Human Growth & Development Chapter 14
In 1900, _____ of children 10 years old had four living grandparents; in 2000, _____ of children 10 years old had four living grandparents.
4%; 40%
In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, _____ of the divorced women said they initiated the divorce compared with only _____ of the divorced men.
66%; 41%
Which of the following statements about sibling relationships is TRUE?
It is rare for sibling closeness to develop for the first time in adulthood.
What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition?
Levinson reported that his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age hold for women as well as men.
Cathy and Miguel, in their late twenties, have been dating for six months. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship?
Security
Don and Ellie have been married for over 30 years. Their relationship has changed over the years in typical, predictable ways. Which of the following is likely to be MOST important in their relationship?
Security
In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for the adult?
Self-confidence
Which of the following aspects of life do middle-aged adults feel they have less control over?
Sex life
Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE?
Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics.
_____ develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation.
Stagnation
For the first time in his life, Austin, now 46 years old, is allowing himself to spend time to learn how to paint with watercolors. He has always considered this a feminine hobby and a waste of time because it doesn't make money. Levinson would say he is working through the conflict of:
being masculine versus being feminine
Abdiel has had three children, and he adores each one. He has found a way to connect with the interests of each of his children, spending time with them and sharing hobbies. According to Erikson, he has achieved:
biological generativity
Middle-aged adults feel they have less control over their:
children
The majority of sibling relationships in adulthood are:
close
Due to his son's financial and legal problems, Frank is now raising his grandchildren. As a result, Frank is at risk for developing:
depression
According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____
midlife
The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it:
placed too much emphasis on change
According to research on intergenerational relationships, adult children are the least likely to have similarities with their parents in all of the following EXCEPT in:
politics
William was one of those college guys who didn't know what he wanted to do, and at the time wasn't distressed about that. Being older in terms of his career development has him worried because, according to Levinson, by age 40, a man should have:
reached a stable point in his career
Whereas _____ is important in new relationships, especially in young adulthood, _____ becomes more important in middle adulthood.
romance; mutual emotional interest
Younger adults are more likely to experience _____ love and older adults are more likely to experience _____ love.
romantic; affectionate
Guillermo has taught his apprentices all the specialized techniques he has developed over the years as a carpenter. It makes him feel proud and useful to pass along what he has learned. According to Erikson, he has achieved _____ generativity.
work
James, 32 years old, is married, a father of one, and getting established in his career. He finds himself torn between obligations to his family and his employer, and often ponders where his loyalties are and where to draw boundaries. According to Levinson, he is entering the phase of BOOM, or:
"becoming one's own man."
Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from trusting to suspicious?
Agreeableness
According to Levinson, one of the changes to middle adulthood requires that the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is NOT one of these major conflicts?
Being attractive versus being unattractive
Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from disciplined to impulsive?
Conscientiousness
Which of the following is the conclusion of the study conducted by Costa and McCrae on approximately 1,000 college-educated men and women aged 20 to 96?
Considerable stability occurs in the five personality factors.
According to Levinson, which of the following is a major task that needs to be mastered in early adulthood?
Exploring the possibilities for adult living
Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role they thought they had shed?
Filling the "empty nest"
Which of the following is not a criticism of Levinson's work on midlife?
His statistical analysis was flawed.
According to research on intergenerational relationships, in which of the following ways is an adult child most likely to be similar to his or her parents?
In politics
Kayla and David have been married for over 30 years. Their relationship has changed over the years in typical, predictable ways. Which of the following is likely to be MOST important in their relationship?
Loyalty
Which of the following is FALSE regarding recent research on love and marriage in middle-age?
Marriages that were difficult and rocky in early adulthood tended to stay that way.
Which of the following is TRUE of middle-aged and older adults who had poor sibling relationships in childhood?
Men were more likely to develop depression by age 50.
According to the Almeida and Horn study, which of the following is the difference in the experience of stressors between young adults and middle-aged adults?
Middle-aged adults experienced more "overload" stressors.
Which of the following statements about research on the empty nest syndrome is TRUE?
Most couples do not experience it
Which of the following is consistent with the position of Margie Lachman and her colleagues regarding the differences in perspectives of younger and middle-aged adults?
Most midlife adults feel their sense of control is frequently challenged by outside demands.
