human development 1

In selecting a good day-care center, parents should do everything EXCEPT:

look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad.

Jessie's baby's scalp is just emerging from the birth canal. Jessie's baby is:

crowning

The time during prenatal development when the major body structures form is the _____ stage.

embryotic

All are examples of blended families EXCEPT for children living:

in traditional two-parent families.

What has been the number one economic problem in the United States since the 1970s?

income inequality

Obesity rates among children:

increased dramatically in the 1980s

Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.

increases dramatically

Cross-sectional studies cannot tell a researcher about _____ differences in development.

individual

Which statement about teratogens is false?

They rarely cause damage after the first trimester.

Which of the following is a factor that can hinder children's growth and motor skills?

a lack of outdoor play and a lack of food

A developing fetus absorbs nutrients through the __________, a structure that projects from the uterine wall during pregnancy.

a placenta

Casey is almost 4 years old. Her mother has placed a plate of cookies on the table and tells Casey, "Don't touch the cookies," and then leaves the room. Casey stares at the plate of cookies but does NOT take one. Casey is demonstrating

conscience

Professor Mary tests children's reasoning abilities. She changes the shape of a mound of clay in front of a child and asks if the quantity of clay has changed. Professor Mary is investigating cognitive abilities using a _____ task.

conservation

Myelination:

continues through the twenties

Baby Sam loves to say "oooo." This is an example of:

cooing

Girls' play often involves:

cooperating and collaborating in small groups

Disciplining by physical measures such as spanking is called:

corporal punishment

Dr. Thomas and his colleagues want to study the effects of spanking on child temperament. As Dr. Thomas cannot randomly assign children to either be spanked or not, he must conduct a(n) _____ study.

correlational

Although Mrs. Nelson is pregnant, her husband complains of morning sickness. Her husband is suffering from:

couvade

Several days after seeing another child have a temper tantrum, a 16-month-old toddler engages in similar behavior. She is showing

deferred imitation

Which of the following is a non-normative transition?

divorce

A(n) _____ provides emotional and physical support during a woman's labor without performing actual health-care tasks such as delivery or exams.

doula

"Mr. Sun goes to bed because I do." This 3-year-old's statement shows signs of:

egocentrism

Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected MOST often.

elementary schoolers; boys

During the delivery of Mikayla's baby, the doctor made an incision in the perineum to widen the opening. Mikayla had a(n):

episiotomy

Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.

externalizing

Jeanine recently had surgery on a slim, pipe-like structure that her eggs travel down to enter her uterus. Jeanine has had surgery on her:

fallopian tube

What is the MOST important factor that determines a woman's emotional state during pregnancy?

feeling cared about and loved

Due to advances in _____, people can now find out whether they carry the genes for certain illnesses.

genetic testing

The frantic, continual newborn crying called "colic" typically:

goes away after the first 3 months

____________ is the extent to which a child's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of the social world.

goodness of fit

Zack is 4 years old and can do cartwheels, back flips, back-hand springs, and one-handed cart wheels. He has had no formal training to develop these gymnastic skills. All represent:

gross motor skills

At first Baby Madeline is interested in the mobile her mother hangs from her crib. Then she becomes bored; she fidgets and looks around. Madeline is experiencing _____, the predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar.

habituation

Paula's IQ is 114, yet she reads on a third-grade level in seventh grade. Paula MOST likely:

has a learning disability

Makayla is in the gifted program at her school. This means she:

has an IQ of at least 130

The federal program that provides free high-quality preschool specifically to low-income children in the United States is called

head start

Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has:

high self-esteem

Lifespan development can BEST be defined as the study of:

human growth throughout life.

