huffman__ch 07__memory

relearning

Learning material a second time, which usually takes less time than original learning (also called the savings method)

elaborative rehearsal

Linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of processing)

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Long-lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory

retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events before a brain injury; backward-acting amnesia

misinformation effect

Memory distortion resulting from misleading post-event information

encoding storage, retrieval (ESR) model

Memory is formed through three processes: encoding (getting information in), storage (retaining information for future use), and retrieval (recovering information)

parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially (also known as the connectionist model)

three-stage memory model

Memory storage requires passage of information through three stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term)

short-term memory (STM)

Second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory (LTM); capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds

working memory

Alternate term for short-term memory (STM), which emphasizes the active processing of information

chip smith

3 pm - vp of hr

retrieval cue

Clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory

levels of processing model

Degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered; determines how well material is later remembered

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

Feeling that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it

sensory memory

First memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds

source amnesia

Forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution)

chunking

Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk)

anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after a brain injury; forward-acting amnesia

serial-position effect

Information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle

sleeper effect

Information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because the source is forgotten

memory

Internal record or representation of some prior event or experience

mnemonic (nih-MON-ik) device

Memory-improvement technique based on encoding items in a special way

retroactive interference

New information interferes with remembering old information; backward-acting interference

proactive interference

Old information interferes with remembering new information; forward-acting interference

constructive process

Organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories

distributed practice

Practice (or study) sessions are interspersed with rest periods

priming

Prior exposure to a stimulus (or prime) facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning and storage

recall

Retrieving a memory using a general cue

recognition

Retrieving a memory using a specific cue

consolidation

Process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable

encoding

Processing information into the memory system

Alzheimer's (ALTS-high-merz) disease (AD)

Progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss

retrieval

Recovering information from memory storage

maintenance rehearsal

Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory (STM)

storage

Retaining information for future use

encoding specificity principle

Retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions when information was encoded

semantic memory

Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary

episodic memory

Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Subsystem within long-term memory consisting of unconscious procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses

explicit (declarative) memory

Subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences

long-term memory (LTM)

Third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent

massed practice

Time spent learning is grouped (or massed) into long, unbroken intervals (also known as cramming)

Jackie studied her notes for her engineering exam in the same order each night. What is likely to happen during the exam? a. She is likely to remember the material at the beginning and end of her notes better than the material in the middle. b. The order of presentation makes no difference in learning. c. She will remember the material in the middle most accurately. d. Studying the notes in the same order will help her remember all the material equally well.

a. She is likely to remember the material at the beginning and end of her notes better than the material in the middle.

Long-term memory is believed to have an unlimited capacity. a. True b. False

a. True

What is a prion? a. a protein that can change its shape b. a virus that can become active years later c. a chemical messenger d. a hormone found in the brain

a. a protein that can change its shape

Credit card numbers, social security identification numbers, and telephone numbers are all grouped into three or four units separated by hyphens. The numbers are easier to remember when they are grouped into units. Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit is called _____________. a. chunking b. central executive c. maintenance rehearsal d. visuospatial sketchpad

a. chunking

Enhancing transfer of information to long-term memory by building in additional cues is called: a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. motivational learning d. sensory encoding

a. elaborative rehearsal

The method of loci mnemonic system uses _____ to organize information to be learned. a. images of physical locations b. numbers c. images of objects to represent numbers d. substitute words

a. images of physical locations

Which of the following does NOT happen to information in short-term memory? a. it is retrieved b. it passes into more permanent storage c. it is lost d. it is used

a. it is retrieved

How long is information held in short-term memory storage? a. less than a minute b. one moment c. a lifetime d. about 5-9 days

a. less than a minute

At Peter's high school reunion, he saw fellow classmates whom he had not seen in many years. Several of them brought up memories that they had of Peter in high school. The most embarrassing stories were basically factual and made Peter cringe. Until being reminded by his old schoolmates, Peter had long forgotten these incidents. This is an example of which type of forgetting? a. motivated forgetting theory b. retroactive interference c. anterograde amnesia d. encoding failure

a. motivated forgetting theory

As a college student, Elaine is taking French, but she is having a difficult time with the class. She took Spanish as a high school student and believes that the Spanish that she learned is interfering with her ability to learn French. This is an example of: a. proactive interference b. encoding failure c. retrograde amnesia d. retroactive interference

a. proactive interference

In the video, which type of animal was studied for much of the research on memory? a. sea slug b. dolphin c. star fish d. pigeon

