Human Physio 2 Lab
Glucagon breaks down WHICH substance in the liver and skeletal muscle to increase blood sugar levels in the blood? starch glycogen insulin glucose
glycogen
juxtaglomerular cells
located in the afferent tubule. act as baroreceptors.
Which hormone is responsible for the promotion of normal T cell function in lymphoid organs andtissue? Vasopressin FSH Melatonin Thymosin
thymosin
Q) Which of the following does NOT play a role in controlling the glomerular filtration rate? norepinephrine angiotensin 2 ANP water
water
Norepinephrine
works to increased blood pressure by vasoconstriction
K) a person experiencing issues with developing secondary sexual characteristics most likely has an issue with the
zona reticularis
pineal gland
*Influenced by the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus ---SCN serves as the body's internal biological clock and responsible for ULTIMATELY establishing circadian rhythm. ---The SCN receives light cues from the environment to create the circadian rhythm and establishes it's rhythm by altering the amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland ---The changing levels of melatonin in the body promote rhythmic variations in the biological processes such as sleep, wakefulness, body temperature, and protects against free radicals.
pancreas
*The pancreas is an elongated, tapered gland located behind the stomach *Contains both an exocrine and an endocrine portion -Exocrine: forms 99% of the pancreas, secretes fluids containing digestive enzymes. -Endocrine: consists of clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhaan. Each islet contains four types of hormones. Alpha cells (glucagon) Beta cells (insulin) Delta cells (somatostatin) F cells (pancreatic polypeptide)
K) Which of the following are true regarding macula densa cells?
- They act as chemoreceptors - Are located at the distal convulated tubule - Able to induce vasocontriction
K) Which of the following is true about steroid hormones?
- They are derived from cholesterol - Require protein carriers to travel in the blood - Corresponding receptors are on the surface of cells - usually lipid soluble -synthesized when needed -slower action, but permanent Ex. estrogen
K) Which of the following are true regarding ANP?
- promotes vasodilation - inhibits the renin secretion system - decreases sodium reabsorption
K) Thyroid hormones increasing the effect of norepinephrine by increasing the number of receptors for it is an example of a
-> permissive effect: require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone to cause a greater response in their target cells. Ex: Thyroid hormones increasing the # of receptors for epinephrine, increasing the overall effect of epinephrine. synergistic effect: When the effect of two hormones acting together is greater than the sum of their individual effects. Ex: FSH from the pituitary gland and estrogens from the ovaries are required for the maturation of female ovaries antagonistic effect: When one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone Ex: Insulin decreasing blood glucose and glucagon increasing blood glucose.
K) Which of the following is an example of a direct hormone?
ADH
George has elevated levels of sodium in the blood. What hormone will lower sodium levels by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium? Renin Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Aldosterone Parathyroid Hormone
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
hormone signaling
Autocrine: signaling cell and the target cell can be the same or a similar cell Ex: Organism development, inflammatory responses, apoptosis. Juxtacrine: A type of signaling involving gap junctions between neighboring cells. Channels only allow small molecules to pass, providing cells both independence and communication ex. Plasmodesmata in plants Paracrine: signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix and elicit quick responses that last only a short amount of time. Ex: Transfer of signals across synapses between nerve cells Endocrine: Involve what we know as actual hormones. These are signals released from a gland from one part of the body to elicit a response in other body regions.
K) A person suffering from high blood sugar most likely has a problem with which cells in their pancreas
Beta cells
K) Which reagent was associated with the protein test and glucose test?
Biuret for protein test Benedicts for glucose test
A person with low levels of calcium will release which of the following hormones? Leptin Insulin Calcitriol Calcitonin
Calcitriol
K) Which hormone increases absorption of Ca2+ AND HPO42- ions from food in small intestine?
Calcitriol
K) Which of the following is an example of paracrine signaling
Chemical signals traveling from one neuron to another
Which of the following hormones produce a substance that plays a role in the synthesis of calcitriol? Thyroid hormone Cholecalciferol Parathyroid hormone Thrombopoetin
Cholecalciferol
Where on the nephron does aldosterone act on? Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
Collecting duct
K) According to the glucose test, which tube had the highest concentration of glucose
Dark cloudy
Glucosoria, and over abundance of glucose in the urine, usually results from Low carb diet Kidney injury Diabetes Dehydration
Diabetes
K) The hormone that inhibits secretions of prolactin is
Dopamine
Which of the following functions to suppress the secretion of prolactin? Calcitriol Leptin Somatostatin Dopamine
Dopamine
K) The type of signaling that involves hormones using the blood stream to travel to distant cells is called
Endocrine
K) Which hormone promotes endometrial growth of the uterus?
Estrogen
K) ADH affecting the permeability of water at the nephron is an example of what kind of reabsorption?
