogens

Short Answer questions

1. characteristic of life it fulfills

Which of the following is a method in which a pathogen can enter a vertebrate and the immune system defends against it? A. sneezing B. viruses C. parasites D. All answers are correct. E. kissing

D. All answers are correct

Which of the following is correct about primary and secondary immune responses? A. The primary immune response occurs first. B. The primary immune response is smaller. C. Both respond to foreign antigens. D. All answers are correct. E. Both are responses of adaptive immunity.

D. All answers are correct.

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection? A. T cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens. B. B cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens. C. Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens. D. Cytotoxic T cells attack pathogens in the lymph nodes, triggering inflammation. E. Vasodilation increases blood flow in the lymph nodes.

D. Cytotoxic T cells attack pathogens in the lymph nodes, triggering inflammation.

In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", what is the hygiene hypothesis? A. People who have more infections will have an overactive immune system. B. People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have more infections. C. People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have a weaker immune system. D. People who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system. E. People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have fewer infections.

D. People who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system.

If a human fetus is ___________ and the pregnant woman is ______________, an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur. A. Rh-negative; Rh-positive B. Type "AB"; Type "O" C. Type "O"; Type "AB" D. Rh-positive; Rh-negative E. Rh-positive; Type "AB"

D. Rh-positive; Rh-negative

A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. Which of the following is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS? A. The virus reproduces very rapidly. B. It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus. C. The virus is transmitted sexually. D. The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat. E. The virus is not technically alive.

D. The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat.

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly-sensitive immune system is termed a(n) A. autoimmune disease. B. primary immune response. C. secondary immune response. D. allergy. E. innate defense stimulator.

D. allergy.

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year? A. because our bodies develop resistance to the vaccine and it becomes less effective B. because the virus develops resistance to the vaccine C. because the virus cannot mutate into new strains D. because people change their habits each year and become susceptible to different strains of the virus E. because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals, including cats and dogs

D. because people change their habits each year and become susceptible to different strains of the virus

In a process called ______, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly-stimulated B cells. A. conjugation B. meiotic regeneration C. recombination D. clonal selection E. artificial selection

D. clonal selection

The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is A. histamine. B. interleukin. C. plasma. D. complement protein. E. epinephrine.

D. complement protein.

White blood cells are produced A. by mitotic division of other white blood cells. B. from platelets. C. from chondrocytes. D. from bone marrow stem cells. E. from plasma proteins.

D. from bone marrow stem cells.

The innate chemical substance that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is A. histamine. B. interleukin. C. complement protein. D. interferon. E. epinephrine.

D. interferon.

A disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n) A. pathogen. B. subtle pathogen. C. secondary pathogen. D. opportunistic pathogen. E. unlikely pathogen.

D. opportunistic pathogen.

Which of the following is not considered to be a major part of the immune system? A. thymus B. bone marrow C. spleen D. pancreas E. lymph node

D. pancreas

A preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a(n) A. antibiotic. B. virus. C. antiviral. D. vaccination. E. injection.

D. vaccination.

Which of the following is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism? A. Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses. B. Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. C. Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria. D. Fever kills some bacteria. E. All answers are correct

E. All answers are correct

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include A. the acidity of the stomach. B. tear fluid from the eye. C. an un-punctured skin. D. mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. E. All answers are correct.

E. All answers are correct.

Which of the following would occur if the lymphatic system was absent? A. Cancer would not spread as quickly because cancerous cells would not be transported by the lymphatic system, nor stored in lymph nodes. B. Bacteria located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood. C. Viruses located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood. D. Cancer cells located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason? A. Antibodies attack the kidney. B. The antibody complexes become trapped in the lymph. C. The antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney. D. The kidney is a part of the lymphatic system and becomes full of lymphocytes. E. The kidney is part of the immune system and becomes full of leukocytes.

A. Antibodies attack the kidney.

If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not? A. B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion. B. Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the spleen. C. Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the bone marrow. D. Macrophages will not present the A antigen to T cells. E. Recombination of the gene for antibodies cannot produce self-reactive clones.

A. B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion.

Which of the following correctly describes B cells and T cells? A. B cells and T cells are lymphocytes. B. B cells and T cells attack cancerous cells in the body. C. B cells and T cells attack foreign particles in the body. D. B cells and T cells are not innate defenses. E. All answers are correct.

A. B cells and T cells are lymphocytes.

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus? A. Each B cell can make antibodies against all antigens. B. The vaccine contains the antibodies against the strains of flu virus so your body does not need to make them. C. Viruses are destroyed by the passive immune system. D. Clonal deletion of B and T cells that recognize the virus occurs. E. Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies occurs.

A. Each B cell can make antibodies against all antigens.

Which of the following descriptions is correctly matched with its term? A. Innate defenses : able to defend against any pathogen B. Adaptive immunity : able to defend against any pathogen C. Innate defenses : unable to fight cancerous cells D. Adaptive immunity : unable to fight cancerous cells E. All answers are correct.

A. Innate defenses : able to defend against any pathogen

In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that causes disease? A. The pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system. B. Our immune system can destroy the pathogens before they cause disease. C. Pathogens have become less infectious. D. Our immune system no longer sees the pathogen as foreign. E. Pathogens have developed their own immune system to counteract ours.

A. The pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system.

How does the immune system recognize pathogens it has fought before? A. The primary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a secondary immune response. B. The primary immune response creates antigens which are activated in a secondary immune response. C. The secondary immune response creates antigens which are activated in a primary immune response. D. The secondary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a primary immune response. E. The primary immune response creates memory B cells, the secondary immune response creates memory T cells, and these are both activated in a tertiary immune response.

