Human Development Chapter 5 Study Guide

Erik Erikson's term for the middle childhood psychosocial task involving bending to adult reality and needing to work for what we want.

Industry

Erik Erikson's term for the early childhood psychosocial task that involves exuberantly testing skills.

Initiative

Melinda lives in Canada and has two younger sisters. Grace is the middle child, and Jennifer is the youngest. Which child would be MOST motivated to develop theory-of-mind abilities at the earliest age?

Jennifer

As a new elementary school teacher, Chloe is trying to figure out how to be a more effective scaffolder. Which recommendation would NOT help her? Promote a secure attachment between the teacher and the child. Stick to the recommended curriculum for every child. Help children until they have fully mastered the concept before moving on. Break a cognitive challenge into smaller, more manageable steps.

Stick to the recommended curriculum for every child.

_____________, our knowledge that other people have different perspectives from our own, is measured by the false-belief task.

Theory of mind

Neuroimaging studies suggest theory-of-mind abilities depend on:

a certain level of frontal lobe development

Which of the following is a factor that can hinder children's growth and motor skills?

a lack of outdoor play and a lack of food

Theory-of-mind abilities emerge:

during preschool

During ________ childhood, we learn to decode other people's mental states.

early childhood

Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering?

early childhood

Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder routinely appear in:

early childhood

"Mr. Sun goes to bed because I do." This 3-year-old's statement shows signs of:

egocentrism

The inability to understand that other people have different perspectives from their own is known as:

egocentrism

________ believe that social cognitive capacity puts humans at an advantage to other species.

evolutionary theorists

Which type of play involves running and chasing each other and exercises children's physical skills?

exercise play

The _____ task has been used by developmentalists to demonstrate theory of mind.

false-belief

Theory-of-mind abilities are tested via:

false-belief tasks

Becky is in kindergarten and is learning how to write her name. She is developing:

fine motor skills

Compared to boys, preschool girls are usually superior at:

fine motor skills

Lee is in the first grade. His writing is extremely sloppy. It turns out that he is left handed and is currently developing:

fine motor skills

Mike is 5 years old and loves to draw. His kindergarten teacher loves to collect his art work and believes that he has a very special gift. His ability for art represents:

fine motor skills

According to _________, once children understand that they are a boy or a girl, they attend to and model behaviors of their own sex.

gender schema theory

The transition from preoperations to concrete operations is _____, and typically occurs between the ages of _____. gradual; 5 and 7 abrupt; 8 and 10 gradual; 8 and 10 abrupt; 5 and 7

gradual; 5 and 7

The transition from preoperations to concrete operations is _____, and typically occurs between the ages of _____. abrupt; 8 and 10 abrupt; 5 and 7 gradual; 5 and 7 gradual; 8 and 10

gradual; 5 and 7

Undernutrition impairs the development of:

gross and fine motor skills

The talents involved in running, jumping, and climbing are _____ skills.

gross motor

Zack is 4 years old and can do cartwheels, back flips, back-hand springs, and one-handed cart wheels. He has had no formal training to develop these gymnastic skills. All represent:

gross motor skills

Undernourished children tend to:

have impaired physical and social skills

Boys' play is defined by:

high-energy competition and the effort to establish dominance in large groups

All of the following are associated with autism spectrum disorder EXCEPT: hyperactivity. sharing feelings. having a back-and-forth conversation. a lack of interest in relationships.

hyperactivity

This gives humans the ability to engage in social cognition.

language

Child art can be wonderful. At age 3, young children often struggle with drawing circles but by the time they are in third grade they can draw people with both bodies and faces. This is an example of the _____ principle.

mass-to-specific

When Westerners are asked to recall autobiographical memories, this part of their brain is activated.

medial frontal lobe

Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?

middle childhood

A person's ability to understand word meanings is known as:

semantics

The meaning system of language; what words stand for.

semantics

Vygotsky emphasized the vital importance of _____ in propelling children's mental growth.

teaching

The difference between what children can do and what they can potentially do is:

the zone of proximal development

Autobiographical memory begins to develop at about the same time as:

theory of mind

____ is the essential ability that lets humans relate to other people in a give-and-take way.

theory of mind

Diana realizes that her mother does not know the thoughts inside her head. As a result, she has recently started lying. Diana has developed ______ and is roughly _____ years old. concrete operational ability; 4 theory-of-mind abilities; 6 theory-of-mind abilities; 4 deception abilities; 3

theory-of-mind abilities; 4

Earliest memories are of age:

3 or 4 years

Piaget's preoperational stage lasts from about:

3 to 7

Theory of mind usually appears by age:

4

Children usually begin to initiate past-talk conversations at about age:

4 or 5 years

Children know about 10,000 words by age:

6

Early childhood generally ends at age

6

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

7 to 12

_____ is defined by deficits in theory of mind.

Autism spectrum disorder

_____________, or the child's understanding of having a personal past, is socialized by caregivers through sensitive past-talk conversations.

