Human Development 1-4

Approximately what percentage of births in the United States were cesarean sections in 2009? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 34 44 22 11

34

Ian is 7 months old. If he is a typical baby, his parents can expect him to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. be able to babble and understand simple words. be able to babble, understand simple words, and point. be able to babble. be able to understand and speak simple words.

be able to babble.

Elsa wants to research preschoolers' eating habits. She is reviewing video footage taken during snack time and lunch hour at four preschools. Her method of study is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. scientific observation. an experiment. longitudinal. qualitative.

scientific observation.

The Apgar scale measures all of the following EXCEPT: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. respiratory effect. size. color. heart rate.

size.

The United States and Brazil are both highly diverse societies. The same individual, though, may be considered Black in Chicago, but White in São Paulo. This suggests that race is not a biological reality but rather a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. social construction. ethnic group. culture. indicator of one's economic status.

social construction.

A birthweight that is less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces is considered _____ birthweight. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. extremely low low very low normal

very low

A baby described as small for gestational age (SGA): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. always has chromosomal abnormalities. weighs less than 3 pounds at birth. is a preterm baby. weighs significantly less than expected.

weighs significantly less than expected.

Juan and Rosey are planning on conceiving a child. At what age is Rosey a good candidate for genetic counseling because of an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 32 25 30 35

35

The most advanced 10 percent of 2-year-olds speak more than _____ words, while the least advanced 10 percent speak fewer than _____ words. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 100; 50 200; 300 550; 100 350; 1000

550; 100

In 1950, 1 young child in _____ died. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 10 7 5 4

7

Variables A and B are negatively correlated. This indicates that as the level of _____, the level of _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A increases; B remains unchanged A decreases; B decreases A increases; B increases A increases; B decreases

A increases; B decreases

Which statement is TRUE about language development? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. All babies go through the same sequence of language development at the same time. English-speaking babies are more advanced in the timing of their language development than babies who speak other languages. All babies go through the same sequence of language development, although timing may differ. Bilingual babies are more advanced in the timing of their language development than babies who speak only one language.

All babies go through the same sequence of language

Beliefs, behaviors, and clothing are part of a group's: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. socioeconomic status. race. cohort. Culture.

Culture.

Deena is 42 years old and has just conceived her first child. Her age at conception means that she has a greater risk of having a fetus with: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. clubfoot. Down syndrome. schizophrenia. cystic fibrosis.

Down syndrome.

Individuals between 18 and 25 years of age are in a life phase called _____ adulthood. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. early nascent beginning Emerging

Emerging

Dr. Wright believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. DeJong believes that situational influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the heredity-versus-_____ debate. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. genetics nature maturation Environment

Environment

Dr. Evans believes that the reason so many people have a fear of snakes is because some snakes are dangerous to humans and the fear has survival value. Dr. Evans's view of this fear BEST illustrates the _____ perspective. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. behaviorist psychoanalytic humanistic Evolutionary

Evolutionary

A major difference between Erikson and Freud is that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Freud thought that fathers had little role in development, whereas Erikson saw fathers as central to development. Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development. Freud emphasized adulthood, whereas Erikson emphasized childhood. Freud emphasized the child's relationship to the family, whereas Erikson emphasized the child's relationship to his or her own sexual urges.

Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development.

Sarah wants to induce labor two weeks prior to her due date because she does not want to experience labor pain. Her early delivery will _____ the risk of complications. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. have a minimal effect on have no effect on decrease Increase

Increase

The textbook states that researchers have replicated the conclusion that overweight children are not at risk for poor health outcomes as adults if they slim down to normal weight. What does the word replicated mean in this context? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. It means that the conclusion has been published. It means that the conclusion has been found repeatedly. It means that the conclusion has been rejected. It means that researchers have analyzed the data extensively.

It means that the conclusion has been found repeatedly.

In the United States, income is _____ correlated with life expectancy. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. not perfectly negatively Positively

Positively

_____ theory is a grand developmental theory emphasizing unconscious, often irrational drives and motives.

Psychoanalytic

Emilio is repeating a well-known study on adolescent friendships using a slightly different sample. Emilio is engaged in: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. data reporting. hypothesis development. data analysis. Replication.

Replication.

Cesarean deliveries increase the chance of _____ problems for the newborn.

Respiratory

One of the basic assumptions of the _____ is that all beliefs, no matter how probable they seem and no matter how many people share them, may be wrong.

Scientific Method

Psychoanalytic theory originated with: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. B. F. Skinner. Erik Erikson. Sigmund Freud. Ivan Pavlov.