A. The primary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a secondary immune response.

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to which of the following by a pregnant woman? A. a self antigen on red blood cells B. a foreign antibody on red blood cells C. a foreign antigen on red blood cells D. a self antibody on red blood cells

A. a self antigen on red blood cells

Immunological memory results from the production of A. both B and T memory cells. B. both mast and B memory cells. C. mast memory cells only. D. B memory cells only. E. T memory cells only.

A. both B and T memory cells.

A phagocyte is a A. cell that engulfs other cells and debris. B. cell that primarily is used to produce antibodies. C. cell that produces white blood cells. D. cell that produces platelets. E. cell that transports oxygen to tissues.

A. cell that engulfs other cells and debris.

Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish which the circulatory system cannot? A. generate white blood cells B. collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues C. generate red blood cells D. destroy bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues E. generate new body tissues during recovery

A. generate white blood cells

The presence of antibodies against HIV can be used to diagnose an infection that has occurred at least three months earlier. Why couldn't the presence of antibodies against HIV be used to diagnose a more recent infection? A. The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat. B. The virus reproduces very rapidly. C. The virus is transmitted sexually. D. The virus is not technically alive. E. It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus.

E. It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus.

Which of the following are examples of humoral immunity? A. a cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell B. a self-attack from an autoimmune disease C. antibodies produced that create an immunodeficiency D. antibodies produced that clone a pathogen E. antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen

E. antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen

Which of the following is NOT attacked by the immune system as an intruder in humans? A. ring worm in a foot B. metastasized breast cancer C. brain tumor D. ebola virus E. dead skin cells

E. dead skin cells

The innate chemical substance produced by basophils that causes blood vessels to dilate is A. interleukin. B. complement protein. C. interferon. D. epinephrine. E. histamine.

E. histamine.

Antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope. An epitope is often just 5-6 amino acids from a protein on an antigen. Which of the following explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen? A. T helper cells secrete enzymes that digest the pathogen. B. B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen. C. Cytotoxic T cells poke holes in the antigen. D. Complement protein pokes holes in the antigen. E. Macrophages engulf and digest the pathogen.

B. B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen.

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. A major challenge is finding a donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins a person needs. Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient? A. If they don't match, the donor's immune system will see the recipient's bone marrow as foreign. B. MHC proteins make antibodies which could attack the recipient's immune system. C. MHC proteins serve as inhibitors of the immune system. D. If they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign. E. MHC proteins are used by cytotoxic T cells to kill bacteria, and if they don't match they won't work properly.

B. MHC proteins make antibodies which could attack the recipient's immune system.

Many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis. Which of the following would be effective in killing parasites? A. complement protein B. T helper cells C. B cells D. macrophages E. basophils

B. T helper cells

Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign? A. The fetus and mother are not genetically identical. B. The mother may have an autoimmune disease and recognize self antigens as foreign. C. The mother's immune system may be suppressed. D. The fetus is separated from the mother's blood and immune system. E. By the time the mother produces antibodies, the baby has been born.

B. The mother may have an autoimmune disease and recognize self antigens as foreign.

Why would AIDS patients infected with HIV be at risk for opportunistic infections and rare cancers? A. People who contract HIV engage in risky behavior that causes them to get other infections and cancer. B. Their immune systems are suppressed. C. HIV triggers an autoimmune response. D. AIDS is not caused by HIV, so HIV could be causing the other infections. E. An AIDS patient's immune system is very strong since it is fighting the HIV infection.

B. Their immune systems are suppressed.

Which of the following are examples of passive immunity? A. antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies B. a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies C. only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta D. only a person receiving an injection of antibodies E. only antibodies produced from a vaccine

B. a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies

Which of the following are examples of active immunity? A. a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies B. antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies C. only antibodies produced from a vaccine D. only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta E. only a person receiving an injection of antibodies

B. antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n) A. interferon. B. antibody. C. complement protein. D. phagocyte. E. B cell.

B. antibody.

A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n) A. antibody. B. antigen. C. substrate. D. phagocyte. E. complement protein.

B. antigen.

If a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes? A. because the tumor started in the lymph node B. because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues C. because white blood cells are formed in lymph nodes in response to the tumor D. because the tumor is recognized as a foreign antigen and is being attacked E. because the tumor cells may have moved from the blood into the lymph with the plasma

B. because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues

The primary function of a vaccine is to A. introduce antibodies into a person. B. create immunological memory without causing disease. C. introduce synthetic drugs into a person. D. give a person a mild disease. E. stimulate the production of blood platelets.

B. create immunological memory without causing disease.

In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", flatworms are very thin and lack a specialized respiratory or circulatory system. How does oxygen reach their cells? A. through spiracles B. diffusion through the wall of their body C. through gills D. through lungs E. through capillaries

B. diffusion through the wall of their body

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are A. basophils. B. helper T cells. C. mast cells. D. cytotoxic T cells. E. B cells.

B. helper T cells.

A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a A. basophil. B. mast cell. C. virus. D. macrophage. E. T cell.

B. mast cell.

The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ______, versus the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is ______. A. to recognize any antigen; to recognize a specific antigen B. to recognize a specific antigen; to recognize any antigen C. to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity D. to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity; to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; E. to create antigens; to destroy antibodies

B. to recognize a specific antigen; to recognize any antigen

The region of an antibody molecule that recognizes and binds to an antigen is the A. hinge region. B. variable region. C. constant region. D. base of the antibody molecule. E. heavy chain only.

B. variable region.