Human Geography Chapter 3

Interregional migration in Canada

- Canada has had interregional migration primarily from east to west for nearly two centuries.

Civil rights (migration policy disputes)

Americans favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone they suspect of being an unauthorized immigrant. On the other hand, they fear that enforcement efforts that identify and deport unauthorized immigrants could violate the civil rights of US citizens.

Interregional Migration

movement from one region of a country to another - main type is movement from rural to urban areas in search of jobs.

pull factor

induces people to move into a new location

push factor

induces people to move out of their present location

asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Immigration

is migration to a location

Key modifications in the U.S. quotas have included:

- 1924: for each country that had native born persons already living in the United States, 2% of their number could immigrate each year. This ensured that most immigrants would come from Europe. - 1965: quotas for individual countries were replaced with hemisphere quotas - 1978: a global quota of 290,000 was set, including a maximum of 20,000 per country - 1990: the global quota was raised to 700,000

Age of Migrants

- a relatively high share of U.S. immigrants are young adults. People between the ages of 20 and 39 comprise 49% of recent immigrants, compared to only 27% of the entire U.S. population - only 5% of recent U.S. immigrants are over age 65, compared to 14% of the entire U.S. population. However in developing countries, immigrants are more likely to be elderly- only 6% of the total population but 8% of immigrants - children under age 20 comprise 21% of immigrants, only slightly lower than the 26% share in the total U.S. population. In developing countries, immigrants are much less likely to be children, people under age 20 comprise 35% of the total population but only 23% of the migrants

1850-1890: rushing to the gold (changing center of population)

- the population shifted westward more rapidly in this period. - the principal pull to California was the gold rush, which began in the late 1840s - pioneers during this period also passed the Great Plains. The region's dry climate, lack of trees, and tough grassland sod convinced early explorers such as Zebulon Pike that the region was unfit for farming, and maps at the time labeled the Great Plains as the great American desert.

Exceptions to quotas in the U.S.

- the quota doesn't apply to refugees, who are admitted if they are judged genuine refugees - also admitted without limit are spouses, children, and parents of US citizens

1900-1940: filling in the Great Plains (changing center of population)

- the westward movement of the U.S. population center slowed during this period because emigration from Europe to the east coast offset most of the emigration from the east coast to the U.S. west. - immigrants began to fill in the Great Plains that earlier generations bypassed. Advances in agricultural technology enabled people to cultivate the area. - farmers used barbed wire to reduce dependence on wood fencing, the steel plow to cut the thick sod, and wind mills and well drilling equipment to pump more water. - the expansion of the railroads encouraged settlement of the Great Plains - the federal gov gave large land grants to the railroad companies, which financed construction of their lines by selling portions to farmers - the extensive rail network then permitted settlers to transport their products to the large concentrations of customers in east coast cities.

1800-1840: Crossing the Appalachians (changing center of population)

- transportation improvements such as the building of canals helped to open the interior. Most important was the Erie Canal, which enables people to travel inexpensively by boat between New York City and the Great Lakes. - encouraged by the opportunity to obtain a large amount of land at a low price, people moved into forested river valleys between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River. They cut down the trees and used the wood to build homes, barns, and fences.

Two factors contribute to the larger share of female migrating to developed countries than theorized by Ravenstein:

1. Because most people migrate to developed countries for job opportunities, the high percentage of women in the labor force in these countries logically attracts a high percentage of female immigrants 2. Some developed countries have made it possible for wives to join husbands who have already immigrated.

Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.

1. Colonial settlement in the seventeen and eighteenth centuries 2. Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 3. Asian and Latin American immigration in the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries

The U.N. classifies countries according to four types of immigration policies:

1. Maintain the current level of immigration 2. Increase the level 3. Reduce the level 4. No policy

Controversy on what to call illegal immigrants

1. Unauthorized immigrant is the term preferred by academic observers, including the authoritative Pew Hispanic Center, as a neutral term 2. Undocumented immigrant is the term preferred by some of the groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals. 3. Illegal alien is the term preferred by some of the groups that favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration laws.

Stage 3 of migration transition

High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

Stage 4 of migration transition

High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

U.S. Immigration at independence

Immigration came from two principal places: 1. Europe- according tot the 1790 census 62% of immigrants came from Europe, and of those, 45-50% came from United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. 2. Sub-Saharan Africa- 38% of immigrants had been shipped as slaves from Africa to the colonies. Importation of Africans was made illegal in 1808 but another 250,000 were brought during the next half century

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Where are the highest in-migration rates of all?

Petroleum-exporting countries of southwest Asia, attract immigrants primarily from poorer countries in Asia.

Local Initiatives (migration policy disputes)

Polls show that most Americans believe that enforcement of unauthorized immigration is a federal government responsibility and do not support the use of local law enforcement officials to find unauthorized immigrants. On the other hand, residents of some states along the Mexican border favor stronger enforcement of authorized immigration.

