Human Anatomy and Physiology - Identify Function and Structure

Identify Function and Structure of the: Skin Nerves of the Skin

- Motor Nerve Fibers are distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to the hair follicles. Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles. - Sensory Nerve Fibers react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. These sensory receptors send messages to the brain. - Secretory Nerve Fibers are distributed to the sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin. Secretory nerves are a part of the autonomic nervous system and regulate the excretion of perspiration and control the flow of sebum produced. The Papillary Layer of the Dermis houses the nerve endings that provide the body with a sense of touch, pain, heat, cold, and pressure; most are in the fingertips.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Skin Glands of the Skin

- Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. All parts of the body have these glands but they are most prominent on the palms, soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm. They regulate body temperature and eliminate waste from the body. - Sebaceous (Oil) Glands are connected to the hair follicle, they consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (a fatty or oily substance that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair). Found all over the body - especially in the face where they are larger - except the palms and soles of the feet. - Open Comedo: When sebum hardens and the duct becomes clogged, a pore impaction is formed. These are also known as blackheads, a hair follicle filled with dead keratinized cells and sebum is formed. - Closed Comedo: Aka a whitehead, is also filled with dead cells and sebum, but has a very small surface follicle opening and appears as a small white bump just under the skin surface. - Acne, aka acne vulgaris, is a skin disorder characterized b y chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions and bacteria known as PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES aka P. Acnes, the technical term for acne bacteria. - A Papule, aka pimple, is a small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus. - A Pustule is a raised, inflamed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus in the top of the lesion referred to as the "head".

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Growth

- The length, width, and curvature of the Matrix determines the thickness, width, and curvature of the natural nail plate. Ex. a longer Matrix produces a thicker nail plate and a highly curved Matrix creates a highly curved free edge. - Average rate of nail plate growth is about 1/10" to 1/8" per month, can be affected by many factors including seasons, age, hormones, etc. - Nail growth is quickest on the middle finger and slowest on the thumb. - Toenails grow slower but thicker because the toenail Matrix is longer than the fingernail Matrix. - A Nail Malformation is if a nail is abnormal in shape or form, can be a temporary or permanent condition caused by disease, injury, or infection that has affected the Matrix.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Specialized Ligaments

A Ligament is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or holds an organ in place. These ligaments attach the nail bed and Matrix bed to the underlying bone. Located at base of the Matrix and around the edges of the nail bed.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Disulfide Bond

A disulfide bond is a strong, chemical, side bond that is very different from the physical side bond of the other two bonds. These bonds are not broken by water, they are broken by perms and relaxers that alter the shape of the hair. Disulfide bond joins the sulfur atoms of two neighboring cysteine amino acids to create one cystine.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Hydrogen Bond

A hydrogen bond is a weak, physical cross-link side bond that is easily broken by water or heat. These bonds are broken by wetting the hair with water. This allows the hair to be stretched and wrapped around rollers. The hydrogen bonds reform when the hair dries.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Polypeptide Chain

A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a polypeptide chain.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Nail Plate

A natural nail, aka onyx, is the hard protective plate composed mainly of keratin, the fiber-shaped protein found in skin and hair. The natural nail unit is composed of several major parts: The Nail Plate is a hardened keratin plate that sits on and covers the nail bed, it is the most visible and functional part of the nail unit. As it grows it slides across the nail bed. Nail Plate is formed by matrix cells. Composed of about 100 layers of nail cells. The Free Edge is the part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Salt Bond

A salt bond is also a weak, physical, cross-link side bond between adjacent polypeptide chains. Salt bonds depend on pH so they are easily broken by strong alkaline or acidic solutions.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Perionychium

Perionychium is the living skin bordering the root and sides of a fingernail or toenail.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Hair Growth Cycle

Anagen Phase (growth phase) is where new hair is produced. The average growth of hair is about 1/2" a month. 90% of the scalp is in the anagen phase at any time. The longer the anagen cycle is, the longer the hair is able to grow. This cycle lasts about 3-5 years. Catagen Phase is the brief transitioning period between the growth and resting phase. Signals the end of the Anagen phase. Lasts about 1-2 weeks. Telogen Phase (resting phase) is the final phase in the hair cycle and lasts until the fully grown hair is shed. Lasts for about 3-6 months. The entire growth cycle repeats itself every 4-5 years.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Skin Strength and Flexibility

Collagen and Elastin are composed of flexible proteins fibers and make up 70% of the dermis. - Collagen is a fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength; provides structural support by holding together all of the structures found in this layer. Healthy collagen fibers allow the skin to stretch and contract as needed. Wrinkles and sagging skin are often results of collagen fibers losing their strength. - Elastin is a protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue, it is interwoven with the collagen fibers. Elastin gives skin its flexibility and elasticity.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp COHNS Elements

