Human Development #4

Vivian is taking a college admissions test in math to see if she can enroll in an accelerated math course. She has heard that males tend to perform better on this test than females, although she has no evidence that this statement is true. The proctor giving the test also might be concerned that Vivian is thinking that males might do better on this test as she has heard other students make such a comment. In order to reduce any stereotype threat that Vivian might be feeling, the proctor could make the following comment:

"All students show similar performance on this test."

Rosa needs to have surgery and she wants to make sure that her surgeon is the most skilled. What question should she ask potential surgeons?

"How often have you performed this operation?"

Which statement made by a teacher is MOST likely to activate stereotype threat?

"This exam will show which gender has better grammatical skills."

What might an older adult in the workplace perceive as a micro-aggression?

"You must be having a senior moment."

The recommended daily dose of calcium is _____ milligrams; most teens consume less than _____ milligrams per day.

1,300; 500

Infertility is often defined as being unable to conceive after _____ months of trying to get pregnant.

12

A longitudinal study that traced the development of sensation seeking from early adolescence to the mid-20s found that increases in sensation seeking were notable from ages _____.

12 to 14

Suicidal ideation is most common around age _____.

15

Which of the following individuals is most likely going to take dramatic risks in order to gain peer approval?

15-year-old Kevin

The military has increased in diversity, including _____ percent female and _____ percent minorities on active duty in 2011.

15; 37

In 2013, only _____ percent of adolescents consumed the recommended three or more servings of vegetables daily.

16

Statistically, which person is MOST likely to have the greatest health problems as a result of iron deficiency?

16-year-old Marilyn, who is menstruating

_____ percent of adults under 65 are providing some care for family over 65.

20

How many levels are in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

5

In vitro fertilization (IVF), an assisted reproductive technology (ART), has resulted in an estimated _____ million births

5

Middle school typically includes grades _____.

6 to 8

For both girls and boys, puberty typically begins as young as _____ years of age or as late as _____ years of age.

8;14

The average new stepchild in a family is _____ years old.

9

According to the text, who might be the BEST employee at a workplace?

A 50-year-old who has worked for the company for 15 years and is motivated to do his best.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about emerging adulthood?

All individuals between the ages of 18 and 30 are now considered to be in this stage.

Which is the BEST example of an adult using selective optimization with compensation?

Bettie, who uses sticky note reminders in her home, office, and car

_____ relationships have high rates of verbal and physical abuse.

Churning

The theorist who proposed the idea that individuals continue to develop into adulthood was _____.

Erikson

Which statement about age and expertise is TRUE?

Expertise can overcome some of the detrimental effects of age but not all.

Ike, who is in good health, scores lower on an intelligence test than his grandson Cade. This could be for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____.

Ike is losing intellectual power as he ages

Which individual is most likely to be an STI vector?

Jared, age 23

Many high school graduates enroll in a post-secondary school (e.g., college). _____ graduate from a post-secondary school.

Less than Half

Following Erikson's lead, _____ distinguished four specific ways young people cope with the identity crisis.

Marcia

Which statement about personality in emerging adulthood is TRUE?

Personality can change after adolescence

Statistically, which student is MOST likely to fall asleep during class?

Rose, age 14

Which statement is FALSE?

Secondary education refers to schooling completed after high school graduation, such as college or vocational training.

Which of the following is NOT true about the sexual-reproductive system of emerging adults?

Serious birth complications are usual.

A boy's first ejaculation of seminal fluid is called _____.

Spermarche

Which statement is TRUE?

The increased diversity of the college atmosphere encourages cognitive development.

How does the relationship between siblings typically change from adolescence to adulthood?

The siblings tend to become closer.

Mr. and Mrs. Vasquez have discovered that their son has been cutting school with a group of boys. Which conclusion is MOST likely true?

Their son chose this group because he shares their interests.

Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question _____.

Who am I?

Which statement about employees who are required to work overtime is TRUE?

Workers who are required to work overtime feel less job satisfaction.

Today, vocational identity often takes _____ to establish, and most work demands very specific skills that are best learned on the job.

Years

For girls, menarche is _____.

a girl's first menstrual period

Some parent-child bickering during the adolescent years may indicate _____.

a healthy family

Who is most likely to experience the strongest financial benefits from college?

a low-income student

In a typical family, the kinkeeper is MOST apt to be _____.

a middle-aged mother

Parasuicide refers to _____

a suicide attempt that does not end in death

Happiness among those who cohabit is associated with national _____.

acceptance of cohabitation

When 18-year-old high school graduates of similar backgrounds and abilities are compared, those who begin jobs rather than going to college after high school are more likely to eventually _____ than those who earned a college degree.

achieve less and be less satisfied by middle age

A person who has many of the personality traits associated with extroversion would be described as _____.

active and outgoing

A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of _____.

adolescent egocentrism

Today, the most notable digital divide is based on _____.

age

In the twenty-first century, early puberty positively correlates with _____.

aggression and antisocial behavior in boys

Those who know her describe Matilda as a kind, helpful, and easygoing person. She is high on which of the Big Five traits?

agreeableness

The stresses of basic body systems that combine to limit overall functioning and make the person more vulnerable to illness are referred to as _____.

allostatic load

A college student who does well on multiple-choice and essay exams likely is high in _____.

analytic intelligence

Miles has a busy week of school ahead. He has a report due in history, a paper due in English, a test in biology, a concert for music, and two basketball games. To effectively manage all of these activities, Miles will need to engage what type of thought?

analytic thought

Silas has heard repeatedly from his parents about the potential dangers of smoking. He agrees with his parents and so at a party he refuses a cigarette offered to him by one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Silas' decision to decline the cigarette?

analytic thought

Women experience menopause; men experience _____.

andropause

One reason adolescents' nutritional habits may be poor is _____.

anxiety about their body image

The Big Five personality traits _____.

are apparent in every culture and era

Compared to novices, experts typically _____.

are more intuitive

Remarriage is more common _____.

as SES rises

Most drug use begins

as a social use

When the thought required for an action has become routine, and it appears that most aspects of the task are performed instinctively, the performance of the task is _____.

automatic

Jennifer was just diagnosed with cancer. She has started drinking heavily and keeps rescheduling doctors' appointments to later and later dates. Jennifer is engaging in _____ coping.

avoidant

Abraham was an early-maturing boy in the 1930s. Abraham would have been predicted to _____.

be a school leader as an adolescent

The Mediterranean diet has been shown to protect against heart disease without adding weight. If Al were to eat a Mediterranean diet, he would eat all of the following EXCEPT _____.

beef

With respect to thinking, when students first start college they _____.

believe in the existence of clear and perfect truths

Shawn has been shoplifting for the past year. Unless he experiences stronger human relationships and moral education, his shoplifting behavior is most likely to lead to _____.

burglary

Although Erikson's stages of psychosocial development are sequential, the search for identity that begins in the stage of identity versus role confusion _____.

can linger long past the teenage years

Ami thinks that she may be negatively compared to another group. According to the theory of stereotype threat, her thinking is MOST apt to _____.

cause her to underperform

José enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. Which pair of influences will be MOST beneficial to him in reaching his full potential?

changes in myelination in his brain and the guidance of an experienced coach

The day-night cycle that occurs approximately every 24 hours is the _____.

circadian rhythm

From a developmental perspective, _____ and culture are pivotal in couple formation and bonding.

cohort

The term massification means that _____.

college could benefit everyone

In researching cross-sex friendships, Dr. Danek has found that they are _____.

common

With respect to suicide, what is more common in adolescent boys than in adolescent girls?

completed suicide

Davetta is very organized and self-disciplined. She conforms easily to standards set for her performance at work. She is high on which of the Big Five traits?

conscientiousness

Which personality trait tends to increase with age?

conscientiousness

People who are not in a person's closest convoy but who still have an effect on the person's life by providing information, support, or new ideas are known as _____.

consequential strangers

K. Warner Schaie developed the first _____ study of adult intelligence.

cross-sequential

Spreading insults and rumors by means of social media, e-mails, text messages, or smart-phone videos is called _____.

cyberbullying

Heavy drinking impairs memory and self-control by _____.

damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Val and Max are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to _____.

decline

In general, as children experience puberty, their self-esteem _____.

declines

With respect to intelligence testing in adulthood, scores on items measuring fluid intelligence _____ with age and scores on items measuring crystallized intelligence _____ with age.

decrease; increase

For most people, social networking has _____ social isolation in emerging adulthood.

decreased

Vivica, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of _____.

deductive reasoning

Nicholi's parents are restrictive and controlling. Compared with his peers whose parents engage in less psychological control, Nicholi is more likely to be _____.

depressed

Evelyn divorced three years ago. Upon remarriage, Evelyn is likely to experience a decrease in _____.

depression

According to Sternberg, creative intelligence requires _____ thinking.

divergent

Identity diffusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents _____.

do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role

The Flynn effect is MOST likely due to the result of changes in _____.

education and nutrition

Avery, who is 14 years old, is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues of her new teammates. Avery's sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____.

egocentrism

A person between the ages of 18 and 25 is considered to be in the developmental stage of _____.

emerging adulthood

In which coping style do people try to change their attitude about a stressor?

emotion-focused

Among the actions and attitudes linked to the Big Five are all of the following EXCEPT _____.

employment

A study of trained pilots who were given directions by air traffic controllers in a flight simulation found that _____.

experienced pilots took more accurate and complete notes and used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas

After a recent divorce and many years as a stay-at-home mom, Cheryl is entering the workforce. As a single parent with three children, she needs a livable wage, good benefits, and a retirement plan. She is focused on the _____ of work.

extrinsic rewards

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with anorexia nervosa?

feeling out of control

Cognitively, what helps counter stereotypes?

flexibility

Eric readily adopted his parents' political beliefs without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in political events with his parents. His identity status reflects _____.

foreclosure

Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence _____.

formal operational thought

During emerging adulthood, all body systems _____.

function optimally

Emily is her family's kinkeeper. This means that she assumes responsibility for _____.

gathering the family for holidays and disseminating information

All of the following contribute to the development of expertise EXCEPT _____.

gender

People's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that they define as male or female is referred to as their _____ identity.

gender

The term g refers to _____ intelligence.

general

One of the first signs of the growth spurt is _____

growth of fingers and toes

For boys, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is _____.

growth of the testes; initial pubic hair growth; growth of the penis; spermarche

Changes in primary sex characteristics include _____.

growth of the uterus or the testes

Corrina is considered obese because she _____.

has a BMI of 30

One physical change that typically occurs during adolescence is that the _____.

heart doubles in size

"If-then" propositions require _____.

hypothetical thought

Malcolm's parents wanted him to be part of the family business—and Malcolm planned to do so. Then, at age 17, he decided to leave the business to study to be a lawyer. Malcolm resisted _____.

identity foreclosure

When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n) _____.

imaginary audience

Getting married, having children, and living in separate residences has the potential to increase the likelihood of _____ sibling relationships in adulthood.

improving

Research has found that cohabitation prior to marriage _____.

increases the likelihood of divorce

Adulthood is usually a time of _____.

increasing IQ, with dramatic individual differences

Cohabitation is _____ and marriage rates are _____ with adults.

increasing; decreasing

The idea that intelligence can be directly increased by effort is referred to as _____ theory.

incremental

Three different girls tell Gus that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Gus has just used _____.

inductive reasoning

Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then reach general conclusions?

inductive reasoning

Approximately 12 percent of U.S. couples are _____

infertile

After nearly 20 years with his company, Mike's job was outsourced. He wants his new job to offer not only a good wage but also job satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. He is focused on the _____ of work.