The United Nations high commission for refugees (UNHCR)

Recognizes refugees, internally displaced persons (IDP), and asylum seekers as three groups of people who are forced to migrate for political reasons.

Migration transition

Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition. - identified by Wilbur zelinsky - is a change in the migration pattern in society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. - international migration=countries in stage 2 - internal migration = stage 3&4

Mobility

General term covering all types of movements from one place to another.

Guest workers

Germany and other wealthy European countries operated guest worker programs, in which immigrants from poorer countries are allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs. - the guest worker programs, operated mainly during the 1960s and 1970s were expected to be examples of circular migration. - the term guest worker is no longer used in Europe and the government programs no longer exist

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.

Refugee

Has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Stage 1 of migration transition

High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food

Stage 2 of migration transition

High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Migration

Is a permanent move to a new location.

Emigration

Is migration from a location.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas - results in part from very rapid expansion of suburbs - evidence of counter-urbanization can be seen in the Rocky Mountain states where they have experience net in migration in rural counties.

Have net in-migration

North America, Europe, southwest Asia, and the South Pacific

Migration patterns in Europe

- the flow of migrants is primarily from east to west - largest flow is from Romania to Italy - agreements among european countries, especially the 1985 schengen treaty, give a citizen of one European country the right to hold a job, live permanently , and own property elsewhere. - several European countries have erected fences, imposed border checks, and shit down train lines in order to limit the number of people entering

Brain drain

A large scale emigration by talented people

Internal migration

A permanent move within the same country

Border patrols (migration policy disputes)

Americans would like more effective border patrols as that fewer unauthorized immigrants can get into the country, but they don't want to see money spent to build more senses along the border. The US department of homeland security has stepped up enforcement, including deportation of a record 438,421 unauthorized immigrants in 2013.

Floodplain

An area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends. People living in the "100 year floodplain", for example, can expect flooding on average once every century.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration - the principal obstacle traditionally faced by migrants to other countries was environmental: the long, arduous, and expensive passage over land or sea.

Deserification

Deterioration of land to a desert like condition typically due to human actions is called desertification, or more precisely semiarid land degradation.

Circulation

Doing short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually

Three objectives of migration

Economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

Have net out-migration

Latin America, Africa, and all regions in Asia except for southwest Asia

Unauthorized immigrants

Many who cannot legally enter the United States immigrate illegally. Those who do so are entering without proper documents and thus are called unauthorized immigrants.

Population center

The average location of everyone in the country, the "center of population gravity". If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin.

U.S. quota laws

The era of unrestricted immigration to the United States ended when congress passed the quota act in 1921 and the national origins act in 1924. These laws established quotas

Two types of internal migration

interregional and intraregional

Chain migration

The migration of people to a specific location because relatives of members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Remittance

The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which them emigrated - total of $550 billion in 2013; increasing by 10% annually

Two types of international migration

Voluntary and forced

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants - if the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, the net migration is positive (net in-migration) - if the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, the net migration is negative (net out-migration)

circular migration

the temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment - however rather than circular migrants, many immigrants who arrived originally under the guest worker program have remained permanently in Europe.

U.S immigration: late twentieth to early twenty first centuries

More than 3/4 of the recent immigrants have emigrated from: 1. Latin America- around 13 million migrated in the past half century, compared to only 2 million in the two preceding centuries. 2. Asia- around 7 million asians migrated in the past half century, compared to only 1 million in the two preceding centuries. Immigrants are from: china, Philippines, India, Vietnam

Workplace (migration policy disputes)

Most Americans recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs that no one else wants, so they support some type of work related program to make them legal, and they oppose raids on workplaces in attempts to round up unauthorized immigrants. Most Americans support a path to US citizenship for unauthorized immigrants.

Intraregional Migration

Movement within one region - main type of this movement is within urban areas, from older cities to newer suburbs

Voluntary migration

Means that the migrant has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, though sometimes for environmental reasons

Information about unauthorized immigrants, according to Pew Hispanic Center

- Distribution: California and Texas have the largest number of unauthorized immigrants. Nevada has the largest percentage. - source country: more that 1/2 of the unauthorized immigrants emigrate from Mexico. Remainder are from other Latin American countries and other regions of the world. - children: the 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants included 1 million children. While living in the US unauthorized immigrants have given birth to about 4.5 babies - years in the U.S.: the duration of residency in the United States has been increasing for unauthorized immigrants. - labor force: about 8 million unauthorized immigrants are employed in the US, accounting for around 5% of the total U.S. civilian labor force.

Gender of migrants

- Males were more likely to migrate long distance because searching for work was the main reason for international migration, and males were more likely than females to be employed. - the above statement held true during the 19th and much of the 20th century, when about 55% were male. But female immigrants to the U.S. began to outnumber male immigrants around 1970, and they now comprise 55% of the total.