Sixteen-year-old Bethany is struggling with whom she wants to be. According to Erikson, Bethany is facing the developmental task of:

identity

Three-year-old Micah thinks his father turned into a monster when he put on a clown mask. Micah's inability to grasp that a person's core self stays the same despite changes in appearance shows he is too young to understand:

identity constancy

Amniocentesis involves:

inserting a syringe into the uterus and extracting a sample of amniotic fluid

jeremy has received an IQ score of 65. His diagnostic classification is:

intellectually disabled

james and his identical twin brother Henry were raised by different parents. If James and Henry met as adults, they would tend to be MOST similar in:

intelligence quotient (IQ

John is 7 years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation he stays next to his mother and has even hidden behind her. He is demonstrating _____ tendencies.

internalizing

Raquel has a natural ability to understand other people. Gardner would view Raquel as high in _____ intelligence.

interpersonal

Vincent enjoys playing the guitar and practices for hours at a time. Practicing is a very pleasurable activity for him, and he does not do so for any kind of tangible reward. Vincent is _____ motivated to play the guitar.

intrinsically

The main consequence of smoking during pregnancy is having a baby that:

is smaller than normal

Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and thus give up on tasks without trying have developed:

learned helplessness.

All of the behaviors listed may quiet a young baby EXCEPT:

letting the baby "cry it out."

To determine whether shy children become shy adults, Dr. Mulvaney followed a group of participants from age 5 to age 25. This is an example of a __________ design.

longitudinal

What form of child maltreatment may be the MOST common?

Neglect

Becky is in kindergarten and is learning how to write her name. She is developing:

Fine motor skills

When their caregiver re-enters a room after being separated, babies with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style:

Have trouble being soothed

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition?

He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

Early-childhood poverty in the United States has its MOST dramatic impact on:

academic performance

The earliest date at which a baby can possibly live outside the womb is the:

age of viability

Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while 6-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This difference in physical appearance with age reveals the _______ principle.

cephalocaudal

"It takes a village to raise a child" best references:

collective efficacy

During the delivery of her baby, Natasha's nurse recommended she consider a(n) _____, which involves injecting a painkilling medication into a space outside the spinal cord to numb her body below the waist.

epidural

To help a child rebound from the trauma of a divorce, parents should:

keep consistency in the child's life

_________ is a white, downy hair that covers the body of the fetus around 4-6 months of prenatal development.

lanugo

According to ecological, developmental systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the

microsystem

Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?

middle childhood

Jenny says, "Me want more milk." This sentence has four:

morphemes

A biochemist and a nurse are both studying Alzheimer's disease. This is a reflection that lifespan development is:

multidisciplinary.

Professor Carter and her research assistants are conducting a study that involves watching children in a first-grade classroom. This study involves:

naturalistic observation

Dr. Holder is interested in the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors on human development. This is known as the __________ controversy.

nature-nurture

According to Susan Harter, children base their self-esteem on all of the following factors EXCEPT

organizational abilities.

Two-year-old Anthony says "doggy" every time he sees a four-legged animal. This specific language problem is called:

overextension

Which of the following is NOT a part of baby-proofing?

plugging in countertop appliances

Five-year-old Casey believes that a drinking glass now holds more juice simply because it was poured into a taller glass. Casey is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

preoperational

In Piaget's theory, habits such as thumb sucking that center around the child's body are called:

primary circular reactions

when frightened by a neighbor's large dog, 4-year-old Amy cried and ran to her mother. Amy showed:

proximity-seeking behavior.

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT:

recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.

Three-year-old Charles gets a cookie every time he uses the potty. Charles is being _____ for using the potty.

reinforced

_____ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out among their classmates in a negative way.

rejected

Marsha is a single mother of three. Her youngest is 3 years old. Every time her youngest daughter asks to hug, kiss, or be helped, Marsha pushes her away. There are also no expectations for her youngest child. Which of the following BEST describes Marsha's parenting style?

rejecting-neglecting

Children who rebound from serious early life traumas and construct a successful adult life are

resislient

The pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman's abdomen that holds a developing fetus is called the:

uterus

Sandra is a very busy mom with three children who are very successful in school. She tries to remember to praise them for their accomplishments, but she does not always remember. The children are experiencing what B.F. Skinner would call what?

variable reinforcement

Fostering school self-efficacy involves praising children for:

working hard

Tawanda uses induction when disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, she says:

"Think of how terrible that child feels being teased."

Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably:

2 to 3 years old

Earliest memories are of age:

3 or 4 years

Shelly is a home-school advocate and has taught her own children for the past 7 years. Currently, her youngest is 6 years old. Right now, "school" centers around play, reading to her daughter, and field trips. Shelly believes that real school work should begin around age _____ because this is the age when children enter concrete operations.

