Human Communication Test 1

Define Codes?

are culturally agreed on and ever- changing systems of symbols that help us organize, understand, and generate meaning (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1993). -There are about 6,000 language codes used in the world, and around 40 percent of those (2,400) are only spoken and do not have a written version (Crystal, 2005). -Remember that for most of human history the spoken word and nonverbal communication were the primary means of communication.

Define Compound words?

are neologisms that are created by joining two already known words EX: . Keyboard, newspaper, and giftcard are all compound words that were formed when new things were created or conceive We also create new words by adding something, subtracting something, or blending them together.

Define neologisms?

are newly coined or used words. Newly coined [coined means acquired] words are those that were just brought into linguistic existence. Newly used words make their way into languages in several ways, including borrowing and changing structure.

Define Directives?

are utterances that try to get another person to do something. They can range from a rather polite ask or request to a more forceful command or insist

Define Contranyms?

are words that have multiple meanings, two of which are opposites. EX:sanction can mean "to allow" and "to prevent, dust can mean "to remove particles" when used in reference to furniture or "to add particles" when used in reference to a cake.

Define Palindromes?

are words that read the same from left to right and from right to left. EX: Racecar live vs evil

Define Communication?

as the process of generating meaning by sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal symbols and signs that are influenced by multiple contexts.

How is language a means of control?

especially in legal contexts... The utterances of judges and juries set precedents for reasonable interpretations that will then help decide future cases. Imagine how powerful the words We the jury find the defendant... seem to the defendant awaiting his or her verdict. The sentences handed down by judges following a verdict are also performative because those words impose fines, penalties, or even death...

Define high-conversation-orientation families?

families believe that communicating with their children openly and frequently leads to a more rewarding family life and helps to educate and socialize children, preparing them for interactions outside the family.

What is an example of rhetoric?

focused on public communication, primarily oratory used in discussions or debates regarding laws and policy, speeches delivered in courts, and speeches intended to praise or blame another person

Define high conformity orientation?

fosters a climate of uniformity, and parents decide guidelines for what to conform to

Define definitions?

help us narrow the meaning of particular symbols, which also narrows a symbol's possible referents. They also provide more words (symbols) for which we must determine a referent.

How is language productive?

in the sense that there are an infinite number of utterances we can make by connecting existing words in new ways. In addition, there is no limit to a language's vocabulary, as new words are coined daily.

Define inversion?

is a form of word play that produces slang words like sick, wicked, and bad that refer to the opposite of their typical meaning.

define public communication (public speaking)?

is a sender-focused form of communication in which one person is typically responsible for conveying information to an audience. Public speaking is something that many people fear, or at least don't enjoy

How does language affect our:Control?

is a word that has negative connotations, but our use of it here can be positive, neutral, or negative.

Define group communication?

is communication among three or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal.

Define consensual family?

is high in both conversation and [high in] conformity orientations, and they encourage open communication but also want to maintain the hierarchy within the family that puts parents above children.

Define pluralistic family

is high in conversation orientation and low in conformity. Open discussion is encouraged for all family members, and parents do not strive to control their children's or each other's behaviors or decisions.

Define laissez-faire family?

is low in conversation and conformity orientations, has infrequent and/or short interactions, and doesn't discuss many topics. **[NOTE: laissez-faire is a French term that translates roughly as "leave alone."]

Define protective family?

is low in conversation orientation and high in conformity, expects children to be obedient to parents, and does not value open communication.

Define a symbol?

is something that stands in for or represents something else. Symbols can be communicated verbally (speaking the word hello), in writing (putting the letters H-E-L-L-O together), or nonverbally (waving your hand back and forth).

Define clipping a word?

like examination, which creates a new word, exam, that retains the same meaning EX: breakfast, lunch= brunch

Define Print Era 1450-1850

marked by the invention of the printing press and the ability to mass-produce written texts.

· Define Manuscript Era 3500 BCE

marked the turn from oral to written culture. This evolution in communication corresponded with a shift to a more settled, agrarian way of life

Define Commissives?

mean a speaker is committed to a certain course of action Of course, promises can be broken, and there can be consequences, but other verbal communication is granted official power that can guarantee action.

Define Rhetoric?

misleading, false, or unethical communication, which is not at all in keeping with the usage of the word by ancient or contemporary communication experts.

Define Conformity Orientation

orientation is determined by the degree to which a family communication climate encourages conformity and agreement regarding beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors

EX^^

parents don't have an investment in their children's decision making, and in general, members in this type of family are "emotionally divorced" from each other

Define The Art of Rhetoric?

refers to speaking well and persuasively

define self esteem?

refers to the judgments and evaluations we make about our self-concept. While self-concept is a broad description of the self, self-esteem is a more specifically an evaluation of the self

Describe Language Acquisition Skills at the following ages:

refers to the process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use words to communicate within a given language group.

define grammar?

refers to the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases and sentences.