Facultative "capable of adapting to a need."Facultative water reabsorption is regulated by antidiuretic hormone and occurs in the late distal tubule and throughout the collecting duct. Reabsorption of the final 20% of the water obligatory water reabsorption because the water is "obliged" to follow the solutes when they are reabsorbed. Th is type of water reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle because these segments of the nephron are always permeable to water.
K) Tubular reabroption refers to substances transferring from circulation into the nephron loop
False As filtered fluid flows through the renal tubule and collecting duct, tubule and duct cells reabsorb about 99% of the filtered water and many solutes. Reabsorption is the transfer of substances from fluid in the tubular lumen to blood in the peritubular capillaries. This process allows useful substances to be returned back to the bloodstream. Mostly occurs at PCT
K) Melatonin is a sleep hormone that is regulated according to how much light cues the pineal gland is receiving
False In response to visual input from the eyes (retina), the SCN stimulates the pineal gland
K) When secreted, renin turns into angiotensin 1 via the ACE hormone
False Lowered blood pressure stimulates certain cells of the kidneys, called juxtaglomerular cells, to secrete the enzyme renin. The level of renin in the blood increases. Renin converts angiotensinogen, a plasma protein produced by the liver, into angiotensin I. As blood flows through capillaries, particularly those of the lungs, the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into the hormone angiotensin II. Renin->angiotensinogen->angiotensis 1->angiotensin 2 via ACE
Tubular secretion refers to unwanted substances that are transported from the renal tubule and into the blood True False
False Mostly occurs at PCT and DCT. Wastes include urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
K) Calitonin is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland
False Thyroid gland
K) At the loop of Henle about 20-30% of water is reabsorbed
False loop of Henle reabsorbs about 15% of the filtered water; 20-30% of the filtered Na+, K+, and Ca2+; 35% of the filtered Cl−; 10-20% of the filtered HCO3 −; and a variable amount of the filtered Mg2+.
K) Which hormone provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus to stop secreting corticotropin releasing hormone?
Glucocorticoids
What hormone is released in response to longer term stress events such as inflammantion? Glucocorticoids GnRH mineralocorticoids androgens
Glucocorticoids
parathyroid gland
Helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by secreting: Parathyroid hormone (PTH): increases calcium blood levels by stimulating release of calcium from the bones and increasing calcium reuptake in the kidneys and intestines. Works with calcitonin, a hormone released by the thyroid gland: decreases calcium blood levels by stimulating more calcium deposition in bones and reducing calcium reuptake in the kidneys
K) The presence of erythrocytes in the urine is known as?
Hematuria
testis
In males, LH stimulates Leydig cells to release the hormone testosterone Another hormone, called FSH, will then work in synergy with testosterone to help release another hormone called ABP from Sertoli cells. ABP will then finally allow the production and maturation of spermatozoa in to sperm. Testosterone also promotes secondary sexual characteristics in males. Once enough sperm is present, inhibin will be released to halt production of FSH.
Diabetes mellitus
Is the condition where your body cannot release sufficient amounts of insulin and therefore cannot use glucose and causes the blood sugar in your system to rise. To compensate for excess glucose the kidneys will try to filter whatever is needed for the body to use but will eventually be overwhelmed and therefore excrete glucose in the urine.Water will travel to that area that contains more solutes, so your body will get rid of water that it actually needs. Thus, signaling the brain that it needs more water. Which is why you're thirsty.
K) The cells responsible for secreting renin in response to low blood volume are
Juxtaglomerular cells
Which of the following cells secrete renin? Juxtaglomerular cells Podocytes Macula Densa Mesangial Cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
Which hormone functions to suppress the appetite and decrease total body fat? Testosterone Cholecalciferol Calcitriol Leptin
Leptin
adrenal gland
Located on top of the kidneys and consisting of a cortex and medulla as well The adrenal cortex secretes hormones and is divided into three distinct regions. The outer zone, zona glomerulosa , secretes mineralocorticoids because they affect mineral homeostasis. Aldosterone is one of the major mineralocorticoids which regulates homeostasis of Na+ and helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume. The middle region, zona fasciculata, secretes glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids increase protein breakdown, stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation (slows tissue repair), and depress immune response The innermost layer, zona reticularis, synthesizes small amounts of weak androgens, steroid hormones that promote secondary sexual characteristics in males and females Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from cells in the adrenal medulla that function to produce effects that enhance the sympathetic division (fight or flight) of the ANS during stress.
Blood flow
Low blood flow means: Low GFR, lower urine output, greater blood flow to other tissues More blood flow means: High GFR, greater urine output, and less blood flow to other tissues.
ovaries
One hormone produced by females is called estrogen, which stimulates proliferation of endometrial tissue within the uterus Once enough endometrial tissue is produced, another hormone called progesterone will then be released to protect the tissue for possible implantation of a fertilized egg. During this process, another hormone, called FSH, will stimulate the maturation of follicles in within the ovaries. Once a follicle is fully mature, a surge in another hormone, called LH, will cause ovulation to occur. As the egg waits to be fertilized, another hormone, called inhibin, will be released to stop further maturation of another follicle by inhibiting FSH Another hormone, called relaxin, will also be released to inhibit contractions of the myometrium. If the egg is not fertilized, menses will follow.