7

Which statement is true? a. A child has no influence on his or her risk of being abused. b. A child's temperament is the main factor in predicting abuse. c.A child's temperament can influence the risk of being abused.d. A child usually invites parental abuse.

A child's temperament can influence the risk of being abused.

The research strategy used to demonstrate depth perception is called:

The visual cliff

_____ is a measure that evaluates a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.

An achievement test

After being separated, children who don't seem to care when their primary caregiver re-enters the room may have a(n) _____ attachment style.

Avoidant

Why do moms and dads use infant-directed speech?

Babies pay attention when spoken to like this.

Which child is MOST likely to be more popular during preschool and early elementary school?

Brenda, who has superior theory-of-mind skills

Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school?

Children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers.

Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering?

Early childhood

Over the last 100 years, IQ test scores have been steadily increasing. This is referred to as the _____ effect.

Flynn

What is the BEST child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler?

Gently push the child into a few stressful situations.

When do MOST people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?

In elementary school

Four-year-old Jose just received a game that involves placing foam numbers into a template. As Jose looks for where each number belongs, his mother notices that he is mumbling "eight," "six," and so forth. Jose is showing what Vygotsky called _____ to master this task.

Inner speech

A child who is undernourished and has very little protein in their diet may develop ___________, which consists of a swelling of the abdomen, hair loss, irritability and listless behavior.

Kwashiorkor

Lara sees a highway crash and feels incredibly frightened. Tonia feels terrible for the people who were hurt and rushes to help. Pick the label for each girl's response.

Lara = empathy; Tonia = sympathy

Which of the following is NOT an example of a bidirectional relationship?

Mrs. Taylor enjoys doing homework with her son in the evening.

Which of the following is NOT a tip for making school more intrinsically motivating?

Reward the children who do well with special prizes

Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy.

Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a community that promotes upward mobility?

The community has more crime.

An insecurely attached child is at risk for later problems in relationships with peers. Which of the following can aid an insecure child's adjustment?

a secure attachment with a teacher

When they are in the crawling phase, infants show:

an incredible variety of responses.

Jeremy's mother asks her son where he put his new dump truck. Jeremy replies, "It is sleeping." Jeremy is showing signs of _____, and he is probably _____.

animism; in preschool

When a child states "Daddy made the moon," she is showing

artificialism

William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to clean up their rooms. Richard is willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In Baumrind's parenting styles framework, William is _____ and Richard is _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

The devastating condition that hinders theory-of-mind abilities is:

autism

Brenda is 2 years old and is trying to dress herself. When her mother tries to help, Brenda screams and pushes her away. Brenda is demonstrating:

autonomy

Six-month-old Grace's father is delighted when he comes into her room one morning and she says, "da da da." Her alternation of consonant and vowel sounds is called

babbling

Five-month-old Stefano is engaging in secondary circular reactions when he:

bats at his mobile instead of watching it

Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of development.

behaviorism

Laticia's fetus is descending through the uterus and entering the birth canal. Laticia is experiencing stage two of labor, which is:

birth

Implantation involves:

blastocyst embedding in the uterine wall

Ian goes to school and pulls the hair of a younger child. When Ian returns home, his brother's friends push Ian around and pretend they are going to punch him. The next day at school, Ian trips another child on the school bus. Ian's behavior appears to be that of a(n):

bully-victim

The standard sleeping arrangement in collectivistic cultures is:

co-sleeping with a parent.

One's _____ is one's age group—the people with whom one travels through life.

cohort

A culture that values social harmony over individual achievement is called:

collectivist

Mrs. King's labor is not progressing, so her doctor recommends a cesarean section. The doctor will be:

making an incision in the abdominal wall and the uterus and removing the fetus manually.

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of

making billions of connections between neurons.

Child art can be wonderful. At age 3, young children often struggle with drawing circles but by the time they are in third grade they can draw people with both bodies and faces. This is an example of the _____ principle.

mass-to-specific

When her father puts 6-month-old Clara's favorite stuffed animal under a blanket and she looks under the cover to find it, she is showing the beginnings of:

object permanence

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____qualities.

older; internal

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem:

on his own versus after being taught.

When 3-year-old Edward's father asked his son what he had done that day, Edward replied, "I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." These classic language mistakes are called:

overregularization

For a baby with a difficult temperament:

particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment.

Judith Harris proposed that the main force shaping children's behavior is their _____ rather than their parents.

peers

Nolan, a 10-year-old, is the envy of his classmates because he doesn't have a set bedtime and is free to stay up as late as he wants. Nolan is a well-adjusted child who feels that his parents love him. Based on this description, his parents are MOST likely:

permissive

During the first 3 months of life, babies are in what Bowlby called the _____ phase.

preattachment

Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah showed _____ aggression.

relational

One-week-old Gabriel turns toward his mother's finger every time his cheek is touched. This is the _____ reflex.

rooting

James and Sarah are both 8 years old. Statistically speaking, James is

roughly the same size as Sarah

Mrs. Humperdinck gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a given skill. Mrs. Humperdinck is using a teaching technique called:

scaffolding

Ghadia joyfully runs to her primary caregiver after being separated. Ghadia is showing a(n) _____ attachment.

secure

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:

selective attention

Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and can reflect on her feelings. Samantha is showing:

self-awarness

Gabriella thinks by acting on the world with her eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. Gabriella is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

Baby Jamey has recently become visibly upset when her mother leaves the room. Jamey is approximately _____ months old and experiencing _____.

separation anxiety

Tamika felt humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jebron felt terrible about insulting his younger brother. Tamika experienced _____, while Jebron felt _____.

shame; guilt

the frontal lobes develop:

slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.

Baby Lydia is having her 1-year checkup. As the pediatrician puts the stethoscope on Lydia's chest, she looks to her mother to see if the situation is safe. Baby Lydia is showing:

social referencing

When baby Rodrigo's mother touches his lips, he suckles his mother's finger. Rodrigo is showing the _____ reflex

sucking

Early Head Start:

supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers

the process of making connections between neurons is called:

synaptogenesis

Malika and her 7-month-old son are totally in tune with one another, alert and sensitive to each other's signals. This joyful attunement is called:

synchrony

Chelsea has noticed that when she and her son go to the swimming pool, instead of saying, "no in water" when he protests about going in, he has begun to say, "Don't put me in the water." Chelsea's son is mastering grammar, also known as:

syntax

Baby Marcie recently surprised her mother by saying, "me milk." This first word-combining stage is called _____ speech, and Marcie is probably _____ old.

telegraphic; between 1½ and 2 years

One-year-old Sally throws food from her high chair just to see where it lands. According to Piaget's framework, this is an example of a:

tertiary circular reaction.

Gigi's mother hides a rattle under the blue blanket, has Gigi find it a few times, and then hides the rattle under a pink blanket. Gigi proceeds to look for the rattle under the blue blanket. Gigi is showing _____ and is probably _____ old.

the A-not-B error; 10 to 12 months

Baby LeBron was just born. What is used to evaluate his condition?

the Apgar scale

Harry Harlow's research with isolation-reared monkeys showed that:

the behaviorist idea that one gets attached through being fed was wrong.

Who determines the baby's sex?

the father

Martha is about 18 weeks pregnant and has experienced quickening. This means that Martha feels:

the fetus moving q=

The risk of miscarriage is MOST common during

the first trimester

Which research technique for studying infant perception is based on the fact that human beings want to look at new things?

the preferential-looking paradigm

Josie is thrilled that her baby now smiles when she sees any person appear. This is called _____ and begins at about _____ months of age.

the social smile; 2

Collaborative pretend play involves ______ and develops around age _____.

two children fantasizing together; 4

When Karen gives her newborn a bath, she cleans the baby's belly button, which is where the _____ used to be.

umbilical cord

Completing major motor milestones (such as crawling or walking) early is _____ to later intelligence.

unrelated

Crystal and Jeremy are divorcing due to Jeremy's affair. Crystal has frank discussions with her children about the reasons for the divorce and about what to expect afterwards. She never misses an opportunity to put the blame for the divorce on Jeremy and to suggest that her children should be angry with their father. Crystal needs to know that:

using her children as pawns to express her anger is detrimental to them.

When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "Because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.

younger; external