a. sea slug

How does the brain store long term memories? a. when nerve cells make new connections in the brain b. when new neurons are created within the brain tissue c. in chemical pathways within the hippocampus d. in electrical pathways within the cerebral cortex

a. when nerve cells make new connections in the brain

libby bell

co pres

According to the research, women are better at recalling details about men, while men are better at recalling details about women. a. True b. False

b. False

An eyewitness in the courtroom typically gives an impartial, detailed, and accurate recollection of events. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following statements about short-term memory (STM) is FALSE? a. The capacity of STM is about five to nine items. b. STM stores exact duplicates of sensory memory. c. Information in STM is either transferred quickly into the next stage (LTM) or it is lost. d. The duration of STM is about 30 seconds unless the information is being maintained by rehearsal or another type of processing.

b. STM stores exact duplicates of sensory memory.

Janie has vivid emotional images of the World Trade Center collapse , this is known as ________. a. long-term potentiation (LTP) b. a flashbulb memory c. reintegration d. all of the above

b. a flashbulb memory

Valerie uses the word "JAMBO" to help remember the names of her cousins; James, Adam, Matthew, Bryon and Orville; that she typically only sees at family reunions This mnemonic memory device is called. a. method of loci b. acronym method c. substitute word method d. peg-word method

b. acronym method

To remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior), it helps to remember the word "HOMES" which provides the first letter for each lake's name. This mnemonic device is called: a. substitute word method b. acronyms c. method of loci d. peg-word method

b. acronyms

How long is information held in sensory memory storage? a. minutes b. moments c. a lifetime d. days

b. moments

What are two processes that can help us strengthen long-term memory? a. sensory memory and maintenance rehearsal b. organization and elaborative rehearsal c. maintenance rehearsal and organization d. stimulus retrieval and sensory memory

b. organization and elaborative rehearsal

Being able to name the capitals of all 50 states is an example of what type of memory? a. implicit b. semantic c. classically conditioned d. episodic e. procedural

b. semantic

This is an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience. a. Cognition b. Intellect c. Memory d. Perception 1

c. Memory

Which of the following statements about the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model is FALSE? a. The brain is capable of instantaneous information processing. b. Human memory occurs simultaneously through the action of multiple networks. c. When it comes to memory, the human brain operates like a computer. d. Memory results from connections among interacting processing units that are distributed in a vast network.

c. When it comes to memory, the human brain operates like a computer.

Memory research suggests that, in comparison to literate cultures, preliterate cultures _____. a. are not affected by the recency effect b. are better at face-recognition memory tasks c. demonstrate better recall for orally presented stories d. have better short-term, but worse long-term memory abilities

c. demonstrate better recall for orally presented stories

Mona's sister called to tell her the new cell phone number, and on her way to write it down her son asked what was for dinner. When she started to write down the number she realized that she couldn't remember it. This is an example of forgetting due to _____________________. a. memory bias b. proactive interference c. encoding failure d. retroactive interference

c. encoding failure

Simone is asked for the name of her current psychology instructor. This information can be found within ______________. a. procedural memory b. implicit/nondeclarative memory c. explicit/declarative memory d. semantic memory

c. explicit/declarative memory

Which of the following is not a memory improvement technique cited in the text? a. rehearsal techniques b. time management c. humorous imagery d. mnemonic devices

c. humorous imagery

We have learned through research that when "fight-or-flight" neurotransmitters increase typically there is a/an _______________ of new information and then with prolonged stress that the increase can ________________. a. increase in storage; continue indefinitely b. confusion; improve the clarity of memories recalled c. increase in storage; interfere with memory d. decrease in memory storage; accentuate memory loss

c. increase in storage; interfere with memory

The third stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. picture memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. retrieval memory

c. long-term memory

A relatively permanent change in the strength of synaptic responsiveness believed to be a biological mechanism for learning and memory is called _____. a. the process of neuron transformation b. reverberating circuits c. long-term potentiation (LTP) d. an excitatory post-synaptic potential

c. long-term potentiation (LTP)

