Human growth and development Nemcc

Descriptive Research includes:

All of the above

Current research on child development that uses one-way viewing screens and recording methods that do not disturb children are benefiting from the observational techniques first developed by

Arnold Gesell

Why do most women choose to have general prenatal screening before deciding whether or not to have more invasive testing?

Because invasive testing such as amniocentesis and CVS procedures can increase the risk of miscarriage and fetal damage.

Nils believes children learn language through reinforcement and repetition. With which school of thought do Nils' beliefs align?

Behaviorist

Which theory stresses the importance of studying a child the context of multiple environments?

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model

Nonnormative Influences are associated with a specific time period that defines the broader environmental and cultural context in which an individual develops.

False

What is the difference between anoxia and hypoxia?

Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage

According to Erikson's theory, children either develop a sense of competence, pride, and accomplishment or a sense of inadequacy during which stage of psychosocial development?

Industry versus Inferiority

Listed below are characteristics of physical domains in human development. Which one does not belong?

Language Development

Which of the following is true about complications that can be experienced during pregnancy?

Major complications often require special care and may include gestational diabetes and hypertension.

Millennials, those born between 1982 and 2000, are considered tech-savvy because they grew up with technology and rely on it for daily activities. Millennials are defined by characteristics that were formed while growing up with advancements in technology as part of their world and culture. Which of Baltes' contextual influences does this represent?

Normative History-Graded Influences

The Great Depression, WWII, and The Vietnam War are all examples related to which contextual influence?

Normative History-Graded Influences

Which of the following is a common critique of Piaget's work?

Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of children

dominated the field of psychiatry until the growth of behaviorism in the 1930s and proposed that personality forms during the first few years of life.

Sigmund Freud

Breastmilk confers immunities and health benefits to children. For a child to gain most of the health benefits of breastfeeding, a mother should try to maintain breastfeeding until the child is how old?

Six months

Which behavioral theory proposes that we learn new responses by observing others model the behavior?

Social Cognitive Theory

In the nature/nurture debate, those on the "nature" side would argue:

That who we are is determined by our genetics

Which of the following is true about the effects of heroin use during pregnancy?

The baby could be born with a heroin addiciton.

What is the primary focus of evolutionary psychology?

The ways in which universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time

What is the defining feature of chromosomes?

They contain genetic information from each parent.

Defense mechanisms are unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety.

True

Why is the stage of rapid vocabulary growth in toddlerhood often called the "naming explosion?"

Words the child adds to their repertoire are mostly nouns: people, places, and things.

Which of the following describes an allele?

a specific version of a gene

Shelby is talking with her doctor about prenatal screening. She wants to know what will be covered the screening. Which of the following is not a condition prenatal screening tests routinely screen for?

cancer

A researcher conducted an in-depth study of a child who was raised in isolation and had no contact with same-age peers until age 10. This researcher detailed the child's development in a number of spheres: physical/motor, language/cognitive, social and emotional. What kind of research method is this?

case study

Which of the following is the most common reason for spontaneous abortions or miscarriages?

chromosomal abnormalities

A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a(n)

conditioned response

A research advisor tells a graduate student. "Now theory, you can to test your hypotheses that you have developed hypotheses based on a

conduct research

In prenatal education class, an instructor informs parents that their child's development will be influenced by many factors, including biological, cognitive, social, and emotional factors. This instructor is addressing which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?

development is multidimensional

Which of the following pain relief methods is most common during birth?

epidural

Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development has been extended by Neo-Piagetian theorists who consider how

experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development

Which of the following describes a cause of premature birth?

infections

There are two types of gametes involved in reproduction: and,

male; female

As an elementary school student, Hayden's life revolves around learning and testing new academic skills, refining motor skills, and developing social relationships with friends and students outside of the family. Hayden is in the period of human development.

middle childhood

is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists.

object permanence

Which form of learning occurs when a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences that occur soon after the response?

operant conditioning

Shaylesa is learning about various approaches to childbirth. She is most interested in hypno-birthing and Lamaze. What is a key theme in both hypno- birthing and the Lamaze method?

relaxation and breathing

Attitudes towards children have evolved over time along with economic change and advancement.

social

Research design is

the strategy for deciding how to collect and analyze data

According to Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and cannot do without help is referred to as

the zone of proximal development

The (Darwin) refers to the survival and reproduction of organisms better suited for their environment over those poorly suited

theory of natural selection

Dendrites grow rapidly in infancy, making complicated neural networks possible, through a process called

transient exuberance

A baby loses weight shortly after birth. This is normal, as the child adjusts to life outside of the womb. Approximately what percentage of their total body weight does a child lose in these first few days?

5%

Childcare practices differ across cultures, and different practices have been found to influence when and how children reach certain developmental milestones, such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Which approach to human development is conveyed by this finding?

Development can follow a different each child.

Baltes' Lifespan Perspective Key Principles include all of the following except:

Development is flexible

The dependent variable is manipulated by the investigator and is expected to cause changes in another variable.

False

How do the chromosomes contained in a gamete differ from the chromosomes contained in other normal human cells?

Gametes have 23 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have 46.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to inherited physical characteristics.

a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory, often worded as an if-then statement.

Hypothesis

Which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol during prenatal development?

It can lead to a spectrum of symptoms that include both physical and behavioral abnormalities.

developed the theory of cognitive development (a stage theory) as a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence

Jean Piaget

Many popular quotes by famous people reference a "blank slate" as a platform and springboard for creativity. We may credit the popularity of this phrase to --- an early scholar of human development.

John Locke

At which point during prenatal development are the internal organs developed fully enough to allow the baby to survive outside the womb if born prematurely (age of viability)?

O 24 weeks

Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" test was designed to test what construct?

O Attachment style

What is the number one cause of pregnancy-related death in the United States?

O Cardiovascular diseases

This thick, nutrient-dense substance is produced during the first few days of breastfeeding, and helps a child build immunities.

O Colostrum

Which is the most compelling reason parents should introduce new solid foods to children one at a time?

O Food allergies may be present

Which stage of psychosexual development is associated with adolescence throughout adulthood?

O Genital Stage

Jonah, a 12-month-old, uses the shortened word, ba- to indicate he wants his bottle. What kind of speech does this shortened use of a word represent?

O Holophrasic speech

Biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age, such as puberty or menopause are related to

O Normative Age-Graded Influences

are basic units of speech, which make the smallest meaningful units of speech.

O Phonemes; morphemes

Research indicates that family education, income, and occupation strongly influence the academic achievement gap across racial/ethnic groups. Which contextual influence on development does this exemplify?

O Socioeconomic status

What is the primary function of gametes?

O They are the sex cells involved in reproduction.

A cohort is a group of people who are born at roughly the same time period in a particular society who experience the same historical events and cultural climates which influence their values, priorities, and goals.

O True

Cross-Sectional research designs are used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time.

O True

Theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for behavior and events that is used to make predictions about future observations.

O True

The experimental method is the only research method that can measure and relationships between variables.

O cause; effect

When describing how difficult it is for her patients to quit smoking. a specialist in substance abuse medicine states, "Smoking is associated with so many things, like waking up in the morning, after a meal, on breaks at work, when getting home at work. When my patients try to quit, everything that was associated with smoking makes them crave a cigarette." The specialist is describing

O classical conditioning

Parents track the number of new words their toddler learns each day and are surprised by how many new words their child has learned at the end of one month. By charting their child's language development, these parents are showing an interest in the of human development.

O cognitive domain

In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants and children, researchers are advised to

O design the study to be as short as possible

While most human development theorists and researchers have focused on infancy and childhood, and some on adolescence, others have explored development over the course of one's entire life, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that

O development is lifelong

Brain training programs, which are used to reverse cognitive decline seen in aging, capitalize on the brain's lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that

O development is plastic

A(n) approach to development has been criticized for equating the mind to a computer and for not taking into account the social context in which development takes place.

O information processing

Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed

O object permanence

Learning about the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes in each phase of human development across the lifespan helps us to more fully understand

O people

A pediatrician provides parents with a chart that plots changes in their child's height and weight over time. This growth chart represents in human development.

O physical domain

client's feelings, relationships, identity, and client and asks questions to better understand the A counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with personality. This counselor is exploring the human development.

O psychosocial domain

What event occurs at the end of the germinal period?

O the zygote is implanted into the uterus lining

According to Carl Rogers, parents can help their children achieve their ideal self by giving them or unconditional love in an environment that is free of preconceived notions of value and worth.

O unconditional positive regard

Piaget's stages of cognitive development include all of the following except:

Observational

When researchers select participants for their studies in a random way to ensure that all members have an equal chance of being selected, they are demonstrating which value of the scientific method?

The scientific method offers a systematic way to make comparisons and guard against bias.

What is the difference between á sperm and an egg?

The sperm is the male gamete, while the egg is the female gamete.

Which disorder is commonly associated with very low birth weight babies?

cerebral palsy

Which stage of labor is typically the longest?

first stage

A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on

unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties

During a test of cognitive ability, a student is asked to repeat a series of digits backwards. According to an information processing approach to cognitive development, this ability to retain information while actively manipulating it is an example of

working memory