Define · onomatopoeia

the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named

define self-concept?

the overall idea of who a person thinks he or she is Tell me who you are," your answers would be clues as to how you see yourself, your self-concept.

What important quote about motives for "learning to speak" was said by James A. Winans?

two motives for learning to speak. Increasing one's chance to succeed and increasing one's power to serve

How does language affect our: Credibility?

-based on how you speak and what you say. -. You have to use language clearly and be accountable for what you say in order to be seen as trustworthy. -Using informal language and breaking social norms we've discussed so far wouldn't enhance your credibility during a professional job interview, but it might with your friends at a tailgate party...

Define intrapersonal communication?

-communication with oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking.

Define mass communication?

-mass communication when it is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media. -Print media such as newspapers and magazines continue to be an important channel for mass communication

Define displacement?

-our ability to talk about events that are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation -Animals do communicate, but in a much simpler way that is only a reaction to stimulus. Further, animal communication is very limited and lacks the productive quality of language that we discussed earlier.

Public Speaking importance?

-public speaking is an important part of our academic, professional, and civic lives. -When compared to interpersonal and group communication, public communication is the most consistently intentional, formal, and goal-oriented form of communication we have discussed so far.

Example of Denotation?

-the denotation of the word cowboy is a man who takes care of cattle. -Another denotation is a reckless and/or independent person...

Example of Intrapersonal communication?

-triggered by some internal or external stimulus. -We may, for example, communicate with our self about what we want to eat due to the internal stimulus of hunger, or we may react intrapersonally to an event we witness. -ONLY in our head

Example of comissive?

I do mean that a person has agreed to an oath before taking a witness stand or assuming the presidency. It can also mean that two people are now bound in a relationship recognized by the government and/or a religious community.

How can words be positive, neutral, or negative?

We can offer verbal communication in the form of positive reinforcement to praise someone. We can withhold verbal communication or use it in a critical, aggressive, or hurtful way as a form of negative reinforcement.

When, and why, do we develop humor?

We first start to develop an understanding of humor as children when we realize that the words we use for objects are really arbitrary and can be manipulated. This manipulation creates a distortion or incongruous moment in the reality that we had previously known...

How do family influences, culture, and the media play a role in how we think we are and how we feel about ourselves?

We have already learned that other people influence our self-concept and self-esteem. While interactions we have with individuals and groups are definitely important to consider, we must also note the influence that larger, more systemic forces have on our self-perception

Why is language essentially limitless?

We may create a one-of-a-kind sentence combining words in new ways and never know it. Aside from the endless structural possibilities, words change meaning, and new words are created daily.

EX^^

Relationships outside the family are seen as important parts of growth and socialization, as they teach lessons about and build confidence for independence. Members of these families also value personal time and space.

Example of Directives?

Promises are often paired with directives in order to persuade people to comply, and those promises, whether implied or stated, should be kept in order to be an ethical communicator.

How is language expressive?

-Verbal expressions help us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs -When we express *observations, we report on the sensory information we are taking or have taken in. -express thoughts, we draw conclusions based on what we have experienced. In the perception process, this is similar to the interpretation step. We take various observations and evaluate and interpret them to assign them meaning (a conclusion).

self talk (intrapersonal communication)?

-a person may use self-talk to calm himself down in a stressful situation, or a shy person may remind herself to smile during a social event. Intrapersonal communication also helps build and maintain our self-concept

Define Performative Language?

"action" rather a packet of information I promise," "I guarantee," or "I pledge," does more than convey meaning; it communicates intent.

How can we use symbols like words in creativity and play?

-Even though teachers have long enforced the idea that there are right and wrong ways to write and say words, there really isn't anything inherently right or wrong about the individual choices we make in our language use

Internal vocalization (intrapersonal communication)?

-Internal vocalization, or talking to ourselves, can help us achieve or maintain social adjustment

Define Spatial [Space] Reality?

-Spatial refers to space -A spatial database stores and allows queries of data defined by geometric space. Many spatial databases can represent simple coordinates, points, lines and polygons. Some can handle more complex data like 3D objects, topological coverage and linear networks.

Define Temporal [time] Reality?

-Temporal refers to time -A temporal database stores data relating to time whether past, present or future. It can establish at what times certain entries are accurate.

When did widespread literacy occur in the world?

1800's

Example of connotation?

A person who just ended a long-term relationship may think of change as good or bad depending on what he or she thought about his or her former partner...

What is an example of onomatopoeia?

BOOM! Pow!

1 year

Babies recognize some individual words (people's names, no) and basic rituals of verbal interaction such as question-pause-answer and various greetings. Shortly before or after this time, babies begin to use "melodic utterances" echoing the variety in pitch and tone in various verbal interactions such as questioning, [or] greeting...