Which of the following are subsystems of implicit/non-declarative memory? a. semantic and episodic memory b. semantic and procedural memory c. procedural and classically conditioned memory d. classically conditioned and episodic memory e. semantic, procedural, and episodic memory

c. procedural and classically conditioned memory

The human memory ___________. a. is like a video recorder b. is an exact storehouse of all information we encounter c. processes, stores, and retrieves information d. is like a small replica of the environment

c. processes, stores, and retrieves information

Marilynn's doctor believes that she may have Alzheimer's disease (AD) because her family has been reporting signs of________________. a. gradual episodic memory loss and severe semantic memory loss b. gradual memory loss for recent events c. progressive mental deterioration with severe memory loss d. sudden memory loss

c. progressive mental deterioration with severe memory loss

The first stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. retrieval memory b. encoded memory c. sensory memory d. picture memory

c. sensory memory

If information is not quickly transferred from sensory to ____ it is lost. a. maintenance rehearsal b. long-term memory c. short-term memory d. perceptual

c. short-term memory

The second stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. retrieval memory b. encoded memory c. short-term memory d. sensory memory

c. short-term memory

Hearing a movie star discuss problems with global warming and later believing you read it in your college biology text is an example of the ______. a. information overload b. misinformation effect c. sleeper effect d. Zeigarnik effect

c. sleeper effect

Which of the following statements about cultural differences in memory is TRUE? a. Children living in cultures rich in oral tradition have better memories for information related through stories than do other children. b. Formal schooling helps develop memory strategies for things like lists of words, which pre-literate subjects may see as unrelated and meaningless. c. People tend to develop memory skills to match the demands of their environments. d. All of the above are true statements.

d. All of the above are true statements.

John studied for his psychology exam for approximately 90 minutes every night for five nights in a row. Bill crammed for nearly eight hours the day before the exam. Which person is likely to perform better on the exam? a. Bill is more likely to perform better because he studied closer to the actual test time. b. It is impossible to say who is likely to do better. c. The two men will perform equally well because they invested roughly the same amount of time preparing. d. John is more likely to perform better because he spread his study time out and took rest breaks.

d. John is more likely to perform better because he spread his study time out and took rest breaks.

How much information can be held in short-term memory at once? a. any novel or important stimuli b. up to 40 items c. every sight, sound, taste, and smell d. about 5-9 items

d. about 5-9 items

The patient H. M. was unable to remember information from the last few years before his operation and has difficulty forming new memories. This is because of _____. a. anterograde amnesia b. probable damage to his temporal lobes c. retrograde amnesia d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Jonathan is an alcoholic and was in a terrible automobile crash. He can't remember events that occurred after the accident. This memory loss from brain trauma is known as _____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. retroactive c. proactive d. anterograde

d. anterograde

Since Mandy wanted successfully store information in LTM what technique would you recommend? a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. interference reduction d. hierarchy creation

d. hierarchy creation

What process can help us retain information in short-term memory? a. encoding b. sensory memorization c. selective forgetting d. maintenance rehearsal

d. maintenance rehearsal

When he gives a speech in class, Greg uses a mnemonic device developed by early Greek and Roman orators. He imagines that parts of his speech are attached to places inside a familiar building. During the speech, he mentally "walks around" the building and visualizes each point in order. This mnemonic device is called: a. peg-word method b. substitute word method c. method of word association d. method of loci

d. method of loci

Maintenance rehearsal is: a. not useful for information you need to use immediately b. better than sensory encoding because it includes more stimuli c. an important part of long-term memory d. precarious, because if repetition is interrupted the information is lost

d. precarious, because if repetition is interrupted the information is lost

What are the stages of memory in the traditional three-stage model? a. passive sensory stage, active sensory stage, long-term memory stage b. perceptual rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, maintenance rehearsal c. encoding, entering, enshrining d. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

d. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

When Jane first heard about the latest weight loss scheme on a late night "infomercial," she discounted the information as unreliable. Later, she began to think about the information as being credible because she thought that she had heard it while watching a documentary on obesity. This is an example of __________. a. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon b. repression c. encoding failure d. the sleeper effect

d. the sleeper effect

louis king

dir of investor relations...since founded

bobby waters

dir of labor relations - summer internship in nj

le chen

director of marketing...college as his oldest son

Although our memory of a frightening event may be strong... a. we may focus on key elements, such as weapons, while ignoring other details. b. we may be caught off-guard by a surprising incident, and be too confused to remember details. c. we can be affected by schemas or suggestions others ask us after the incident d. we may experience information overload, which exceeds our short-term memory capacity e. all of the above

e. all of the above

_______ memories are not as easily forgotten as _______ memories. a. episodic; semantic b. procedural; classically conditioned c. semantic; implicit d. explicit; procedural e. implicit; explicit

e. implicit; explicit

lily montano

hr - asst

linda brown

hr director