human growth 3 & 4

The text proposes ______ life stages.

11

In what age span are women least likely to experience complications in childbirth?

16-35

The most vulnerable period of prenatal development to teratogens is the

3-9 weeks

Heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy is defined as more than ____________ milligrams per day.

300

About how many years of potential childbearing are there for healthy women?

35

The length of a typical human pregnancy is

38 weeks from ovulation.

After fertilization, about how long does it take before the embryo is implanted in the uterus?

6 days

In a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, what was one of the findings?

A positive family environment could not compensate for the negative effects of alcohol exposure.

Which of the following statements about developmental tasks is most accurate?

Achieving developmental tasks in one stage contributes to greater chances of achieving developmental tasks of future stages.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of stages?

All individuals follow the same stage sequence.

Which of the following statements reflects a psychosocial stage approach to development?

All of these reflect a psychosocial approach.

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning life expectancy and psychosocial theory?

As life expectancy increases, it is expected that developmental tasks may need reexamination.

Dr. Know and Dr. No were discussing the merits of psychosocial theory while drinking lattés. Dr. Know asserted that the basic concepts of psychosocial theory were not well developed or defined. Dr. No concurred and felt that the theory was further hampered because its concepts were based on its European American male context. As a student of human development, how would you characterize these comments?

Both comments are accurate portrayals of the weaknesses associated with the theory.

How might genetic counseling influence the gene pool?

Deciding not to have children decreases the incidence of a disease over time.

Who is considered the developer of psychosocial theory?

Erik Erikson

Joel just graduated from college and is about to start his first job as a family life educator. He has planned to ask his college sweetheart to marry him after about 3 months in his new job. When Joel came home last weekend, he learned that his parents are divorcing, and each parent plans to dedicate more time to career. According to psychosocial theory, a combination of Joel's needs for development and the unexpected divorce of his parents may lead to

Joel needing to revisit and reinterpret earlier psychosocial stages.

Which of the following examples best illustrates the idea of a sensitive period?

Language is more readily learned during the first four years of life; afterward it becomes more difficult to acquire language skills.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between developmental tasks and the psychosocial crisis?

Mastery of developmental tasks is influenced by the resolution of the psychosocial crisis.

Which of the following statements about the negative pole of the psychosocial crisis is most accurate?

Most people experience both the negative as well as the positive poles of each psychosocial crisis.

What is known about the effects of cesarean delivery on mothers?

Mothers who had a cesarean delivery are less satisfied with their childbirth experiences.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of developmental stages in psychosocial theory?

Once a stage is passed, there is no way to review or reinterpret events from that stage.

In developing the eight stages, Erik Erikson's utilized

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages.

Which of the following statements best describes Erikson's view of stages of development?

Stages form a sequence.

Which of the following statements is considered a strength of Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages?

Stages incorporate biological and societal influences.

Which of the following is not considered a strength of psychosocial theory?

Supporting research is gender neutral.

Which of the following statements best describes the central process, an organizing concept of psychosocial theory?

The central process helps to resolve the psychosocial crisis.

Which of the following statements about the psychosocial crisis is most accurate?

The psychosocial crisis is expressed as polarities with positive and negative ends on a continuum.

Which of the following statements best describes the pattern of change in the radius of significant relationships from infancy through adolescence?

The range and variety of significant relationships expand.

Which of the following statements about psychosocial stages is most accurate?

The way one perceives and experiences life varies qualitatively from stage to stage.

Which one of the following is an example of how genetic factors influence a child's environment?

Tina is very sociable and outgoing. She loves to have friends over to the house who also get to play with her baby, Joe.

Erik H. Erikson was not influenced by which of the following researchers?

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Which of the following is a risk of smoking during pregnancy?

Women who smoke are at greater risk for miscarriages and stillbirths.

The epigenetic principle refers to

a biological plan for growth.

The term radius of significant others refers to

a network of relationships important to an individual.

Which phrase best describes psychosocial crisis?

a normal set of stresses and strains

A developmental stage is best defined as

a period of life that is characterized by a specific underlying organization

Which of the following is considered an example of how a person might anticipate the challenges and roles of a future stage?

a preschool child pretends to get married and have a family

Stages during the first trimester include

a. germinal period. b. embryonic period. c. fetal period. d. all of the above.

Children conceived in poverty have the highest risk of infant mortality because

a. their mothers receive poorer quality prenatal care. b. their mothers are exposed to more toxins during the prenatal period. c. their mothers are likely to experience malnutrition. d. all of these

Psychosocial theory is considered a stage theory because at each stage

accomplishments from previous stages provide resources for mastering challenges at new stages.

When Alana was 2 years old, she was able to burp at the dinner table because she was considered 'a kid.' Now at age 16, Alana is expected to be polite at the dinner table. This is an example of

age-graded expectations.

Jeanette could use all of the following to illustrate the relationship between psychosocial theory and psychosocial evolution except

biological evolution.

Which one of the following symptoms are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

central nervous system disorders

Problem-focused coping refers to

changing something about the source of stress

Developmental tasks can be viewed as

competencies that lead to mastery of the environment.

Which of the following terms refers to an individual's active efforts to resolve stress and find new solutions to challenges?

coping

The ability to enlist affective and behavioral strategies is a key element of

coping behavior.

Izekial was preparing for his marriage at the age of 13. His upcoming marriage is typical of his peers in Iran. This example best illustrates which of the following influences of developmental tasks?

cultural values

Which of the following is most influential in the demands for growth based on developmental tasks?

cultural values

The uterine contractions during the birth process serve two central functions—one is dilation. The other is

effacement.

The authors of the text, Newman and Newman, expanded the number of life stages in Erikson's original theory to ________ stages.

eleven

In Erikson's original model, life stages were given names but no ages because Erikson wanted to

emphasize an individual developmental timetable as unique, guided by biological maturation and cultural expectations.

Erikson suggested that there is a biological plan for growth which allows each function to emerge in a systematic way until the fully functioning organism is developed. What is this concept called?

epigenetic principle

Stefan grew up celebrating Kwanza and Christmas based on cultural influences on his family. His family shared socially standardized ways to celebrate these holidays based on their

ethnic group membership

Children imitate only adults and siblings.

false

Imitation is the central process for psychosocial growth during adolescence.

false

Socioeconomic status does not affect a person's ability to cope.

false

Which of the following are discussed as the three primary social contexts for development

family, culture, and ethnic group

For most children, the primary social context of childhood is

family.

Psychosocial evolution is best described as

gathering knowledge from ancestors and passing it to future generations

Which of the following behaviors is first observed during the second trimester?

grasp reflex

Which characteristic is transmitted through a specific gene pool?

hair color

The central process in psychosocial theory refers to

how a person resolves a psychosocial crisis.

According to psychosocial theory, development occurs as a result of which of the following crises?

interaction between individual needs and societal demands

As an organizing framework, psychosocial theory is useful because

it assumes people actively contribute to their development

Child rearing practices, education, and modes of communication are examples of_ ______________________.

methods of transmitting information

Sometimes, early in the gestational process, a single fertilized egg divides and separates. Two individuals with exactly the same chromosomal composition begin to form. This results in

monozygotic twins.

According to the epigenetic principle, the succession of psychosocial crises

occurs in a predictable sequence over the life course

Psychosocial crises arise because

of a discrepancy between a person's competence and societal expectations.

About how large is the human embryo at the end of the second month following fertilization?

one inch

Which of the following is not one of the six basic concepts of psychosocial theory as defined by the text?

operational definition

Terms such as hope, will, competence, care, and wisdom are examples of which of the following terms?

prime adaptive ego qualities

The stage theory concept

proposes a specific direction of development

Core pathologies

protect the person from unwanted interaction with the societal system.

Which of the following terms refer to the tension that is experienced as a person strives to adjust to societal demands at each life stage of development?

psychosocial crisis

Which of the following terms refers to the tension between an individual's ability at the beginning of a stage and social expectations for how the person should function at that life stage?

psychosocial crisis

According to psychosocial theory, prior to the end of each life stage, individuals try to adjust to societal demands based on their personal terms. This process produces tension that must be reduced in order to develop to the next stage. This tension produces

psychosocial crisis.

Which of the following terms refers to the transmission of values and knowledge across generations?

psychosocial evolution

An important aspect of coping is the ability to redefine the meaning or value of a stressful situation. This process is referred to as

reappraisal.

The key function of the radius of significant relationships is to

recognize the demands of society brought to bear on the individual.

Mastery of developmental tasks is most influenced by

resolution of previous psychosocial crises

Psychosocial theory focuses on the interaction between individual needs and abilities and

social expectations and demands

Robert Havighurst introduced the concept of developmental tasks and argued that developmental tasks change with age because

society has age-graded expectations.

Ellie received a 'big' bike for her birthday without training wheels attached. She was eager and apprehensive about riding her new bike. According to Havighurst, this is considered an example of a

teachable moment.

When does the differentiation of the sex organs occur in fetal development?

the fetal period

Psychosocial theory presents human development as a product of

the interaction between biological and psychological needs and societal expectations

Which of the following is not a factor in understanding how a person copes?

the meaning of the stressor

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period associated with pregnancy?

the placenta is formed

The final psychological adaptation stage of the birth process is

the postpartum period.

Coping is a process that begins with appraising a situation.

true

Core pathologies can lead to a paralysis of action and thought that prevents productivity.

true

Erikson suggested that previous stages can be reinterpreted later.

true

Imitation can help toddlers exercise some control over potentially confusing events.

true

Imitation moves a child toward autonomy

true

Psychosocial theory predicts that self-concept and worldview are reorganized at each stage of life.

true

Which of the following uses of genetic technology is least controversial in today's society?

using gene therapy to treat a known disease

Prime adaptive ego qualities and core pathologies influence one's

worldview.