Sigmund Freud.

How does the life-span perspective differ from the traditional focus of developmental study? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The life-span perspective is limited to the first two decades of life. The life-span perspective includes the entirety of life, not just the first two decades. The life-span perspective emphasizes infancy, the beginning of the life span. The life-span perspective focuses on adulthood rather than childhood.

The life-span perspective includes the entirety of life, not just the first two decades.

Which example BEST illustrates a critical period? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception a child learning to walk a child learning a new skill between 5 and 6 years of age a child learning to talk

a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception

At 1 month of age, Emily realizes that her hand is too big to fit into her mouth. She reacts by sucking just on her thumb. Jean Piaget would describe Emily's behavior as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a tertiary circular reaction. a secondary circular reaction. habituation. a first acquired adaptation.

a first acquired adaptation.

The longer Shelley works, the less sleep she gets. For Shelley, there is _____ correlation between hours worked and hours slept. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. zero a negative a positive a dependent

a negative

There is probably _____ correlation between hours spent studying each week and cumulative GPA among college students. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. zero a dependent a negative a positive

a positive

Which phrase BEST describes the proportion of pregnant women in the United States who take prescription drugs? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. many about half almost all some

almost all

Marissa is an expectant mother in the United States who is nervous about the discomfort of labor and delivery. Marissa will MOST likely opt to have: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. her family and friends with her during the birth of her baby. an epidural. a home birth. a nurse-midwife deliver her baby.

an epidural.

Which research method can establish a cause-and-effect relationship? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. an experiment a case study scientific observation a survey

an experiment

Anong, who is breast-feeding her infant daughter, had measles as a child. Her daughter will be protected from the disease because of the _____ in Anong's breast milk. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. iron antibodies vitamins Sterility

antibodies

The _____ perspective states that parents mold their infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. psychosocial behavioral psychoanalytic social learning

behavioral

Miranda has a daughter named Allison who is 2 years old. Every time Allison takes a toy from her baby brother, he cries. Miranda punishes Allison by putting her in a time-out chair each time she does this. While she may not realize it, Miranda is using a behavior modification technique that is based on the _____ theories. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. behaviorist psychoanalytic psychosocial social learning

behaviorist

Research has found that a person's activity level affects body weight. Which is the dependent variable? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. type of diet number of calories activity level body weight

body weight

A salesperson dresses professionally not only because her coworkers dress professionally, but also because she makes more sales when she dresses well. This example illustrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. both classical conditioning and modeling. reinforcement. both modeling and reinforcement. both classical conditioning and reinforcement.

both modeling and reinforcement.

Longitudinal research finds that children exposed to the pesticide chlorpyrifos had lower intelligence and more behavior problems than did other children. Based on this sentence, one can conclude: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. that the research compared children of different ages at a single point in time. that chlorpyrifos is a behavioral teratogen. that the research tracked individual children for long time periods. both that chlorpyrifos is a behavioral teratogen and that the research tracked individual children for long time periods.

both that chlorpyrifos is a behavioral teratogen and that the research tracked individual children for long time periods.

According to the text, each chromosomal abnormality leads to a recognizable syndrome, a cluster of distinct _____ that tend to occur together. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. quirks characteristics factors Chromosomes

characteristics

Helena is 40 years old and has just conceived her first child. Her age at conception means that she has a greater risk of having a fetus with: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cystic fibrosis. below-average intelligence. clubfoot. chromosomal abnormalities.

chromosomal abnormalities.

When a new experience, which is jarring and incomprehensible, conflicts with a person's current understanding, the person tends to experience: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. assimilation. accommodation. adaptation. cognitive disequilibrium.

cognitive disequilibrium.

In Piaget's cognitive theory, a state of mental balance is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. assimilation. formal operations. accommodation. cognitive equilibrium.

cognitive equilibrium.

When people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas, they are demonstrating: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. accommodation. assimilation. cognitive equilibrium. cognitive dissonance.

cognitive equilibrium.

Genetic _____ provides facts and helps prospective parents discuss sensitive issues concerning their genetic heritage; this includes harmful conditions that might be passed along to any children they may conceive. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. therapy testing counseling Advising

counseling

Tim has gained 8 pounds and has had frequent bouts of heartburn as his wife's pregnancy has progressed. Tim is MOST likely experiencing: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. couvade. paternal pride. a gastrointestinal illness. doula.

couvade.

Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a _____ research design. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cross-sequential longitudinal cross-sectional survey

cross-sectional

A long-lasting system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations is called a(n) _____

culture

To make a specific prediction is to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. stay true to the scientific method. pose a research question. develop a hypothesis. test a hypothesis.

develop a hypothesis.

Dr. Garacchi studies how obesity rates vary from childhood through old age. Dr. Garacchi is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. clinical cognitive developmental Behavioral

developmental

Generally speaking, _____ theorists try to make sense out of observations and construct a story of human journey from infancy to adulthood. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. psychoanalytic developmental behavioral Cognitive

developmental

Dr. Murray seeks to understand how and why people change over time. She studies all kinds of people from different age groups, cultures, orientations, and backgrounds. She is MOST likely a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. medical doctor. developmental scientist. geneticist. Epidemiologist.

developmental scientist.

Dr. Murphy studies a cohort of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. medical doctor. developmentalist. neurobiologist. cognitive psychologist.

developmentalist.

Matt has had little interest in artistic hobbies since his fourth-grade teacher criticized one of his projects. The teacher's comment may have had little effect on a different student's motivation. This example illustrates the fact that a given circumstance may affect an individual either positively or negatively, depending on his or her vulnerabilities. Matt's experience therefore illustrates the importance of _____ in development. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the difference-equals-deficit error sensitive periods differential susceptibility cohort effects

differential susceptibility

Race is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. mostly biological. entirely biological. entirely a social construction. at least partly a social construction.

entirely a social construction.

A friend tells you she is fascinated by the way the environment affects the expression of genetic potential. You suggest she explore the new field of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. replication. epigenetics. life-span development. genetics.

epigenetics.

Matthew considers himself Scots American because his maternal ancestors were Presbyterians born in Aberdeen. In this example, Scots American is a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. SES group. cohort. race. ethnic group.

ethnic group.

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language and a religion are called a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cohort. SES group. ethnic group. Race.

ethnic group.

A developmental scientist is investigating impulsivity in adolescents. She wishes to determine whether impulsivity is part of a cluster of related traits. The scientist will probably conduct a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cost-benefit analysis. significance test. factor analysis. meta-analysis.

factor analysis.

In 2017, the rate of mortality among young children was one-_____ of the rate in 1950. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fifth eighth quarter Third

fifth

A couple may seek _____ to understand their genetic risks so that they can make informed decisions about their pregnancy. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. adoption as a safe option biological therapy genetic counseling couples counseling

genetic counseling

Mark and Alice will use _____ to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to future children. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. couples counseling genetic counseling biological therapy adoption as a safe option

genetic counseling

Diana is 37 and Ray is 41. They are trying to conceive their first child. Because of their age, it is recommended that they seek: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. adoption as a safe option. biological therapy. genetic counseling. couples counseling.

genetic counseling.

Each vaccinated child stops transmission of the disease. Therefore, as long as 90 percent of the people in a community are immunized, no one dies of the disease. This phenomenon is called _____ immunity. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. group tribe herd Collective

herd

Meena cannot be vaccinated because of her allergies, but she is protected to some degree from catching childhood diseases because of _____ immunity, which means that at least 90 percent of people in her local community have been immunized. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. herd tribe group collective

herd

Dr. Vreeland believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. Abshire believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the _____ debate. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. heredity-versus-environment traits-versus-state intelligent design-versus-evolution genes-versus-development

heredity-versus-environment

Juan is 15 months old and calls his teddy bear his bibi. This is an example of a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. babble. hologram. holophrase. hybrid theory.

holophrase

Fiona wants to test her prediction, also known as a _____, that "lack of sleep increases the likelihood of lower test scores for college students." Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. formulation hypothesis result theory

hypothesis

Dr. Snodgrass has been adjusting light intensity in the presence of birds to see how it affects their perception of colors. Which type of variable is light intensity? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. comparison control independent dependent

independent

From correlational designs, researchers are able to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. indicate how two variables are related to each other. only look at factors that positively influence development. rule out the influence of a third factor that might be contributing to the relationship between two other factors. determine causation.

indicate how two variables are related to each other.

In the science of human development, nature refers to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. developmental differences. environmental influences. inherited biological predispositions. patterns of development.

inherited biological predispositions.

Scientific observation: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. requires a large number of participants. requires specialized equipment. involves unobtrusively recording behavior. must take place in a lab setting.

involves unobtrusively recording behavior.

Elementary school children are generally in a period of psychosexual development that Freud termed: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the anal stage. the genital stage. latency. the phallic stage.

latency.

