Human growth and development quiz 1

Researchers conducted an experiment to study the effects of sleep training on sleep duration and quality. They randomly assigned some participants to a treatment condition where they received eight sessions of sleep enhancement training and some participants to a control condition where they did not receive the training. If the participants who received sleep enhancement training had better sleep duration and quality than the people who did not receive the training, then the researcher can conclude that the training works. What advantage of experimental research does this demonstrate? A. Experimental research allows the researcher to serve as a participant in the study. B. Experimental research uncovers as much as possible about a single person or situation. C. Experimental research reviews media (e.g., old texts, pictures) to explore patterns in behavior. D. Experimental research helps establish cause and effect relationships.

D. Experimental research helps establish cause and effect relationships.

Thompson uses observation and surveys to study how much time children spend playing outside. The objective of this research is to ________. A. formally test whether a relationship exists between time spent playing outside and some other variable. B. to explain why children play outside. C. randomly assign people to different conditions, then use hypothesis testing to make inferences about how these conditions influence time spent playing outside D. describe the occurrence of time spent playing outside

D. describe the occurrence of time spent playing outside

A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between sensitivity to negative information over positive (i.e., negativity bias) and hours of sleep at night (i.e., average total sleep time). Correlational research would allow this researcher to ________. A. explore a single case of someone with a negativity bias and insomnia in great detail B. determine if one variable, negativity bias, causes another variable, average total sleep time C. watch and record the actions of research participants and how they respond to daily events D. identify patterns of relationships between two variables, negativity bias and average total sleep time

D. identify patterns of relationships between two variables, negativity bias and average total sleep time

A counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with a client and asks questions to better understand the client's feelings, relationships, identity, and personality. This counselor is exploring the ________ of human development. A. cognitive domain B. lifespan domain C. physical domain D. psychosocial domain

D. psychosocial domain

As an elementary school student, Hayden's life revolves around learning and testing new academic skills, refining motor skills, and developing social relationships with friends and students outside of the family. Hayden is in the ________ period of human development. A. Elementary B. Early childhood C. Adolescence D. Middle Childhood

D. Middle Childhood

A researcher conducted an in depth study of a child who was raised in isolation and had no contact with same-age peers until age 10. This researcher detailed the child's development in a number of spheres: physical/motor, language/cognitive, social and emotional. What kind of research method is this? A. Case study B. Observational study C. Content Analysis D. Survey

A. Case study

In a health class for middle schoolers, the instructor discusses puberty, to the embarrassment of the students, and reviews the biological factors involved in how their bodies are changing, the cognitive factors involved in more advanced thinking skills, the emotional factors involved in regulating feelings, and the social factors involved in navigating relationships. This illustrates which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development? A. Development is multidimensional. B. Development has gains and losses. C. Development is multidisciplinary. D. Development is plastic.

A. Development is multidimensional.

In a prenatal education class, an instructor informs parents that their child's development will be influenced by many factors, including biological, cognitive, social, and emotional factors. This instructor is addressing which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development? A. Development is multidimensional. B. Development is changeable. C. Development has gains and losses. D. Development is lifelong.

A. Development is multidimensional.

A teenager bemoans, "My life is a roller coaster. I've got all this new stuff to think about and I'm not as good at things I used to do well. I think I'm making progress in one area, but I'm losing ground in another." This statement about alternating between gains and losses reflects which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development? A. Development is multidirectional. B. Development is multidimensional. C. Development is multidisciplinary. D. Development is plastic.

A. Development is multidirectional.

Brain training programs, which are used to reverse cognitive decline seen in aging, capitalize on the brain's lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________. A. Development is plastic B. development has gains and losses C. development is multidisciplinary D. development has socio-cultural influences

A. Development is plastic

A couple arrives at a research lab to participate in a research study of psychosocial factors related to relationship satisfaction. After they learn about the study they are asked to review a ________ Which reviews the procedures to be used in the research, any expected risks or benefits, and serves as a contract stating that they agree to participate in the research A. Informed consent statement B. Attribution prevention statement C. Recruitment agreement D. IRB approval statement

A. Informed consent statement

In a psychotherapy session, Adrienne talks with her therapist about the stress of raising two young children who are involved in competitive sports and preparing for standardized tests, while caring for her elderly parents who are experiencing ill health, including early signs of dementia. Adrienne's therapist normalizes her experience as part of the "sandwiched generation," sandwiched between caring for young kids and aging parents. Adrienne is in the ________ period of human development. A. Middle adulthood B. Early adulthood C. Mid-life crisis D. Late adulthood

A. Middle adulthood

In a study of empathy across young adulthood to older adulthood, researchers found a negative correlation (r= -.75) between empathy and age. How is this finding interpreted? A. Older adults tended to have lower empathy scores than younger adults. B. Older age causes adults to be less empathic. C. Older age causes adults to be more empathic. D. Older adults tended to have higher empathy scores than younger adults.

A. Older adults tended to have lower empathy scores than younger adults.

To examine the effectiveness of two types of interventions for anxiety, researchers randomly assigned participants to a 12-week course of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a 12-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program, or a waitlist control group. The researchers administered a standardized measure of anxiety to participants before and after the interventions or waitlist period. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable? A. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) B. Anxiety C. Mindfulness-based stress reduction D. Waitlist control group

B. Anxiety

Childcare practices differ across cultures, and different practices have been found to influence when and how children reach certain developmental milestones, such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Which approach to human development is conveyed by this finding? A. Development is a cumulative, smooth process of improvement. B. Development can follow a different course for each child. C. Development occurs in specific stages, at specific times or ages. D. Development is essentially the same, or universal, for all children.

B. Development can follow a different course for each child. C. Development occurs in

In a study of the effect of playing video games on sleep quality, researchers randomly assigned some participants to play an up-tempo video game for either one or three hours before bed. Other participants had no engagement with electronics in the time before bed. Then, the researchers assessed all the participants' sleep quality (e.g., number of awakenings, percentage of time in deep sleep) during an overnight sleep study. In this experiment, the time spent playing video games (e.g., one or three hours) is the ________. A. Dependent var B. Independent var C. Control group D. Experimental group

B. Independent var

A pediatrician provides parents with a chart that plots changes in their child's height and weight over time. This growth chart represents a ________ in human development. A. Psychosocial Domain B. Physical Domain C. Lifespan Domain D. Cognitive Domain

B. Physical Domain

Parenting advice from researchers has changed over time. Consider changes in recommendations for safe sleeping positions for infants. This demonstrates which value of the scientific method? A. The scientific method allows for agreement based on what others have told you or cultural ideas. B. The scientific method allows for continuous updating of information to support best practices. C. The scientific method allows for personal inquiry and drawing conclusions based on what we have personally experienced. D. The scientific method allows for validating our own experience by discussing what we think is true with others who share the same views.

B. The scientific method allows for continuous updating of information to support best practices.

Researchers build upon eachother's work by following up on suggested directions for future research and addressing limitations of previous studies. For example, a researcher might extend a study that was originally conducted with an urban sample to include people living in suburban and rural areas. Which value of the scientific method does this demonstrate? A. The scientific method allows for asking only those individuals with whom we are familiar to participate in a study. B. The scientific method facilitates the establishment of a literature or knowledge base. C. The scientific method allows for the researchers own biases and assumptions in reporting findings. D. The scientific method allows for theories that cannot be falsified.

B. The scientific method facilitates the establishment of a literature or knowledge base.

The National Institutes of Health released a large dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, or the ABCD Study. Now researchers from around the world have access to this data and can conduct ________ on various factors related to brain, cognitive, social, and emotional development. A. surveys B. secondary content analysis c. content analysis d. Observational studies

B. secondary content analysis

In a study of children, let's suppose that researchers found a positive correlation (r= .63) between creativity and resilience. How is this finding interpreted? A. Greater creativity causes children to be less resilient when they are faced with challenges. B. Children who score higher on measures of creativity tend to score lower on measures of resilience. C. Children who score higher on measures of creativity also score higher on measures of resilience. D. Greater creativity causes children to be more resilient when they are faced with challenges.

C. Children who score higher on measures of creativity also score higher on measures of resilience.

In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants and children, researchers are advised to: A. Withhold snacks until the study is complete B. Minimize breaks for rest C. Design the study to be as short as possible D. Price more enticements in the form of rewards

C. Design the study to be as short as possible

A group of friends get together and their conversation revolves around love and work: relationships, planning for future marriage and children, finishing formal education and establishing their careers, developing independence, and feeling like an adult. This group of friends is in the ________ period of human development. A. adolescence B. middle adulthood C. early adulthood D. Mid-life crisis

C. Early childhood

Researchers conducted an experiment to study the effects of sleep training on sleep duration and quality. They randomly assigned some participants to a treatment condition where they received eight sessions of sleep enhancement training and some participants to a control condition where they did not receive the training. If the participants who received sleep enhancement training had better sleep duration and quality than the people who did not receive the training, then the researcher can conclude that the training works. What advantage of experimental research does this demonstrate? A. Experimental research allows the researcher to serve as a participant in the study. B. Experimental research reviews media (e.g., old texts, pictures) to explore patterns in behavior. C. Experimental research helps establish cause and effect relationships. D. Experimental research uncovers as much as possible about a single person or situation.

C. Experimental research helps establish cause and effect relationships.

Millennials, those born between 1982 and 2000, are considered tech-savvy because they grew up with technology and rely on it for daily activities. Millennials are defined by characteristics that were formed while growing up with advancements in technology as part of their world and culture. Which of Baltes' contextual influences does this represent? A. Nonnormative influences B. Normative age-graded influences C. Normative history-graded influences D. Normative contextual intelligence

C. Normative history-graded influences

A team of researchers are interested in studying changes in parenting style over time, as children and parents grow older. One researcher states, "If we choose a ________, then it would be less time consuming and expensive. Another researcher comments, "If we choose that design, then we have measurements of parenting style for one point in time, and we can't be sure about changes with age over time." They are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of which research design? A. longitudinal research design B. cohort sequential research design C. cross-sectional research design D. sequential research design

C. cross-sectional research design

A talk show host likes to interview guests who thought their course in life was set and determined by challenges they experienced as children and teens, but who later encountered situations and opportunities that transformed their lives into something they could not have envisioned earlier in life. This talk show host's approach is aligned with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________. A. development is multidimensional B. development is plastic C. development is lifelong D. development is multidisciplinary

C. development is lifelong

While most human development theorists and researchers have focused on infancy and childhood, and some on adolescence, others have explored development over the course of one's entire life, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________. A, development has socio-cultural influences B. development is changeable C. development is lifelong D. development has gains and losses

C. development is lifelong