According to research by Rossi, which of the following were found to have the closest relationships during their adult years?
Mothers and daughters
Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from secure to insecure?
Neuroticism
In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics generally changed the most across time for the adult?
Nurturance or hostility
Which of the following places individuals on a continuum from independent to conforming?
Openness
Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding grandparents' rights when their adult children divorce?
There is no debate that grandparents should be able to visit their grandchildren.
Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's views on midlife?
Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience midlife as a crisis.
Alexis is feeling the stress of a major life event—her daughter's wedding. Her already high blood pressure is soaring, causing her to worry. The contemporary life-events approach would consider her health issues to be:
a mediating factor
Kevin was in a serious car accident and knows this will be a life-changing event for him. Fortunately, he has a large, supportive family. The contemporary life-events approach would consider his family support to be:
a mediating factor
When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in:
a tend and befriend pattern.
Occasionally on the news there are stories of people who put their own lives on the line to save someone else. Not only are these people heroes, they are truly selfless in their actions. Their altruistic behaviors are most closely related to:
agreeableness
Vaillant's research showed that at age 50, the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 to 80 years of age were:
alcohol abuse and smoking
According to a recent study, middle-aged adults report more ______ when discussing caring for aging parents than when supporting their emerging adults.
ambivalence
The term not used in your textbook to describe middle-aged adults who care for their own adolescent or young adulthood children as well as their aging parents is the _____ generation.
ambivalent
Jesse is known for setting goals and achieving them. When faced with a challenge or problem he will tackle it quickly and directly. His great health is partly due to his running skills, but also to his attention to his nutrition. These characteristics are most closely related to:
conscientiousness
a recent study by Specht, Egloff, and Schukle found that _____ showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood.
conscientiousness
From about the ages of 28 to 33, a man goes through a transition period in which he must face the more serious question of:
determining his goals
Michael, 33 years old, is married, a father of two, and getting established in his career. He finds himself torn between obligations to his family and his employer, and often ponders where his loyalties are and where to draw boundaries. According to Levinson, he is:
determining his goals
Kevin's dream is to work with children as a physical therapist. He is committed to complete the years of higher education needed to achieve his dream, and stay active in volunteer work. According to Levinson, by planning the next few years of his life he is:
developing a stable life structure
Middle-aged partners are more likely to view their marriage as positive if they:
engage in mutual activities
Kevin's dream is to work with children as a physical therapist. By finding a summer internship at a camp for children with physical disabilities, Kevin is testing his dream in the real world. According to Levinson, he is:
exploring the possibilities for adult living
Shino is looking over her list of friends and family on Facebook. She feels good about the social support network she has developed. Her satisfaction in relationships is most closely related to:
extraversion
In personality research aiming to predict future well-being, _____ tends to be more positive years later, and _____ tends to be more negative years later.
extraversion; neuroticism
Dylan's father just passed away. He knows that he needs to arrange care for his mother and prepare his parents' house for sale. Even though he has an overwhelming list of tasks, he has withdrawn by going hiking for the day. He is responding in a typically male:
fight-or-flight manner
Steven's employer is downsizing and cutting jobs. He is worried about his future with the company. On his way home he purchases enough beer so that he'll be drunk by bedtime. He is responding in a typically male:
fight-or-flight manner
When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a:
fight-or-flight manner
Saeko is committed to the improvement of society as a whole through her connection with her children and grandchildren. She believes that by nurturing them to become productive and active citizens, she is making the world a better place. According to Erikson, she is:
generative
In a longitudinal study of Smith College women, the desire for _____ increased as the participants aged from their thirties to their fifties.
generativity
In a recent study by Cox and others, _____ was strongly linked to middle-aged adults' positive social engagement in contexts such as family life and community activities.
generativity
Joshua, now in midlife, has been a Boy Scout leader since his children were small. He is taking great pride in watching his son take a leadership position in the scouts. His son is fulfilling Joshua's needs for:
generativity
Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue that he termed:
generativity versus stagnation
Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises:
have been exaggerated
Victoria is so proud that her daughter wants to be a nurse, just like her mother. Victoria feels like her legacy will continue on in her daughter's work. Erik Erikson would describe this as meeting Victoria's need for generativity to achieve a sense of:
immortality
In terms of divorce in middle age, women age 40 to 59 reported being more _____ following divorce than men who became divorced during this age period.
lonely
Katelyn is a recent 43-year-old divorcee. She is likely to report feeling more _____ than her ex-husband, who is 45.
lonely
Chelsea has severe coronary heart disease. This condition is most closely linked to:
neuroticism
Sam is dealing with heroin addiction, and recently told his counselor that he turned to drugs because he's always gotten knocked down in life. These characteristics are most closely related to:
neuroticism
In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, the primary reason middle-aged and older men cited for wanting a divorce was:
no obvious problems; they just fell out of love
Levinson sees the twenties as a(n) _____ phase of adult development.
novice
A study of healthy women ages 63 to 93 years old regarding their daily experiences revealed that:
older women reported less frequent negative emotions.
Dr. Taylor has a very high IQ and several post-baccalaureate degrees. Even though she is pleasant to talk with, her vocabulary is challenging. These characteristics are most closely related to:
openness
As he looks back over his life, Chris realizes that his work was not as important to him as he believed, and that he lost too much valuable time with his children. If he could do it over again, he would work less and spend more time with his children. According to Erikson, Chris is experiencing some degree of:
stagnation
D'Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. They had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.
the empty nest syndrome
In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, divorced adults reported that they had generally stayed in their marriages and postponed their divorces because of:
their children
Megan and Bill have had a difficult marriage from the beginning. They finally divorced later in life. Their reason for staying together so long, consistent with a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, was because of:
their children
In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, the primary reason middle-aged and older women cited for wanting a divorce was:
verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
In a recent study, a higher level of _____ following an acute coronary event was linked to engaging in more physical activity.
optimism
In a recent study, a higher level of _____ following an acute coronary event was linked to fewer cardiac readmissions.
optimism
Vivian feels overwhelmed by her schedule. Aside from demands at work, she is responsible for getting her children to various events, taking care of her mother's shopping, and managing her household. According to the Almeida and Horn study, she is experiencing:
overload stressors
Jacqueline nurtures and guides her children. As a homeschool mother, she is in tune with both their education and social development. According to Erikson, she has achieved _____ generativity.
parental
Whereas _____ is important in new relationships, especially in young adulthood, _____ becomes more important in middle adulthood.
passion; security
For the first time in his life, Kevin, now 46 years old, is allowing himself to spend time to learn how to cook for his family. He has always considered this a feminine task and something he would never brag about. Levinson would say he is working through the conflict of:
being masculine versus being feminine
In Vaillant's longitudinal study, factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT:
being wealthy
Salvador, now 42 years old, ponders over what to wear, what to say, and what music to listen to. He knows that if he stays with what is comfortable, he will be seen as "old" to his kids and younger colleagues. At the same time, he doesn't want to feel like he belongs in the generation of his father. Levinson would say he is struggling with:
being young versus being old.
The _____ life-events approach focuses on the ways life events and the circumstances surrounding the events influence development.
contemporary
In terms of Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage, the achievement of generativity is linked to all of the following EXCEPT:
decreased stress
Joe finds himself revisiting questions he has had since high school about being young or old and taking risks or taking the typical route to adulthood. According to Levinson, Joe's transition to middle adulthood will last about _____ years.
five
According to Levinson, the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the:
formation of a dream
Madison is a 19-year-old college freshman. She chose a college close to home because her dream is to have a quiet life in the town she grew up in. According to Levinson, Madison is right on time in her:
formation of a dream
George Vaillant concludes that the _____ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.
forties
According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, _____ in middle-age was more strongly related than _____ to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age
generativity; intimacy
According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, _____ in middle-age was more strongly related than _____ to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age.
generativity; intimacy
A common complaint voiced by both adult children and their parents when adult children return home is a(n):
loss of privacy
a common complaint voiced by both adult children and their parents when adult children return home is a(n):
loss of privacy
One difference between earlier and current life-events approaches is that the later ones emphasize:
mediating factors
Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because:
middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents
Trevor and Michelle's last child has just left home to attend college. According to research, this will most likely be a time when:
they will spend more quality time together
Alexander is a 19-year-old college freshman. He has a dream of becoming a sports journalist and living a fast-paced professional life in a large city. According to Levinson, Alexander is right on time in his:
transition from dependence to independence.