Researchers are conducting a _____ when they combine the results of several previous studies to gain stronger conclusions than the individual studies on their own. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. meta-analysis cost-benefit analysis factor analysis significance test

meta-analysis

Plasticity denotes two aspects of human development. Traits can be _____, like plastic. Yet identity is also _____ throughout the life span. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. thrown out; useless molded; durable created; clear durable; moldable

molded; durable

Improvements to public health are the primary reason childhood _____ has declined over the past several decades. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fevers illness mortality Tantrums

mortality

Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the _____ debate. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. genes-versus-development traits-versus-state nature-versus-nurture intelligent design-versus-evolution

nature-versus-nurture

The text suggests that immunization rate is _____ correlated with infant mortality rate. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. not negatively positively Perfectly

negatively

In order, Freud's first three stages of psychosexual development are: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. mouth, body, brain. oral, anal, phallic. anal, phallic, latent. trust, autonomy, initiative.

oral, anal, phallic.

Which is NOT an example of a cohort? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Generation X people who share the same religion baby boomers people who served in World War II

people who share the same religion

Isabel, who is 5 years old, writes her first poem in kindergarten using words and drawings. She is in Piaget's _____ period. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. preoperational concrete operational formal operational Sensorimotor

preoperational

Jean Piaget's first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence involve: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. primary circular reactions. secondary circular reactions. object permanence. goal-directed behavior.

primary circular reactions.

Vygotsky's emphasis on guided participation suggests that he was MOST concerned with the _____ domain of development. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. biological psychosocial motor Cognitive

psychosocial

Infants with bilingual mothers: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. prefer both languages their mothers speak but cannot differentiate between them. respond to both languages their mothers speak and are able to differentiate between them. prefer an unknown language to either of their mother's languages. respond only to one language.

respond to both languages their mothers speak and are able to differentiate between them.

Fabian wants to research elementary school children's social habits during school recess. He is both watching and videotaping their playground behavior. He is using: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. structured observations. scientific observations. structured interviews. clinical interviews.

scientific observations.

According to Jean Piaget, the period of cognitive development that begins at birth and ends around age 2 is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the reflexes stage. preoperational thought. sensorimotor intelligence. primary circular reactions.

sensorimotor intelligence.

Cohort labels, such as Generation X or the Millennials, are based as much on social assumptions as on reality. These cohorts may be seen at least in part as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ethnicities. social constructions. dynamic systems. Cultures.

social constructions.

Sometimes humans learn without experiencing any kind of personal reinforcement. Which theory BEST explains this concept? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. classical conditioning operant conditioning social learning Humanistic

social learning

Maria's family lives below the poverty line. Her parents are immigrants whose combined income is less than $18,000 a year. Maria's family has low: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. resilience. sociocultural context. effortful attention. socioeconomic status.

socioeconomic status.

Behavioral _____ are agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. anoxias teratogens couvades trisomies

teratogens

The last two stages of sensorimotor intelligence involve _____ circular reactions, which are characterized by active exploration and experimentation. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. tertiary secondary primary Adaptive

tertiary

Posing a research question is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. helpful in understanding the topic. important in research. the first step of the scientific method. performed after a researcher develops a hypothesis.

the first step of the scientific method.

Primary circular reactions involve: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the infant's own body. an object. another person. affordances.

the infant's own body.

According to Bronfenbrenner, what is a chronosystem? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a historical event that affects other systems a political process that affects other systems the time system that affects other systems the biological processes that affect other systems

the time system that affects other systems

The behaviorists' main objection to the psychoanalytic emphasis on unconscious, hidden urges was that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the urges were too numerous to study scientifically. the scientific data collected was quantitative. the urges could not be measured and verified. the urges were conscious rather than unconscious.

the urges could not be measured and verified.

The consequences of low birthweight have been established by longitudinal research. This type of research: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. compares participants of different ages at a single point in time. tracks individual participants for a long period of time. involves the deliberate manipulation of variables. assesses participants in their everyday environments.

tracks individual participants for a long period of time.

According to Erikson, which stage occurs at the same time as Freud's oral stage? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. initiative versus guilt identity versus role confusion trust versus mistrust autonomy versus shame

trust versus mistrust

Angelo realizes that sucking a pacifier is different from sucking a nipple. Angelo is in stage _____ of sensorimotor intelligence. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. two four six One

two

Jolanda holds a bottle to her 3-month-old infant's mouth and the baby reaches out to grab the bottle. Jolanda's baby appears to be in stage _____ of sensorimotor intelligence. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. two one four Six

two