intrinsic rewards

Latoya and her friends come up with several options of things to do on Friday night and ultimately decide to go to a new movie because it received positive reviews. What type of thought did Latoya and her friends use to reach their decision?

intuitive thought

Expert thought is _____.

intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible

Which example relies MOST heavily on crystallized intelligence?

knowing the chemical symbols for various elements

Many developmentalists find middle schools to be "developmentally regressive," which means _____.

learning goes backward

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a possible reason for the decrease in juvenile criminal behavior?

lenient drug laws

Compared to when they were children, many adolescents are _____.

less self-confident

Ty started to behave aggressively at age 5, and by age 8 was caught shoplifting several times. Ty is now age 25 and has committed armed robbery. Ty would be considered to be a(n) _____.

life-course-persistent offender

During adolescence, the _____ matures before the _____ in the brain.

limbic system; amygdala

Committed partners who maintain separate homes but function as a committed couple are said to be _____.

living apart together

Research indicates that a majority of adolescent girls in the United States are trying to _____.

lose weight

The recent effort by countries around the world to increase the number of young people attending college is prompted by national governments' belief in _____.

massification

Life-course-persistent offenders _____.

may show signs of neurological impairment

Within the workplace, there are small things that go unnoticed by one person that seem aggressive to another. These have been referred to as _____.

micro-aggressions

Research studies on alcohol use have shown that _____.

moderate use of alcohol may increase longevity

When compared with earlier thinking, thinking in adulthood is all of the following EXCEPT _____.

more concrete

A study of adults aged 34 to 83 found that people high in fluid intelligence were exposed to _____ stress and were _____ likely to suffer from it.

more; less

Perry found that over the four years of their college careers, students typically _____.

move through nine levels of complexity in their thinking

Bill wants to be more physically active. Research on what helps adults be more active suggests that Bill_____.

move to a neighborhood with walking paths and sidewalks

The ability to care for the needs and emotions of someone else while still attending to one's own needs and emotions is called _____.

mutuality

Without any thoughtful consideration, Britton took on an identity that is the opposite of what his parents want for him. Britton has adopted a(n) _____.

negative identity

Identity diffusion is typically characterized by _____

no focus on or concern about the future

What proportion of all first marriages end in divorce?

one-third

The capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress via extra, unused functioning ability is referred to as _____.

organ reserve

Young adults rarely experience serious illness because which three systems of body functioning tend to work in harmony?

organ reserve, homeostasis, allostasis

Parents' awareness of where their adolescents are, what they are doing, and with whom they are doing it is referred to as _____.

parental monitoring

Barbara called her friend Cindi on Saturday and asked if she wanted to go to the movies. Cindi replied that she was staying home to study for their upcoming history test and gave several reasons that Barbara should do the same. After the call, Barbara decided to study instead of going to the movies. Barbara was experiencing _____.

peer pressure

The urge to conform to one's peers in behavior, dress, and attitude is referred to as _____.

peer pressure

Jules reacted more strongly to going to college, living on her own, and making new friends. Her personality seemed to change as a result of these experiences. Jules' personality change might be explained by _____.

plasticity

Adolescents are more likely than adults to choose to stay up all night, go through a day without eating, exercise in pain, or text while driving because of an immature _____.

prefrontal cortex

Research indicates that remarried people initially restore all of the following EXCEPT _____.

previous friendships

Personality traits present at age 18 _____.

rarely disappear by age 25

According to Erikson, the stage of intimacy versus isolation _____.

reflects the desire to share one's life with someone else

To solve a problem in his or her special area, the expert is more likely than the novice to _____.

rely on past experiences

The cultural norm of familism often _____

requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole

Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which has caused her to sink into depression. Her continual reliving of the fight is known as _____.

rumination

Biologically, emerging adulthood has traditionally been the optimal time for hard physical work and _____.

safe reproduction

Since they are called on to help both the older and younger generations of the family, middle-aged adults have been called the _____.

sandwich generation

Over the last two centuries, children have reached their adult height earlier and are taller than their ancestors. What is the official name of this phenomenon?