U.S. immigration: mid nineteenth to early twentieth centuries

- between 1820 and 1920, 32 million people immigrated to the U.S. Nearly 90% of them emigrated from Europe. 1. 1840s and 1850s: Ireland and Germany- 3/4 of immigrants in these 2 decades came from Ireland and Germany. Economic push factors compelled the Irish and Germans to emigrate and also Germans emigrated to escape political unrest. 2. 1870s: Ireland and Germany- emigration from Ireland and Germany resumed following a temporary decline during the U.S. civil war (1861-1865) 3. 1880s: Scandinavia- immigration increased to 500,000 per year. Swedes and Norwegians started migrating to the U.S. The industrial revolution diffused to Scandinavia, triggering a rapid population increase 4. 1905-1914: southern and Eastern Europe- annual immigration to the U.S. reached 1 million. 2/3 of the immigrants during this period came from southern and Eastern Europe, especially Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary.

Migration from urban to rural areas

- developed countries witnessed in the late twentieth century that more people immigrated to rural areas than emigrate out of them. - people move from urban to rural areas for lifestyle reasons.

Because the number of applicants for admission to the U.S. exceeds the quotas, Congress has set preferences:

- family reunification: about 3/4 of immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the United States. The typical wait for a spouse to gain entry is currently about 5 years. - skilled workers: exceptionally talented professionals receive most of the remainder of the quota. - diversity: a few immigrants are admitted by lottery under a diversity category for people from countries that historically sent few people to the US.

1790: hugging the coast (Changing center of population)

- few colonists went far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and to export raw materials. - the Appalachian mountains blocked western development because of their steep slopes, thick forests, and few gaps that allowed easy passage. - the native Americans still occupied large areas and resisted the expansion of settlement.

Three largest flows of migrants

- from Latin America to North America - from South Asia to Europe - from South Asia to southwest Asia - migration from Mexico to the U.S. is the largest flow from a single country to another.

Attitudes toward immigrants in Europe

- immigrants comprise about 8% of Europes population, including 4% who migrated from one European country to another and 4% who emigrated to Europe from elsewhere in the world.

Migration from rural to urban areas

- migration from rural to urban areas began in the 1800s in Europe and North America as part of the industrial revolution. - urbanization has diffused to developing countries of Asia, Latin America, and Africa - most people who move from rural to urban areas seek economic advancement - they are pushed from rural areas by decking opportunities in agriculture and are pulled to the cities by the prospect of work in factories or in service industries

Interregional migration in china

- more than 150 million Chinese have emigrated from rural areas in the interior of the country. They are headed for the large urban areas along the east coast, where jobs are especially plentiful in factories. - the government once severely limited the ability of Chinese people to make interregional moves, but restrictions have been lifted in recent years.

Interregional migration in Brazil

- most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near the east coast. - to increase the attractiveness of the interior, the government moved its capital in 1960 from rio to brasilia. - the coastal areas now have net out migration, whereas the interior areas have net in migration

government immigration policies

- most countries have adopted selective immigration policies that admit some types of immigrants but not others - the two reasons that most visas are granted are for specific employment placement and family reunification.

Migration from urban to suburban areas

- most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs. - the population of most cities in developed countries have declined since the mid twentieth century, while suburbs have grown rapidly. - nearly twice as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year as migrate from suburbs to cities. - people are pulled to suburban areas by the lifestyle. - as a result of suburbanization, the territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded. To accommodate suburban growth, farms on the periphery of urban areas are converted to housing and commercial developments, where new roads, sewers, and other services must be built.

Ravenstein's Laws

- most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country - long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity - most people migrate for economic reasons - cultural and environmental reasons also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic reasons. - most long distance migrants were male - most long distance migrants were adult individuals rather than families with children

1950-2010: Moving South

- the population center resumed a more vigorous westward migration. - it also moved southward, as Americans migrated to the south for job opportunities and warmer climate - the rapid growth of population and employment in the south has aggravated interregional problems. Some people in the northeast and Midwest believe that southern states have stolen industries from them. In reality, some industries have relocated from the northeast and Midwest, but most of the south's industrial growth comes from newly established companies. - interregional migration has slowed considerably in the United States into the twenty first century. - regional differences in employment prospects have become less dramatic. - the severe recession of 2008-2009 discouraged people form migrating because of limited job prospects in all regions.

Interregional migration in Russia

- the population of Russia is highly clustered in the western, or European, portion of the country. - interregional migration has been an important tool to promote development in the Asian portion of the country. - during the Soviet Union period, communist policy encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than near major population concentrations. - in recent years, interregional migration has reversed, with net in migration to the European regions, where the largest cities and job opportunities are clustered.

How much of the population is international migrants?

214 million people; 3% of the world's population

Quotas

Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States during a one year period.

Forced migration

Means that the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors.