Human Nutrition Mid-Term Chapter 6

Protein in Health and Disease: RDA Requirements

0/8 g/kilogram for healthy body with in adults. Lifestyles for higher percentage need or protein: in infants, during pregnancy and location.

Gene

A length of DNA that contains the information needed to synthesize a polypeptide chain.

People are discouraged from taking amino acid supplements but are not often told to watch the level of protein that they take in from foods. This is due to the phenomenon that

Amino acids in supplements may block the absorption of other amino acids since the amino acids are present in higher levels than they are in foods.

People with kidney disease are discouraged from eating too much protein in their diets because

Amino acids will be broken down and the urea produced will be eliminated by the kidneys, which will strain them.

Protein in Health and Disease: Food Allergies

An adverse immune response to a specific food protein.

Protein in Health and Disease: Food Intolerance

An adverse reaction to food that does not prove the immune system.

Animal foods have high-quality proteins. Therefore, people need fewer animal proteins than plant proteins to meet their recommendations for protein because

Animal proteins have amino acids in combinations that are more like human proteins and so are more easily made into proteins.

Structure of Protein: Enzymes

Assist biochemical processes.

Chemical Digestion

Begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine.

Mikhael is taking a digestive enzyme supplement and a lactase supplement and asks you if she is receiving benefit from taking them. What do you tell her?

Both are broken down into amino acids but the lactase retains enzyme activity long enough to provide its function.

When the body has enough protein but not enough carbohydrates for energy, the amino acids are

Broken down and converted into glucose.

Structure of Protein: Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins. Only 20 occur naturally 9 essential 11 nonessential

Protein energy malnutrition is

Common in children because they are in growth stage.

High-quality Proteins

Contain all 9 essential amino acids, more easily digested, from animal and soy proteins.

Protein

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Play crucial roles in all biological processes; help facilitate many of the body's function

The shape of protein is

Determined by both the order and the chemical properties of the amino acids, which helps determine the function of the protein.

Protein is used as an energy source

During starvation.

A protein supplement claims to have enzymes within it to optimize digestion of foods with energy providing nutrients so that you get maximum energy for athletic performance. You decide to do more research on this product because

Enzymes in supplements are broken dow into amino acids during digestion and no longer function.

Body builders need about four times as much protein as a non-athlete.

False.

Denaturation alters the shape of a protein but not its function.

False.

Eleven amino acids are called non-essential because they are not needed by the body.

False.

It is important for a person with kidney disease to follow high-protein diet.

False.

People with inadequate protein intake experience swelling in the feet. This demonstrates the role of proteins in

Helping to keep the water levels in the blood and tissue balanced.

Sources of Protein in Food: Plant

High in B vitamins, iron, zinc, and calcium; grains, nuts, legumes.

Function

Immunity/safety, movement, hormones, regulate fluid balance, energy.

Children with kwashiorkor may appear better nourished than children with marasmus because:

Kwashiorkor is associated with fluid accumulation in the body.

Legumes are often considered a healthier alternative protein source to meat. This is because

Legumes are higher in fiber than meats.

Incomplete Proteins

Lower is essential amino acids, most plant proteins, use complementary proteins.

Consumption of large amounts of meat and dairy products is associated with a higher risk of heart disease because

Meat and dairy products contain high levels of saturated fat.

Sources of Protein in Food: Animal

Meats, eggs, dairy. Most Concentrated.

Digestion

Mechanical breakdown occurs in the mouth.

The chemical element that is found in protein and that is not found in carbohydrate or lipid is

Nitrogen.

Positive nitrogen balance

Occurs when the body is growing.

If there is a limited supply of one amino acid

Protein synthesis will stop.

Enzymes are

Proteins that speed up reactions.

A pregnant woman should take in enough protein to experience positive nitrogen balance. This is essential for her well-being since

She needs to get enough protein to support her increased blood volume.

A person wishes to lose weight while following a high protein diet plan. This person will most likely be following which recommendations for protein intake?

The AMDR recommendation of 10-35% of all calories form protein.