secular trend

Secure bonds can develop between a child and an adoptive parent when the children are older, especially if the mother had a(n) _____ attachment to her own mother.

secure

At age 17, Jerome aspired to become a serious musician. His group of friends began to change as he grew closer to students with deep musical interests, and he drifted away from other friends who were more engaged in sports. This illustrates peer _____.

selection

Baltes and Baltes found that adults use their intellectual strengths to offset their age-related declining abilities through the process of _____.

selective optimization with compensation

Ivis is 60 years old and realizes that his reading speed and eyesight are not as robust as they were when he was younger. He still enjoys participating in a book club, which requires a new book to be read every week. So Ivis now listens to the books on tape. Ivis is using _____ in order to participate in the book club.

selective optimization with compensation

Buster is an adolescent who experiences sleep deprivation, which makes him more likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT _____.

self-awareness

Spencer, who is 55 years old, didn't realize how much his physical appearance had changed until he saw a picture of himself taken 20 years ago. Spencer's gradual change in physical appearance was due to _____.

senescence

Emerging adults are in a high-risk category for _____.

serious injury and violent death

Intimacy is the desire for _____.

social connection

What is one crucial factor for success at the implementation stage of breaking a habit?

social support

According to Erikson, an adult's failure to achieve generativity results in _____.

stagnation and personal impoverishment

An adolescence-limited offender refers to someone who _____.

stops committing crimes by age 21

Experts tend to be intuitive, automatic, _____, and _____ in their thinking.

strategic; flexible

Friends _____ mental health and _____ physical health.

strengthen; strengthen

A study of 7,578 adults in seven nations found that physical separation between parents and adult children _____.

strengthened the relationships between parents and adult children

A strategy to increase student motivation in middle schools is to encourage a belief in _____.

students' ability to master whatever they seek to learn

Gloria finds that she often thinks about killing herself. This is called _____.

suicide ideation

Idina is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience _____.

teasing from boys her age

Which is the best example of fluid intelligence?

the ability to quickly recognize relationships between words

The McClendon family is having a reunion, with four generations attending. Applying the Flynn effect to this family, we would expect that _____.

the fourth generation of McClendons would score the highest on a standard IQ test

Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by _____.

the growth of the heart and lungs

Marcy says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marcy is demonstrating _____.

the imaginary audience

Sixteen-year-old James drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. James is demonstrating _____.

the invincibility fable

When applied to the discussion of drug abuse, the term "generational forgetting" means that _____.

the new generation ignores what adults have learned about the hazards of drugs

If a boy notices a swelling around his nipples during puberty, what is the likely cause?

the normal fluctuation of sex hormone

Fluid intelligence includes _____.

the speed of processing mathematical information

After children have grown, MOST couples find that _____.

their relationships improve

During puberty, adolescents' thoughts center on _____.

themselves

Suicidal ideation refers to

thinking about suicide

The CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adulthood) study began with thousands of healthy 18- to 30-year-olds; many were reexamined 7 to 20 years later. The study found that _____.

those who were the least fit at the first assessment were four times more likely to have diabetes and high blood pressure in middle age.

Diamond is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing _____.

to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others

About _____ of the variation in age of puberty is determined by genes.

two-thirds

Currently in the United States, _____ of adults are overweight.

two-thirds

Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n) _____

understanding of oneself

Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n) _____.

understanding of oneself

Schaie's cross-sequential research on intellectual development studied _____.

verbal meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, and word fluency

Today, which of the following is generally difficult to achieve during emerging adulthood?

vocational identity

Research indicates that the sexually active teens MOST likely to have an STI have parents who _____.

warn them to stay away from sex

The gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person, is referred to as _____.

weathering

Generally, when is physical touch most likely to occur between two male friends?

when their favorite team wins a football game

Gracie learned that she did not get a promotion at work because she did not have enough completed projects. If she chooses to engage in problem-focused coping to deal with this stressor, she will _____.

work to complete more projects

The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in _____

young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat