Human Development Exam Ch 5-8

Which scenario BEST illustrates prosocial behavior?

Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick

When parents frequently remind their children of their positive accomplishments, it is common for children to develop:

protective optimism.

Tim, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. Tim's description demonstrates his developing:

self-concept.

According to Erikson's theory, which factor(s) help(s) young children demonstrate initiative?

neurological maturity and a longer attention span

Dave has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Dave flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." When Dave asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies "Yes" because he has:

not mastered the concept of conservation

Which of these is an example of "secondary prevention"?

not rushing a child

Tamy, Marla, and Maria are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in?

sociodramatic play

Freud's term for the formation of a conscience that internalizes parental morals is:

the superego.

"According to theory-theory..."

theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be

A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called

theory of mind.

Brianna understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Brianna has developed:

theory of mind.

"Humans seek reasons..."

theory-theory

Language shift occurs when _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one.

theory-theory

In neuroscience terms, neurons have two types of impulses

activate-inhibit.

"Preoperational Intelligence:"

allows children to think in symbols

Emotional regulation is also referred to as:

effortful control

"Piagetian term"

egocentrism

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age:

initiative versus guilt.

Instead of accident prevention, health workers prefer the term:

injury control.

"According to Vygotsky's theory"

the zone

"between the ages of 2 and 6...well nourished"

4-5 ; 3

At what age does any specific disease overtake accidents as a cause for human mortality?

40

Which scenario BEST demonstrates the behaviorist theory regarding gender development?

Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks.

What is the hallmark of prosocial behavior?

It is done to help another without any benefit for oneself.

_____ makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do.

Protective optimism

The individual MOST likely to have grown up with permissive parents is:

Raul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control.

James sees his friends Evan and Liam playing a quiet game of blocks. James wants to engage in some rough-and-tumble play, so he grabs one of the blocks and runs a few feet away, looking over his shoulder and displaying a play face. How are Evan and Liam likely to respond?

They will chase James and play wrestle.

After seeing her new haircut for the first time, Tamara began crying inconsolably. She cried, "You turned me into a boy!" Tamara's statement is an example of:

a focus on appearance.

"MOST teacher directed..."

academics

Age 40 is notable because it is the first age at which:

any specific disease overtakes accidents as a cause for human mortality.

As a father, Aiden rates low on nurturance and communication and high on maturity demands. He exhibits the _____ style of parenting.

authoritarian

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is:

authoritarian.

Annelle's usual bedtime is 8:30 P.M., and her parents enforce this rule. One evening, Annelle is watching an educational program that ends at 9 P.M. She asks her parents if she can stay up to watch the end of the show. Her parents agree to let her stay up as long as she gets up in time for school in the morning. Which parenting style are Annelle's parents demonstrating?

authoritative

Which theory focuses on how children learn acceptable behaviors for their gender?

behavioral theory

"Sunnymont Preschool..."

child-centered

"Which strategy predicts reading achievement..."

code-focused teaching

Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about gender roles as opposed to the children's observable behaviors are _____ theorists.

cognitive

Yuri is the mother of 3-year-old Decha. Yuri shows Decha two equal balls of Play-Doh and determines that he views them as both the same. She then rolls one of the balls into a long "snake" and asks Decha if the amounts of clay are still the same or if one is different. Decha replies, "The snake has more Play-Doh now!" Decha's reply indicates that he does not yet understand:

conservation.

"Rianna 11 months old.."

critical period

"Amygdala brain structure"

emotions

Which theory states that gender role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce?

evolutionary theory

The four dimensions of a parenting style described by Diana Baumrind are warmth, discipline, communication, and:

expectations for maturity

A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called

fast mapping

Psychological control as a means of discipline relies on a child's:

feelings of shame, guilt, and gratitude.

"4 year old Colin..."

focus on appearance

Based on what you know about the immaturity of the amygdala in early childhood, what is a likely experience that many young children have?

frightening nightmares

Four-year-old Amelia wants to play with her brother Tom's trucks. Tom is 6, and he tells her she can't play with them because she's a girl. Tom's refusal is based on his:

gender schema

A child's cognitive understanding of sex differences would be his or her:

gender schema.

Knowledge of _____ is essential for learning how to speak, read, and write.

grammar

The idea that child maltreatment is rare and perpetuated by disturbed strangers:

has been disproved by research.

When would a time-out be the MOST effective discipline strategy?

if the child enjoys being with other people

What was Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool?

individual achievement

Danielle hired an expert to help her "baby-proof" her house for her increasingly mobile toddler. The expert emphasized that when striving to protect toddlers from injury, it is important to think about _____ instead of _____.

injury control; accident prevention

According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:

interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task.

Mildred Parten described play as:

intrinsic

Skye frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Skye rarely plays the piano. Skye's motivation:

is mostly extrinsic.

The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called:

lateralization.

Which strategy is MOST effective in preventing injury in young children?

laws mandating primary prevention

At preschool, 4-year-old Mark rarely joins his peers at play. Instead, he tends to carefully observe his classmates as they transition from one play center to the next. According to Mildred Parten, Mark is engaged in _____ play.

onlooker

"Studies of maltreated children..."

permanently damage brain pathways

Studies of maltreated children suggest that excessive stress-hormone levels in early childhood

permanently damage brain pathways

Alanna is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children, whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:

permissive.

Many developmentalists believe that _____ is the most productive as well as the most enjoyable activity that children undertake.

play

Dexter, age 4, speaks differently to his baby sister than to his teacher. This indicates that he understands some of the practical uses of language. Dexter is developing an understanding of:

pragmatics.

"Piaget referred ages 2-6..."

preoperational

"Which statement..exposure to stress..."

some stress but not too much

"When children assume the world is unchanging"

static reasoning

The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called:

static reasoning

_____ is a major problem decay

sugar

Only after a child has developed theory of mind can he or she:

tell a lie

With respect to child maltreatment, permanency planning is a _____ level of prevention.

tertiary

Debra is 3 years old and says frequently that she wants to "marry daddy." According to psychoanalytic theory, this is a manifestation of:

the Electra complex.

"left side notices ___ right side notices ___..."

the details; emotions

The MOST common discipline technique for a child's misbehavior that North American parents use with preschool children is:

time-outs.

"Leroy...teacher directed preschool"

working on a long-term