Hair is approx. 90% protein made up of long chains of amino acids which are made out of elements. The major elements that make up human hair are Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur. These COHNS elements are found in hair, skin, and nails.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Melanin

Melanin are the tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair. There are two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin provides natural dark brown to black color to the hair. Pheomelanin is lighter pigment that provides red and blonde tones to the hair.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Proteins

Proteins are long, coiled complex polypeptides made of amino acids. The spiral shape of a coiled protein is called a helix which is created when the polypeptide chains intertwine with each other.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Amino Acids

Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids, units that are joined together end-to-end like pop beads. The strong chemical bond that joins amino acids is a peptide bond also known as an end bond. A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a polypeptide chain.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Sebaceous Glands

Sebaceous glands are the oil glands in the skin that are connected to the hair follicles. They secrete a fatty or oily substance called sebum which lubricates the skin.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Side Bonds

Side bonds link the polypeptide chains together and are responsible for the extreme strength and elasticity of human hair. They are essential to services like wet setting, thermal styling, perms, and relaxers. The tree types of side bonds are hydrogen, salt, and disulfide bonds.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Cuticle

The Cuticle is the dead, colorless tissue attached to the natural nail plate, comes from the underside of the skin that lies above the natural nail plate. Its job is to seal the space between the natural nail plate and living skin above (the eponychium) to prevent entry of foreign material and microorganisms and to help avoid injury and infection. Cuticle Moisturizers, Softeners, and Conditioners are designed for the eponychium, lateral sidewalls, and hyponychium - not for the cuticle! Cuticle Removers remove the dead cuticle and speed up the removal of the stubborn tissue.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Skin The Dermis

The Dermis, aka derma, corium, cutis, or true skin, is the underlying or inner layer of the skin, about 25x thicker than the epidermis. It contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and arrestor pili muscles. The Dermis is made of two layers: 1. The Papillary Layer is the outer layer of the Dermis, directly beneath the Epidermis; here you will find dermal papillae and melanocytes that cause pigment. This layer also houses the nerve endings that provide the body with the sense of touch, pain, heat, cold, and pressure; most abundant in the fingertips. The top of the Papillary Layer where it joins the Epidermis is called the EPIDERMAL-DERMAL JUNCTION. 2. The Reticular Layer is the deepest layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with all of its oxygen and nutrients. It contains fat cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, nerve endings. Subcutaneous Tissue, aka adipose or subcutis tissue, is the fatty tissue found below the dermis that contains fats for energy and acts as a cushion for the skin.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Skin The Epidermis

The Epidermis is the outermost and thinnest layer of the skin, made up of five layers. 1. The Stratum Corneum, aka horny layer, is the outer layer of the epidermis; layer cared for by salon products and services. Made up of keratin cells that are constantly being shed and replaced. 2. The Stratum Lucidum is the clear, transparent layer under the stratum corneium; consist of small cells through which light can pass. 3. The Stratum Granulosum, aka granular layer, is the layer of the epidermis that is composed of cells that look like granules and are filled with keratin. 4. The Stratum Spinosum is the spiny layer just above the stratum germinativum; where the process of skin cell shedding begins. 5. The Stratum Germinativum, aka basal cell layer, is the deepest layer of the epidermis; this is where new epidermal cells are created. This layer also contains special cells called MELANOCYTES which produce the dark skin pigment called melanin.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Eponychium

The Eponychium is the living skin at the base of the natural nail plate covering the Matrix area; often mistaken for the Cuticle but they are not the same! Cuticle is dead tissue adhered to the nail plate; the Eponychium is living tissue that grows up to the nail plate.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Hyponychium

The Hyponychium is the slightly thickened layer of the skin under the nail that lies between the fingertip and the free edge of the nail plate. It forms a protective barrier that prevents microorganisms from invading and infecting the nail bed.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Matrix

The Matrix is the area where the nail plate cells are formed, it is composed of matrix cells that produce the nail plate cells. The Matrix extends from under the nail fold at the base of the nail plate. The Lunula is the visible part of the Matrix that extends from underneath the living skin; it is the whitish, half-moon shape underneath the base of the nail.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Nail Bed

The Nail Bed is the portion of living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge; has pinkish appearance because of its rich supply of blood and nerves. The Bed Epithelium is a thin layer of tissue that attaches the nail bed to the nail plate.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Nails Nail Anatomy - Nail Folds