What would happen to a tri-peptide if the central amino acid has its amino group changed or removed?

The first or most left-handed amino acid would break off.

What will happen to a protein being synthesized if an essential amino acid is missing?

The protein will be partially assembled and the body will break down its own protein to obtain the essential amino acid.

What will happen to a protein if the order of some of its amino acids are changed?

The protein will change shape due to the amino acid changes.

A scientist wishes to substitute an amino acid in an iron-transporting protein from that of a bulky, charged side group to that of a small, uncharged side group. What effect will this have on the function of the protein?

The protein will experience a change in its 3-dimensional structure which could make the protein transport iron less effectively than before.

The chemical digestion of protein begins in

The stomach

When salivary amylase enters the stomach, it no longer functions to break down starch into smaller pieces. This loss of enzyme function is a result of:

The unfolding or denaturation of the enzyme's natural shape.

A food allergy may cause a systemic immune response.

True.

Consumption of a single amino acid, as a supplement, can interfere with the absorption of other amino acids.

True.

Instructions provided by the genes tell the body in what order to assemble a protein.

True.

Protein synthesis is controlled by activation or inhibiting gene expression.

True.

The quality of animal protein is considered higher than that of plant protein because animal proteins contain mixtures of amino acids that are similar to those we need.

True.

Of the following nutrients, which would be the biggest deficiency concern for a vegan? a. fiber b. vitamin B12 c. vitamin C d. niacin

a.

What will happen to a protein being synthesized if an essential amino acid is missing? a. The protein will be partially assembled and the body will break down its own protein to obtain it. b. The protein will be partially assembled and stored until the essential amino acid becomes available. c. The cell's enzymes will produce an essential amino acid from other amino acids. d. The protein will be assembled with a substitute amino acid in place of the essential amino acid.

a.

Which of the following foods contains the most protein? a. 1 cup of milk b. 1 egg c. 1 slice of bread d. 1/2 cup of rice

a.

Which of the following foods does not contain all of the essential amino acids? a. lentils b. yogurt c. fish d. soybeans

a.

Which of the following foods is likely to add both cholesterol and zinc to the diet? a. meats, such as beef of pork. b. whole grains, such as wheat or oat. c. soy mild or tofu. d. legumes, such as chick peas or lima beans.

a.

Which of the following meals provide complete protein for a vegan? a. A peanut butter and jelly sandwich on whole grain bread. b. Lentil soup with shredded cheese. c. A kale salad with hummus and edamame. d. A bowl of oatmeal and hard boiled egg.

a.

Which of the following choices describes the role of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion? a. It speeds up the production of pepsin enzyme activity which breaks down proteins in food. b. It disrupts the 3-dimensional structure of proteins so that pepsin can more easily break them down into smaller pieces. You got it wrong : c. It increases the pH of the stomach such that pepsin enzyme works more effectively at breaking down proteins. d. It breaks down protein into smaller fragments.

b.

Which of the following choices describes the role of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion? a. it breaks down protein into smaller fragments. b. it activates pepsin and denatures portions so the pepsin breaks them down. c. it speeds up the production of pepsin enzyme which breaks down protein. d. it increase the pH of the stomach such that pepsin enzyme works more effectively at breaking down proteins.

b.

Which of the following signs distinguishes kwashiorkor from other malnutrition associated diseases? a. a skin and bones appearance This is correct answer : b. a swollen belly d. pale skin and a bluish tinge of the lips d. an excess of body fat

b.

All of the following describe vegetarian diets EXCEPT a. Vegetarians have lower rates of high blood pressure. b. Vegetarians tend to have lower body weights. c.They are more economical. You got it correct : d. Vegetarian diets are rarely deficient in vitamins and minerals.

d.

Which of the following can be absorbed from the intestinal lumen into the mucosal cells? a. single amino acids b. dipeptides c. tripeptides d. all of the choices are correct

d.

Which of the following is least abundant in animal protein? a. zinz b. iron c. B vitamins d. fiber

d.