EX:^^

Children are expected to be obedient, and conflict is often avoided to protect family harmony. This more traditional family model stresses interdependence among family members, which means space, money, and time are shared among immediate family, and family relationships take precedent over those outside the family.

Example of Expressive language/observation?

Eyewitness testimony is a good example of communicating observations. -Witnesses are not supposed to make judgments or offer conclusions; they only communicate factual knowledge as they experienced it. - For example, a witness could say, "I saw a white Mitsubishi Eclipse leaving my neighbor's house at 10:30 pm." -When you are trying to make sense of an experience, expressing observations in a descriptive rather than evaluative way can lessen defensiveness, which facilitates competent communication.

How is meaning in people rather than words?

Have you ever had a secret code with a friend that only you knew? This can allow you to use a code word in a public place to get meaning across to the other person who is "in the know" without anyone else understanding the message. -The fact that you can take a word, give it another meaning, have someone else agree on that meaning, and then use the word in your own fashion clearly shows that meaning is in people rather than words...

EX^^

Instead, they [parents] value the life lessons that a family member can learn by spending time with non-family members or engaging in self-exploration.

· Define low conversation orientation [families]?

Members of a family with a *low conversation orientation [families] do not interact with each other as often, and topics of conversation are more restricted, as some thoughts are considered private. For example, not everyone's input may be sought for decisions that affect everyone in the family, and open and frequent communication is not deemed important for family functioning or for a child's socialization.

What are the 4 ways verbal expressions help humans?

Observation: Report of sensory experiences or memories. ex:"Pauline asked me to bring you this file" Thought:Conclusion about or judgment of experiences and observations. ex: "Students today have much less respect for authority" Feeling: Communicating emotions. ex: :I feel at peace when we're together" Need:Stating wants or requesting help or support. ex: "Im saving money for summer vacation. Is it OK if we skip our regular night out this week?

EX^^

Parents make the ultimate decisions and may or may not feel the need to share their reasoning with their children. If a child questions a decision, a parent may simply respond with "Because I said so." [so you can see that "over-protective" communication from parents can oppress their children]

Define Slang?

Slang refers to new or adapted words that are specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; and representative of people's creative play with language.

Define Talking Era (180,000 BCE-3500 BCE)

Talking Era." During this 150,000 year period of human existence, talking was the only medium of communication, aside from gestures, that humans had

define looking-glass self?

The concept of the *looking glass self explains that we see ourselves reflected in other people's reactions to us and then form our self-concept based on how we believe other people see us

EX^^

This creates some tension between a desire for both openness and control. Parents may reconcile this tension by hearing their children's opinions, making the ultimate decision themselves, and then explaining why they made the decision they did.

internet era (1990 - Present)

This period has featured the most rapid dispersion of a new method of communication, as the spread of the Internet and the expansion of digital and personal media signaled the beginning of the digital age.

What are the three types of Temporal Reality?

Valid time — the time period when a fact is true in the real world. Transaction time — the time period when a fact stored in the database was known. Bitemporal data — combines both valid and transaction time.

second year

a time of intense practice—of verbal trial and error.

Define Audiovisual Era (1850-1990)

and was marked by the invention of radio, telegraph, telephone, and television.

define reduction?

creates slang words such as pic, sec, and later from picture, second, and see you later.

Define denotation?

definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole, or the dictionary definition of a word.

Define connotation?

definitions that are based on emotion-or-experience-based associations people have with a word. To go back to our previous words, change can have positive or negative connotations depending on a person's experiences

· Define low conformity orientation [family]?

encourages diversity of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors and assertion of individuality.

How does language affect our: identities?

varies depending on the origin of the label (self-chosen or other imposed) and the context. -People are usually comfortable with the language they use to describe their own identities but may have issues with the labels others place on them. In terms of context, many people express their "Irish" identity on St. Patrick's Day, but they may not think much about it over the rest of the year. -There are many examples of people who have taken a label that was imposed on them, one that usually has negative connotations, and intentionally used it in ways that counter previous meanings.

three to five years

we continue to develop our pronunciation ability, which develops enough by our teens to allow us to engage in everyday communication.

Example of Group communication?

worked in groups in high school and college, and if you're like most students, you didn't enjoy it. Even though it can be frustrating, group work in an academic setting provides useful experience and preparation for group work in professional settings.

6 months

• Babies can associate some words, like bye-bye, with a corresponding behavior, and they begin "babbling," which is actually practice for more intelligible speech to come.

· 2-4 months

• Babies can respond to different tones of voice (angry, soothing, or playful).

8-10 months

• Babies learn that pointing can attract or direct attention, and they begin to follow adult conversations, shifting eye contact from one speaker to the next.