Autobiographical memories

Which child is MOST likely to be more popular during preschool and early elementary school? Maria, who is bilingual. Sam, who has superior theory-of-mind skills. Juan, who is bilingual. Brenda, who has superior theory-of-mind skills.

Brenda, who has superior theory-of-mind skills.

____________ thinkers can step back from their visual perceptions and reason on a more conceptual level.

Concrete operational

Pretend play in which a child makes up a scene often with a toy or other prop.

Fantasy play

__________ thinkers focus on the way objects and substances immediately appear.

Preoperational

Four-year-old Azariah believes that his stuffed animal understands what he says. In Piagetian terms, Azariah is showing

animism

The idea that inanimate objects are alive is known as:

animism

The belief that everything in nature was made by humans is known as:

artificialism

When a child states "Daddy made the moon," she is showing:

artificialism

Which term refers to young children's belief that everything in nature was created by humans?

artificialism

The devastating condition that hinders theory-of-mind abilities is:

autism

What is Piaget's term for a young child's tendency to fixate on the MOST striking feature of whatever he or she sees?

centering

Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while 6-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This difference in physical appearance with age reveals the _______ principle.

cephalocaudal

Fantasy play in which children work together to develop and act out scenes is known as:

collaborative pretend play.

Once they achieve _____, children can reason about substances and physical reality in a more adult way.

concrete operations

Professor Mary tests children's reasoning abilities. She changes the shape of a mound of clay in front of a child and asks if the quantity of clay has changed. Professor Mary is investigating cognitive abilities using a _____ task.

conservation

____ refers to a child's knowledge that one can pour a substance from a tall, thin glass into a short, wide glass, and there will still be the same amount of liquid.

conservation

In Piaget's _________, preoperational children believe that when the shape of a substance has changed, the amount of it has changed.

conservation tasks

Girls' play often involves:

cooperating and collaborating in small groups.

What is the middle-childhood psychosocial task, according to Erikson?

industry

Which psychosocial task involves bending to adult reality and needing to work for what we want?

industry

According to Vygotsky, thinking is a form of:

inner speech

Support for the notion of _____ comes from listening to young children monitor their actions.

inner speech

Vygotsky believed that we learn everything through:

inner speech.

The mean length of utterance refers to the number of _____ in a sentence.

morphemes

The meaning units of a language are its:

morphemes

The smallest unit of meaning in a particular language.

morphemes

An error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too broadly.

overextension

An error in early language development, in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like regular forms.

overregularization

When 3-year-old Edward's father asked his son what he had done that day, Edward replied, "I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." These classic language mistakes are called:

overregularization

The sound units that convey meaning in a given language.

phonemes

Five-year-old Casey believes that a drinking glass now holds more juice simply because it was poured into a taller glass. Casey is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

preoperational

Humans begin to develop an autobiographical memory, which is the sense that they have a personal past history as well as ongoing selves, during:

preschool

Gender-segregated play begins during:

preschool and increases in elementary school

Aliyah thinks that her sister is a princess when she wears a tiara in her hair and a servant when she wears old clothes. Aliyah is in the _____ stage and is probably _____.

properations; in preschool

Children who have experienced abuse often have memory failure when it comes to their autobiographical memories. Freud would call this:

repression

Young children lack the concept of ________, the understanding that an operation can be performed in the opposite direction.

reversibility

During childhood boys and girls are:

roughly the same size

James and Sarah are both 8 years old. Statistically speaking, James is:

roughly the same size as Sarah

Gender schema theory suggests that once children understand their gender label, they: get reinforced for doing gender-stereotyped activities. selectively attend to the activities of their own sex. get reinforced for acting like girls or boys. selectively attend to the activities of the opposite sex.

selectively attend to the activities of their own sex.

Collaborative pretend play involves ______ and develops around age _____.

two children fantasizing together; 4

Piaget's concept of egocentrism means that young children are:

unable to consider another's point of view

Piaget _____ young children's cognitive capabilities. overestimated accurately measured exaggerated underestimated

underestimated

Taylor is 3 years old and has a cat named Rudy. In the car, Taylor's mother says, "Look! There is a cat." Taylor replies, "That not cat, that not Rudy!" Taylor's semantic mistake is called a(n):

underextension

The _______ suggests that learning occurs when adults tailor instruction to a child's capacities and then use scaffolding to gradually promote independent performance.

zone of proximal development