K) A person having symptoms of insomnia is most likely has an issue with the
Pineal gland
K) 100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed at the
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
K) 65% of water and solute reabsorption occurs at the
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Where does the largest amount of reabsorption occur? Distal Tubule Ascending Limb Bowman's Capsule Proximal Tubule
Proximal tubule
K) Which of the following is NOT filtered by the glomerulus
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
K) The PCT, DCT, and collecting duct can all be found in the
Renal Cortex
Robert is feeling light-headed. When he measures his blood pressure he realizes he has very low bloodpressure. Which of the following hormones is responsible for restoring homeostatic balance? Parathyroid Hormone ACTH Renin Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Renin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) does NOT stimulate the secretion of: Follicular stimulating hormone GnRH stimulates the secretions of all listed Somatostatin Leutinizing hormone
Somatostatin
Which of the following best describes transcellular reabsorption The transfer of materials from the bloodstream to downstream tubules The movement of proteins into the Bowman's capsule Substances travel between cells Substances travel through cells, usually using transporters
Substances travel through cells, usually using transporters
K) High heart rate, high metabolic rate, and irregular growth of bone tissue most likely indicates excessive amounts of
T3
pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes tropic and direct hormones Tropic hormones work by causing the release of another hormone at the organ level. These are FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, and growth hormone (GH) Direct hormones, which directly exert their effects on target cells, are prolactin and endorphins. The posterior pituitary gland is a storage unit for products secreted by the hypothalamus, in this case, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin).
thyroid gland
The thyroid is butterfly shaped and is located just below the larynx. Microscopic sacs such as thyroid follicles make up most of the thyroid gland. The wall of each follicle consists primarily of cells called follicular cells, which help to produce two hormones, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Function to increase basal metabolic rate, enhance, actions of catecholamines, and regulate the development and growth of and nervous tissue bones, among other things.
K) A person having low levels of T cells most likely has deficient amounts of what hormone
Thymopoietin
Which of the following hormones participates in the function of increasing basal metabolic rate? Oxytocin Melatonin Thymosin Triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine
K) A positive feedback system involves a product moving it further away from homeostasis. examples are blood clotting and child birth
True
K) ADH and calcitonin are examples of peptide hormones
True
K) Blood arrives at the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole
True
K) High GFR: when vasodilation occurs at the afferent arteriole vasoconstriction occurs at the the efferent arteriole
True
K) If there is a high GFR, this means that less blood is flowing to other bodily tissues
True
K) The descending loop is more permeable to water than the ascending loop
True
K) The thymus gland is the gland responsible for the maturation of T cells
True
Macula densa cells, which work as chemoreceptors, are located at the distal convoluted tubule True False
True
Q) Presence of glucose, erythrocytes, and ketones in the urine are a sign of kidney imbalance. True False
True
Urine the MOST concentrated in the collecting duct. True False
True
Cardiac atrial cells
act by how "stretched" they are
K) Which of the following hormones increases sodium reabsorbed
aldosterone
he filtration activity demonstrated that ___________should NOT be included in the filtrate Glucose Amino acids Salt big proteins
big proteins
K) The correct pathway of urine is
collecting duct ->minor calyx ->major calyx ->renal pelvis -> ureter
Urinary control
detrusor muscle and internal urethral spincters are under INVOLUNTARY control external urethral spincter is under VOLUNTARY control
K) The thymus gland is an example of a
ductless gland *The thymus is a bilobed organ located just above the heart. *It consists of large numbers of T cells and scattered dendritic cells, and macrophages. Site where T cells mature *Produces the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin, which promote normal T cell function in lymphoid organs and tissue. *The thymus gland is large at infancy but atrophies as we get older.
The adrenal medulla releases which hormone? glucocorticoids epinephrine erythropoietin mineralocorticoids
epinephrine
Dopamine is released in situations with high levels of stress. True False
false
he zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland secretes which hormone? Glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids Somatostatin Insulin
mineralocorticoids
K) Blood clotting is an example of what kind of feedback
positive
Which hormone prepares the endometrium of the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized eggby stimulating the endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and lipids? Testosterone Glucagon Progesterone Thymosin
progesterone
Q) In the neprhon, where does filtration take place? Distal Tubule Collecting Duct Proximal Tubule Renal corpuscle
renal corpuscle
Which of the following is true regarding peptide hormones?
stored and secreted when needed Corresponding receptors are at the nucleus Can be both lipid and water soluble Can travel freely in the blood
