hum services - chapter 10

anger cry

A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords.

coping w/ stress

by ten yrs old = coping strategies disasters= harm dev. -Problem focused strategies: working to overcome stressor like reaching out to family for social support, confronting the issue -Emotionally focused strategies: changing one's feelings about stressor such as distancing yourself from the issue or using positive reappraisal to focus on + outcomes instead of the stressor

Jerome Kagan

conclude that the structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that emotions requiring thought—such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy—can be experienced during the first year

emotion regulation

consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt to circumstances and to reach a goal influence whether biological and experiential factors are linked to various developmental outcomes infancy and early childhood-> gradually shifts from external sources to self-initiated, internal sources increasing age = improves contexts = very influential fundamental to the development of social competence 5- to 7-year-olds, understanding others' emotions was linked to the children's emotion regulation

emotion dismissing parents

deny, ignore, or change negative emotions children have poor emo-regulation

adult yrs

dev. change of emo continue

+ emotions

enthusiasm joy love

emotion

feeling, or effect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him/her, especially to ones well being influenced by : -bio foundations, cog. processes, & a person's experiences

crying

first form of communication -provide info abt health of CNS -first cry verifies babies lungs filled w/ air newborns tend w/ cries and - facial expressions when they hear other nb's cry

Emotional expression btn parents & infants

interactions are mutually regulated reciprocal, or synchronous

dose-response effect

more severe the disaster/trauma (dose), the worse the adaptation and adjustment (response) following the disaster/trauma

fear

one of babies earliest emotions -first appears at about 6 months of age and peaks at about 18 months -babies abused = appearance early as 3 months

john watson

parents spend too much time responding to infant crying - will reward it and increase it

social relationships

provide dev. of rich variety of emotions - study - 18- to 24-month-olds found that parents' elicitation of talk about emotions was associated with their toddlers' sharing and helping

researchers argue jealousy is displayed at an early age

recent study, 9-month-old infants displayed jealousy-related behavior and EEG patterns characteristic of jealousy when their mothers gave attention to a social rival

smiling

smiling and laughter at 7 months of age were associated with self-regulation at 7 years of age

socioemotional selectivity theory

social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years

emotion based prevention program

teacher-conducted emotions course in the classroom, emotion tutoring and coaching teacher dialogues, and weekly parent messages that reinforce the lessons taught in the classroom.

stranger anxiety

the fear & wariness of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 6 months of age -age 9 months, the fear of strangers is often more intense, reaching a peak toward the end of the first year of life

early childhood

understanding emos= most important changes in emo dev. --> linked to prosocial behavior engagement 2 - 4 yrs old increase emotional terms used, & learning causes & consequences of feelings 4-5 yrs - reflect on emos, understanding that same event elicits diff. emotion in diff ppl, awareness of need to manage emos

emotion coaching parents

view children's - emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist in labeling and teach them how to effectively deal with emotions interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents these children are: -better at soothing themselves -regulate - affect well -focus attention better -have fewer behavior problems fathers' emotion coaching was related to children's social competence

these regions of the brain develop early in life and play a role in distress, excitement, and rage

brain stem hippo-campus amygdala infants even display these emotions, but they gradually dev. ability to regulate emotions -(maturation of frontal regions of cortex)

Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby

you can't respond too much to infant crying in the first yr of life -quick, comforting response to the infant's cries is an important ingredient in the development of a strong bond between the infant and caregiver.

positive and negative emotions

+ emotion increases w/ age older adults reacted with less anger about a personal memory than younger adults did 50's - mid 80's =positive emotion increased and negative emotion (except for sadness) decreased sadness = unchanged from mid 20's - 80's decline in anger after 20s

Depression in Adolescence

-Most common psychological problem of adolescence, and increasing among -Twice as many girls as boys early-maturing girls gender intensification adults may not take seriously -Factors genetics child-rearing practices learned helplessness

self-conscious emotions

-Self-awareness at about 18 months -Ability to refer to themselves and be distinct from others -In early childhood: pride, embarrassment, shame, guilt, empathy

mid and late childhood dev. changes

-improved emo understanding -marked improvements in ability to suppress or conceal neg emotion reactions -the use of self initiated strategies for redirecting feelings - An increased tendency to take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions -Development of a capacity for genuine empathy

coping mechanisms

-reassure of safety and security -allow children to retell events and be patient in listening to them -allow them to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings -Protect children from re-exposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma.

roles of emotion in infancy

1. communication with others 2. behavioral organization

dev. of emotion regulation and coping

1st yr: gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions 2 yrs: use language to define their feeling states and the context that is upsetting them

basic cry

A rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. -hunger is one of the conditions that incite this

reflexive smile

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.

cultural variations

East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants Japanese parents try to prevent children from experiencing negative emotions, whereas non-Latino White mothers more frequently respond after their children become distressed and then help them cope

primary emotions

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. -appear in first 6 months

emotional competence

Having awareness of one's emotional states Detecting others' emotions Using the vocabulary of emotion terms in socially and culturally appropriate ways Having empathetic and sympathetic sensitivity to others' emotional experiences Recognizing that inner emotional states do not have to correspond to outer expressions Adaptively coping with negative emotions by using self-regulatory strategies that reduce the intensity or duration of such emotional states Having awareness that the expression of emotions plays a major role in relationships Viewing oneself overall as feeling the way one wants to feel

children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time

Ineffective emotion regulation is linked with a lower level of executive function, difficulty succeeding in school, a lower level of moral development (weak conscience and lack of internalization of rules, for example), failure to adequately cope with stress, and difficulty in peer relations -Many researchers consider the growth of emotion regulation in children as fundamental to the development of social competence

changes in aging brain and connections w/ emotion

Reduced negative emotion in older adults may be associated with decreased physiological arousal of emotion due to aging in the amygdala and autonomic nervous system. More effective emotion regulation may be related to this reduction in subcortical activation and also to increased activation in the prefrontal cortex

stress and gender

Women: -more vulnerable to social stressors: romance, family, and work. -more likely to become depressed when they encounter stressful life events (divorce or the death of a friend) -oxytocin released -tend and befriend pattern -seek social alliances with others Men: -respond in fight or flight manner -->become aggressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol

adolescence

Young adolescents can be on top of the world one moment and down in the dumps the next. -emo turmoil reported more extreme emotions and more fleeting emotions than their parents did. -MOODY

social smile

a smile evoked by external stimuli -occurs as early as 4-6 wks

pain cry

a sudden long initial loud cry, followed by breath holding

separation protest

an infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves -displayed at 7- 8 months -peaks at 15 months

- emotions

anxiety anger guilt sadness

Emotional development/coping with stress = influenced by whether caregivers have maltreated or neglected children & whether children's caregivers are depressed or not

babies pick up on their mothers stress