The Nail Folds are folds of normal skin that surround the nail plate. These folds form the NAIL GROOVE, or furrow, on each side of the nail. The Sidewall, aka lateral nail fold, is the fold of skin overlapping the side of the nail.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Arrector Pili Muscle

The arrector pili muscle is the small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle. What causes goosebumps.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp The Cortex

The cortex is the middle layer of the hair. It is a fibrous protein core formed by elongated cells containing melanin pigment. The elasticity of the hair and its natural color are the result of the unique protein structures located within the cortex. All physical and chemical change happens within the cortex.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Dermal Papilla

The dermal papilla is a small cone-shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb. Contains the blood and nerve supply that provides the nutrients needed for hair growth.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Hair Bulb

The hair bulb is the lowest part of a hair strand. It is the thickened club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root. Lower part of the hair bulb fits over and covers the dermal papilla.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Hair Cuticle

The hair cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair. Consists of a single overlapping layer of transparent, scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof. Provides a barrier that protects the inner structures of the hair as it lies tightly against the cortex. Responsible for creating the shine and the smooth, silky feel of healthy hair.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Hair Follicle

The hair follicle is the tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root. Extends downward from the epidermis into the dermis where it surrounds the dermal papilla.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Hair Root and Hair Shaft

The hair root is the part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis. The hair shaft is the portion of the hair that projects above the epidermis.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp The Medulla

The medulla is the innermost layer of the hair and is composed of round cells. Generally, only thick, coarse hair contains a medulla. All male beard hair contains a medulla. Not involved in salon services.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Skin Functions of the Skin

The six principle functions of the skin are protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion, and absorption. 1. Protection: The skin protects the body from injury and bacterial invasion. Outermost layer of the Epidermis is rendered water-resistant by a thin layer of sebum and fatty lipids. 2. Sensation: By stimulating different sensory nerve endings, the skin responds to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. When the nerve endings are stimulated, a message is sent to the brain, you responded by saying ouch, scratching an itch, or pulling your hand away from something hot. 3. Heat Regulation: The skin protects the body from the environment; as changes occur in the outside temperature the blood and sudoriferous glands of the skin make necessary adjustments to allow the body to be cooled by the evaporation of sweat. A healthy internal temp is 98.6. 4. Excretion: Perspiration from the sudoriferous glands is excreted through the skin. Water lost through perspiration takes salt and other chemicals with it. 5. Secretion: Sebum is secreted bu the sebaceous glands, this oil lubricates the skin. Emotional stress and hormone imbalances can increase the flow of sebum. 6. Absorption: Some ingredients can be absorbed by the outer layers of the skin, but very few ingredients can penetrate the Epidermis.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Peptide / End Bond

The strong, chemical bond that joins amino acids is a peptide or end bond. A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a polypeptide chain.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Wave Pattern

The wave pattern of hair refers to the shape of the hair strand. It is described as straight, wavy, curl.y, or extremely curly. Straight hair has a round cross-section Wavy or curly hair has an oval to round cross-section Extremely curly hair has an elliptical cross-section

Identify Function and Structure of the: Skin Essential Nutrients

There are six classes of nutrients that the body needs. 1. Carbohydrates - needed for energy to run every function within the body 2. Vitamins - required for many body functions to occur 3. Fats - needed for many body functions including hormones, sebum production, and absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. 4. Minerals - used by cells to product important biochemicals that have many body functions. 5. Proteins - important for building muscle and blood tissues, and for cell repair and replacement. 6. Water - makeups up 50-70% of the body's weight and is necessary for virtually every function of the cells and body. The following vitamins cal help the skin in significant ways. - Vitamin A supports the overall health of the skin and aids in the health, function, and repair of skin cell. Been shown to improve the skin's elasticity and thickness. - Vitamin C is an important substance needed for the proper repair of the skin and tissues by aiding in and speeding up the skin's healing process. Also very important in fighting the aging process and promotes the production of collagen in the skin's dermal tissues. - Vitamin D enables the body to properly absorb and use calcium, the element needed for proper bond development and maintenance; also promotes healing of the skin. - Vitamin E helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's UV light.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp Lanthionine Bonds

Thio perms break disulfide bonds and reform the bonds with this neutralizers. Hydroxide chemical hair relaxers break disulfide bonds and convert them to lanthionine bonds when the relaxer is rinsed from the hair. Disulfide bonds that are treated with hydroxide relaxers can never be reformed.

Identify Function and Structure of the: Hair and Scalp What are the two main types of hair found on the body?

Vellus Hair (aka lanugo hair) is short, fine, unpigmented, downy hair that appears on the body. Terminal Hair is the long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females.