Human Growth Exam 2 Ch3
What negatively effects quality of sperm?
- Exposure to toxins. - Exposure to radiation.
What is the statistical estimate of how much heredity contributes to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population?
- Heritability.
When a pregnant woman experiences extreme stress, what occurs?
- Premature delivery may result. - Physiological changes that may affect the fetus occur. - More difficult labor may result.
What does the placenta do?
- Protects the embryo from some diseases. - Stimulates contractions during labor. - Readies mother's breasts for lactation.
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to...
- Spontaneous abortion. - Impaired neurological development. - Small head size.
Maternal diseases and or infections that can cause prenatal defects include
- Type II diabetes - Rubella (german measles)
What pregnancy complications are more common among women ages 30-35?
- birth defects - chromosomal abnormalities.
Which preconception behaviors would improve pregnancy outcomes?
- updated vaccinations - risk screening for STDs - counseling to avoid smoking and alcohol abuse.
Which of the following are ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?
-During gestation across the placenta. - during delivery. - post partum through breast feeding.
Starting at the beginning of pregnancy, list terms for the growing organism in chronological order.
1. Zygote 2. Embryo 3. Fetus
Prenatal development is divided into ...
1. germinal 2. embryonic 3. fetal
The germinal period of prenatal development takes place in the first ... weeks after conception.
2
Pregnant women typically need _____ to _____ more calories a day.
300 to 500
the span between conception and birth usually lasts 37 to ? weeks.
41.
Mitosis
A cells nucleus including the chromosomes duplicate itself and the cell divides.
Meiosis
A specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm.
Placenta
Disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
The effects of teratogens vary based on...
Dose and timing of exposure.
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to ...
Excessive crying at birth. Increased risk of attention problems. lowered birth weight.
When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, a zygote is created. What is the entire process called?
Fertilization or conception.
Mary and Zak have a family history of autism. They plan to seek _______ to determine their risks of bearing a child with autism.
Genetic counseling.
_____ or _____ drinking during pregnancy seems to disturb an infants neurological and behavioral functioning.
Moderate or excessive.
A child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family are called _____ environmental effects.
Nonshared.
The developing embryo floats in the envelope or bag known as the...
amniotic sac.
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression are called...
autosomes.
The appearance of the _______ at about 8 weeks signals the beginning of the fetal stage.
bone cells.
A(n) _________ is a coil of DNA.
chromosome.
What has 23 pairs, with one member of each coming from each parent?
chromosomes.
Prenatal care often includes...
comprehensive educational services, nutritional services, & social services.
During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid cell...
division.
The period that occurs from 2-8 weeks is
embryonic period.
The epigenetic view emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the....
environment.
_______ is an example of a highly canalized trait.
eye color.
Typically, when a single sperm cell unites with an ovum in the fallopian tube, __________ takes place.
fertilization.
A person's __________ consists of that person's genetic material whether it is displayed or not.
genotype.
Behavioral genetics seeks to discover how much _______ and environment influence human development.
heredity.
Jorge is ________ because he carries genes for both blue and brown eyes.
heterozygous.
Rubella (German Measles)
if contracted by the 11th week of pregnancy, it is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in offspring.
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as:
implantation.
Mothers with moderate stress during pregnancy had children who had
improved motor skills.
The pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait is called
incomplete dominance.
Gene therapy
is the experimental technique for repairing or replacing defective genes.
In one study, heavy smoking during pregnancy was linked to (high/low) birth weight babies.
low.
sex linked disorders are more common in _____ than ______.
males than females.
Through _______, the DNA replicates itself so that each newly formed cell has the same DNA structure as the others.
mitosis.
Twin and adoption studies support a(n) ________ hereditary basis for many normal and abnormal characteristics.
moderate to high.
Identical twins are technically known as ____________ twins.
monozygotic.
Phenotypes
observable characteristics such as eye or skin color.
The female egg is known as the...
ovum.
mutations
permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that produce harmful characteristics.
There is no "intelligence" gene that determines whether or not you are smart. Instead, a large group of genes work together, known as ______ inheritance.
polygenic.
The pair of chromosomes that consist of X and Y are the...
sex chromosomes.
Macy's pregnancy ended at the second month when the fetus did not continue to grow. Macy experienced a(n)...
spontaneous abortion.
human genome
the complete sequence of genes in the human body.
Genes
the functional units of heredity.
Heredity studies
the inborn factors in development.
If a woman contracts _______ from cat feces, she can have a child with brain damage and blindness.
toxoplasmosis.
Down syndrome is called..
trisomy-twenty-one
Alleles
two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on the chromosomes.
Methamphetamine exposed children have less _____ ______ in their brains, a finding that has implications for the developmental delays commonly found in such children.
white matter
Single cell formed from fertilization
zygote
During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg, known as the _______, is created, and cell division takes place.
zygote.
When sperm and ovum fuse at conception, they form a(n)...
zygote.